Taolo ea tsoekere ea mali ke lihormone

Lihormone tse eketsang bongata ba tsoekere maling li bitsoa hyperglycemic, tsena li kenyeletsa: glucagon, catecholamines, glucocorticosteroids le somatotropin (hormone ea ho hola). Lihormone tse fokotsang khatello ea tsoekere maling maling li bitsoa hypoglycemic. Hormone ea hypoglycemic ke insulin. Lihormone tsa Hyperglycemic li eketsa tsoekere ea mali ka ho ntlafatsa ho phatloha ha "glycogen ea sebete" le "GNH" e matlafatsang. Insulin e fokotsa tsoekere ea mali ka lebaka la: 1) keketseho ea boteng ba membrous ea lisele tsa tsoekere, 2) thibelo ea lits'ebetso tse fanang ka glucose (GNG, ho senyeha ha glycogen ea sebete), 3) ho matlafatsa lits'ebetso tse sebelisang glucose (glycolysis, synthet glycogen, PFP. Synthesis).

Pathology ea carbohydrate metabolism

Har'a li-metabolism tsa metabolism ea carbohydrate, motho a ka khetholla tse hlahisoang ke bofutsana kapa lefutso la tlhaho. Mafu a joalo a kenyelletsa disaccharidoses, glycogenoses, aglycogenoses, galactosemia.

Li-Disaccharidoses e bakoang ke khaello ea disaccharidase. Maemong ana, ho se mamellane ha mefuta e meng ea lik'habohaedreite, ho etsa mohlala, lactose, hoa hlaha. Li-Disaccharides li pepesetsoa li-enzyme tsa microflora tsa mala. Tabeng ena, acid le likhase lia thehoa. Matšoao a disaccharidoses ke flatulence, lets'ollo.

Glycogenosis. Tabeng ena, ho phatloha ha glycogen ho senyehile. Glycogen e bokellana liseleng ka bongata bo boholo, bo ka lebisang timetsong ea bona. Matšoao a Clinical: Ho ata ha sebete, bofokoli ba mesifa, ho itima lijo ha hypoglycemia. Mefuta e 'maloa ea glycogenosis e tsejoa. Li ka bakoa ke khaello ea glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphorylase kapa g-amylase.

Aglycogenosis e bakoang ke ho haella ha li-enzyme tse amehang ho bopeng glycogen. Ka lebaka leo, synthetic ea glycogen e senyeha mme se ka hare ho eona liseleng sea fokotseha. Matšoao: hypoglycemia e otileng ka mpeng e se nang letho, haholo-holo kamora ho phomola hoa bosiu ho fepa. Hypoglycemia e lebisa ho khutleng kelellong. Bakuli ba shoa bongoaneng.

Galactosemia e etsahala ha ho se na gene e ikarabellang bakeng sa motsoako oa phetisetso ea uridyl, senotlolo sa kokelo ea ho kopanya galactose. Ka lebaka leo, galactose le galactose-1-phosphate li bokellana liseleng, li baka tšenyo bokong le sebete, hape li koahetsoe ke lensisi ea mahlo. Galactose ea mahala ho bakuli ba joalo e fumanoa ka bongata maling. Bakeng sa kalafo, ho sebelisoa lijo tse se nang lebese le lihlahisoa tsa lebese.

Mofuta o mong oa metabolism ea carbohydrate metabolism ke tlolo ea glucose homeostasis, e khetholloang ke hyper- kapa hypoglycemia.

Hyperglycemia - Hona ke keketseho ea phallo ea glucose maling. Lisosa tsa Hyperglycemia: 1) alimentary (lijo), 2) lefu la tsoekere (ho hlaha ka lebaka la khaello ea insulin), 3) lefu la kelello la CNS (meningitis, encephalitis), 4) khatello ea maikutlo, 5) tšenyo ea li-hormone tsa hyperglycemic, 6) tšenyo e bakoang ke pancreatic islet (pancreatitis, hemorrhage) . Hyperglycemia e tlase le e khuts'oane ha e kotsi. Hyperglycemia ea nako e telele e lebisa ho fokotseheng ha mehloli ea insulin (e leng e 'ngoe ea lisosa tsa lefu la tsoekere), tahlehelo ea metsi ka lisele, ho kenella ha hae maling, ho eketsa khatello ea mali le ho eketseha ha moroto. Hyperglycemia ea 50-60 mmol / L e ka lebisa ho hyperosmolar coma.

Hyperglycemia ea nako e telele e lebisa ho li-protein tsa plasma tse se nang enzymatic, lisele tse khubelu tsa mali, methapo ea mali, li-renal tubules, li-neurons, lilense, collagen. Sena se fetola thepa ea bona, e leng sesosa sa mathata a tebileng: tiski hypoxia, vasia sclerosis, lefu la pelo, ho se sebetse hantle ha masapo, ho senyeha ha methapo ea methapo, ho khutsufatsa mokhoa oa bophelo oa lisele tse khubelu, joalo-joalo.

Hypoglycemia-hona ke ho fokotseha hoa khatello ea tsoekere ea mali.

Lisosa tsa hypoglycemia: 1) lijo, 2) ts'ebeliso e ngata ea "glucose" (ts'ebetso ea mesifa e thata), 3) lefu la tsoekere la (gastrointestinal path pathology (lits'oaetso tsa ho ruruha), 4) lefu la sebete, 5) methapo ea methapo ea methapo, 6) ho haella ha lihormone tsa "hyperglycemic") overdose ea insulin).Hypoglycemia e kotsi haholo, hobane e lebisa ho ho ferekana ha hypoglycemic coma.

Karolo ea 3. Boikoetliso

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Likahare tsa tsoekere

Boemo ba tsoekere ea mali nakong ea letsatsi bo fapana haholo. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le meeli e itseng eo a sa lokelang ho e feta. Phapang efe kapa efe e bontša nts'etsopele ea maloetse a tebileng.

Kakaretso ea glucose maling e lokela ho lumellana le likarolo tse latelang:

ho tloha ho 2,5mmol / l bakeng sa masea a sa tsoa hlaha,
ho tloha ho 3,3 ho isa ho 5.5 mmol / l bakeng sa batho ba fetang dilemo tse 15.

Litekanyetso tsena li sebetsa ho batho, ho sa tsotelloe bong ba bona. Tabeng ena, boemo ba tsoekere bo behiloe lilemo tse 15. Ha li fihla lilemong tsena le ho fihlela botsofaling, matšoao a tloaelehileng a lula a sa fetohe.

Keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali e bontša hyperglycemia. Haeba boemo bona bo sa amane le liphoso tsa phepo e nepahetseng kapa ho sebelisa meriana e itseng, ha ho ntse ho e-na le keketseho e ntseng e phehella ea maemo a tsoekere, lefu la tsoekere le fumanoa.

Haeba boemo ba tsoekere ea mali, ho fapana le moo, bo fokotseha, re bua ka hypoglycemia. Boemo bona bo tsamaea le maikutlo a tlala, ho nyekeloa le pelo le bofokoli bo akaretsang. Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore litlamorao tsa hyper- le hypoglycemia li joalo. Li na le 'nete ea hore lisele li bolaoa ke tlala ka lebaka la khaello ea matla, e lebisang lefung la tsona.

Mefuta ea lik'habohaedreite

Li-carbohydrate li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli:

bonolo kapa monosaccharides,
tse thata kapa polysaccharides.

Li-carbohydrate tse bonolo li bitsoa lik'habohaedreite tse potlakileng bakeng sa bokhoni ba tsona ba ho phahamisa tsoekere ea mali hanghang. Li-carbohydrate tse rarahaneng le tsona li eketsa tsoekere ea mali, empa li e etsa butle butle. Bakeng sa sena ba ile ba qala ho bitsoa li-carbohydrate tse liehang.

Li-carbohydrate tse bonolo ke mohloli oa matla a potlakileng. Ehlile motho e mong le e mong o hlokometse hore ho ja pompong, ho bile le tšohanyetso le matla hanghang. Leha ho le joalo, matla ana a ile a fela kapele, hobane lik'habohaedreite tse potlakileng ha li amoheloe feela ka potlako, empa hape ha li fokotsehe kapele ho tsoa 'meleng.

Kotsi e ka sehloohong ea lik'habohaedreite tse bonolo ke hore li na le moroalo o matla ho manyeme. Ha ba kena makhophong, ho hlokahala hore ho hlahisoe insulin e ngata hang. Ho pheta-pheta khafetsa ho ka baka ho se sebetse hantle ha 'mele ona, e leng ho tla baka mafu a kotsi.

Ke ka lebaka lena hore lik'habohaedreite tse rarahaneng li nkuoa li le bohlokoa haholo, tse kenang 'meleng hammoho le liprotheine, fiber, cellulose, pectin, inulin le starch.

Limatlafatsi tse joalo li theoha butle butle, e le tsoekere e tsoelang butle maling. Ka hona, manyeme a hlahisa insulin ntle le khatello ea maikutlo, a e boloka ka bongata bo hlokahalang ho boloka litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tsa tsoekere ea mali.

Mehloli ea tsoekere e tsoa kae?

Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, insulin e fokotsa tsoekere. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ha manyeme ka lebaka le leng a hlahisa insulin e ngata, boemo ba tsoekere bo theohela boemong bo boima, e leng boemo bo kotsi ka ho lekana. Boemong bona, 'mele o lefella ho haella ha tsoekere ka ho e nka mehloling e meng.

Mehloli ea mantlha ea tsoekere e kenyelletsa tse latelang:

lijo
sebete le mesifa ea mesifa, moo tsoekere e bolokiloeng e le glycogen (mokhoa oa ho theha le ho lokolla glycogen o bitsoa glycogenolysis),
mafura le liprotheine (mohato oa ho theha glucose ho tsoa linthong tsena o bitsoa gluconeogeneis).

Boko ke setho se kopanang ka matla haholo le khaello ea glucose. Ntlha ena e hlalosoa ke taba ea hore boko ha bo khone ho bokella le ho boloka glycogen. Ke ka lebaka leo, ha ho na tekano ea "glucose" e lekaneng, ho na le matšoao a ts'ebetso ea boko e sa sebetseng.

Insulin ke hormone ea pancreatic e etselitsoeng ho isa tsoekere ho liseleng. Ka mantsoe a mang, insulin e sebetsa e le mofuta oa senotlolo. Ntle le eona, lisele ha li khone ho monya tsoekere e ikemetseng. Setho feela seo lisele tsa sona li sa hlokeng insulin ho amohela tsoekere ke bokong. Ntlha ena e hlalosoa ke 'nete ea hore ka tsoekere e sa lekaneng ea mali (hypoglycemia), tlhahiso ea insulin e thibetsoe. Ka nako e ts'oanang, 'mele o lahlela matla ohle ho hlahisa tsoekere bokong. Boko bo boetse bo khona ho fumana matla a itseng ho li-ketones. Ka mantsoe a mang, boko ke setho se ikemetseng sa insulin, se se sirelletsang linthong tse mpe.

Ke li-hormone life tse laolang tsoekere

Sebopeho sa manyeme se kenyelletsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa lisele tse se nang masapo a tlotsitsoeng. Li bitsoa lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans. Ke lihlekehleke tsena tse hlahisang insulin - hormone e fokotsang tsoekere ea mali. Leha ho le joalo, lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans le tsona li hlahisa hormone e 'ngoe e bitsoang glucagon. Glucagon ke mohanyetsi oa insulin, kaha mosebetsi oa eona o ka sehloohong ke ho eketsa tsoekere ea mali.

Lihormone tse eketsang glucose li hlahisoa ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal, gland ea pituitary le gland ea qoqotho. Tsena li kenyeletsa:

adrenaline (e hlahisoang ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal),
cortisol (e hlahisoang ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal),
Hormone ea kholo (e hlahisoang ke pituitary gland),
thyroxine le triiodothyronine (e hlahisoang ke tšoelesa ea qoqotho).

Lihormone tsohle tse eketsang glucose ea mali li bitsoa contrainsular. Ntle le moo, tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo e nka karolo e tobileng ts'ebetsong ea metabolism ea carbohydrate.

Liphello tsa Glucagon

Litlamorao tse ka sehloohong tsa glucagon ke tse latelang:

ho holisa mokokotlo oa tsoekere e ngata ka lebaka la ho lokolloa ha glycogen sebete,
Ho fumana tsoekere e tsoang liprotheine,
ho susumetsa sebopeho sa 'mele oa ketone ka har'a sebete.

Ho metabolism ea carbohydrate, sebete se sebetsa e le pokello ea polokelo ea glycogen. Glucose e sa tsejoeng e fetoloa glycogen 'me e bolokoe liseleng tsa sebete, moo e bolokang maemong a sa lebelloang.

Haeba boemo ba tsoekere ea mali bo theoha haholo, ho etsa mohlala, nakong ea boroko bosiu, tsoekere e kena tšebetsong. E fetola glycogen ho tsoekere, ka mor'a moo e kene maling.

Ha motho a falimehile, a ka ikutloa a sa lape ka lihora tse 4. Ho sa le joalo, bosiu, ha motho a robetse, a ka 'na a se ke a hopola lijo ka lihora tse 10. Ntlha ena e hlalosoa ke ketso ea glucagon, e lokollang tsoekere maling, e be e etsa liketso tse ntle.

Haeba sebete se felloa ke glycogen, bosiu motho a ka ba le tlhaselo e matla ea hypoglycemia. Ho ka etsahala ntho e tšoanang ka ho ikoetlisa ka nako e telele, e sa tšehelitsoeng ke karolo ea lik'habohaedreite.

Lefu la tsoekere le tsoakoa ka tlolo ea mesebetsi ea makhopho a emisang ho itlhahisa ka insulin. Leha ho le joalo, ho batho ba joalo, tlhahiso ea glucagon le eona e senyehile. Ka hona, haeba motho ea nang le lefu la tsoekere le itšetlehileng ka insulin a tsoa kotsi ka ntle ho insulin, 'me litekanyetso tsa hae li le kholo haholo, hypoglycemia ea hlaha. Maemong ana, 'mele ha o kenyelle mochine o qobelloang ka mokhoa oa tlhahiso ea glucagon.

Liphello tsa Adrenaline

Adrenaline ke hormone e hlahisoang ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal ha li arabela maemong a sithabetsang. Ke molemong oa thepa ena moo e bitsoang hormone ea khatello. Eena joalo ka glucagon, o lokolla glycogen ho sebete, e e fetolela glucose.

Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore adrenaline ha e eketse maemo a tsoekere feela, empa hape e thibela ho ts'oaroa ha tsoekere ka lisele tsa lithane, ho li thibela ho e amohela. Ntlha ena e hlalosoa ke taba ea hore ka nako ea khatello ea maikutlo, adrenaline e thusa ho boloka tsoekere ho bokong.

Litlamorao tse ka sehloohong tsa adrenaline ke tse latelang:

E lokolla glycogen sebete,
adrenaline e kenya tšebetso ea tsoekere ho liprotheine,
Hormone ena ha e lumelle lisele tsa mmele ho tšoara glucose,
tlasa ketso ea adrenaline, lisele tse mafura lia senyeha.

'Mele oa motho ea phetseng hantle, ha a arabela mothapong oa adrenaline, motsoako oa insulin oa ntlafatsoa, o thusang ho boloka boemo bo tloaelehileng ba tsoekere maling. Ho batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, tlhahiso ea insulin ha e eketsehe, ka hona ba hloka tsamaiso e eketsehileng ea insulin ea maiketsetso.

Tlas'a tšusumetso ea adrenaline, mohloli o mong oa tsoekere o bokelloa ka har'a sebete ka tsela ea li-ketones tse entsoeng ho tsoa mafura.

Ts'ebetso ea Cortisol

Hormone ea hormone e boetse e hlahisoa ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal ha li arabela khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, e etsa mesebetsi e meng e mengata, ho kenyelletsa le ho nka karolo ho metabolism ea carbohydrate, ho eketsa boemo ba tsoekere maling.

Litlamorao tsa cortisol ke tse latelang:

Hormone ena e thusa ho theha glucose ho tsoa liprotheine,
cortisol e thibela tsoekere e ngata ka lisele tsa linama,
cortisol, joalo ka adrenaline, e khothaletsa sebopeho sa li-ketones tse tsoang mafura.

Taolo ea tsoekere 'meleng

Mmele oa motho ea phetseng hantle o khona ho laola tsoekere ea mali ka tekanyo e nyane pakeng tsa 4 le 7 mmol / litha. Haeba mokuli a fokotsehile tsoekere e ea ho 3,5mmol / litha kapa ka tlase, motho o qala ho ikutloa a le mobe haholo.

Tsoekere e fokotsehileng e na le phello e tobileng mesebetsing eohle ea 'mele, ena ke mofuta oa ho leka ho fetisetsa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le ho fokotseha le ho haella ha tsoekere ea glucose. Ha ho ka etsahala hore tsoekere e fokotsehe 'meleng, mehloli eohle ea tsoekere e qala ho nka karolo ho boloka botsitso.

Haholo-holo, tsoekere e qala ho theha liprotheine le mafura. Hape, lintho tse hlokahalang li kena maling ho tsoa lijong, sebete, moo tsoekere e bolokiloeng e le mofuta oa glycogen.

Leha taba ea hore boko ke karolo ea insulin e ikemetseng, e ke ke ea sebetsa ka botlalo ntle le phepelo e tloaelehileng ea glucose. Ka tsoekere e tlase ea mali, tlhahiso ea insulin e emisa, hona hoa hlokahala bakeng sa ho boloka tsoekere ho bokong.
Ka ho ba sieo ha lintho tse hlokahalang ka nako e telele, kelello e qala ho ikamahanya le ho sebelisa mehloli e meng ea matla, hangata e le li-ketone. Khabareng, matla ana a kanna a se lekane.
Setšoantšo se fapaneng ka ho felletseng se etsahala ka lefu la tsoekere le glucose e phahameng. Lisele tse sa itšetlehang ka insulin li qala ho amohela tsoekere e ngata, e bakang tšenyo ho motho le lefu la tsoekere.

Haeba insulin e thusa maemo a tsoekere a tlase, joale cortisol, adrenaline, glucagon, lihormone tsa kholo li li eketsa. Joalo ka litekanyo tse phahameng tsa tsoekere, data e fokotsehileng ke ts'okelo e kholo ho 'mele oohle, motho o fetoha hypoglycemia. Kahoo, hormone e 'ngoe le e' ngoe maling e laola boemo ba tsoekere.

Hape, tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo e nka karolo ts'ebetsong ea ho emisa tsamaiso ea lihormone.

Ts'ebetso ea Keketseho

Hormone ea kholo kapa kholo ea kholo e hlahisoa ke tšoelesa ea tlhaho ebile e ikarabella bakeng sa kholo ea motho. Bakeng sa boleng bona bo bitsoa lihormone tsa kholo. Eona, joalo ka lihormone tse peli tse fetileng, e fokotsa bokhoni ba lisele tsa ho monya tsoekere. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho ba hormone ea anabolic, e eketsa bongata ba mesifa, mme e kenya letsoho ho bokelleng ha glycogen liseleng tsa mesifa.

Ho kenella ha Glucagon

Ho hlahisoa ha glucagon ea hormone ho etsahala makhophong; e entsoe ka lisele tsa alpha tsa lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans. Keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali ka ho nka karolo ha eona e hlaha ka ho lokolloa ha tsoekere ho tsoa glycogen sebeteng, 'me glucagon e boetse e kenya ts'ebetsong tlhahiso ea tsoekere ho tsoa liprotheine.

Joalokaha u tseba, sebete se sebetsa e le sebaka sa ho boloka tsoekere. Ha boemo ba tsoekere ea mali bo feta, ka mohlala, kamora ho ja, tsoekere e fumanehang ka thuso ea "insulin" ea tsoekere e hlaha liseleng tsa sebete 'me e sala e le teng ka mokhoa oa glycogen.

Ha boemo ba tsoekere bo theoha 'me bo sa lekana, mohlala, bosiu, tsoekere e kenella mosebetsing. E qala ho theola glycogen ho glucose, e ntan'o hlaha maling.

Motšehare, motho o utloa tlala ka mor'a lihora tse 'ne kapa ho isa moo, ha bosiu' mele o ka qeta lihora tse fetang tse robeli o sa je lijo. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore nakong ea bosiu ho na le tšenyo ea glycogen e tsoang ho sebete ho ea ho glucose.
Ho tsoekere ea lefu la tsoekere, ha ua lokela ho lebala ho phethela phepelo ea ntho ena, ho seng joalo glucagon e ke ke ea khona ho eketsa tsoekere ea mali, e tla lebisa nts'etsopele ea hypoglycemia.
Ho etsahala boemo bo tšoanang hangata haeba lefu la tsoekere le sa jele nama e lekaneng ea lik'habohaedreite, ho bapala lipapali thapama, ka lebaka leo phepelo eohle ea glycogen e jeloang motšehare. Ho kenyelletsa hypoglycemia ho ka hlaha. Haeba motho a ne a noele joala pele ho letsatsi, ha a ntse a senya mosebetsi oa tsoekere.

Ho latela liphuputso, ho fumanoa ha lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1 ha ho fokotse tlhahiso ea insulin feela, empa hape ho fetola mosebetsi oa lisele tsa alpha. Ka ho khetheha, manyeme ha a khone ho hlahisa boemo bo lakatsehang bo nang le khaello ea glucose 'meleng. Ka lebaka leo, litlamorao tsa "insulin" ea "hormone" le "glucagon" lia senyeha.

Ho kenyeletsoa ho batho ba lefu la tsoekere, tlhahiso ea tsoekere ha e fokotsehe ka keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore insulin e tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o sa tsamaeeng, butle-butle e ea liseleng tsa alpha, ka lebaka leo khatello ea lihormone butle-butle e fokotsehang 'me li sitoa ho emisa tlhahiso ea glucagon. Kahoo, ntle le tsoekere e tsoang lijong, tsoekere e tsoang ho sebete e fumanoang nakong ea ho bola e boetse e kena maling.

Ho bohlokoa ho batho bohle ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ho lula ba thelisoa ka glucagon ka letsohong hore ba khone ho e sebelisa haeba ho na le hypoglycemia.

Ts'ebetso ea adrenaline

Adrenaline ke hormone ea khatello ea maikutlo e hlahisoang ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal. E thusa ho eketsa maemo a tsoekere ea mali ka ho theola glycogen sebeteng. Keketseho ea khatello ea adrenaline e etsahala maemong a sithabetsang, feberu, acidosis. Hormone ena e boetse e thusa ho fokotsa ho kenella ha glucose ke lisele tsa 'mele.

Keketseho ea khatello ea tsoekere e etsahala ka lebaka la ho lokolloa ha tsoekere ho tsoa ho glycogen sebete, ho qaleha ha tlhahiso ea tsoekere ho tsoa liprotheine tsa phepo, le ho fokotseha ha eona ke lisele tsa 'mele. Adrenaline ho hypoglycemia e ka baka matšoao ka mokhoa oa ho thothomela, ho fufuleloa le ho eketseha hoa mofufutso. Hape, lihormone li khothaletsa ho phatloha hoa mafura.

Pele, e ne e thehiloe ka tlhaho hore tlhahiso ea adrenaline ea hormone e etsahetse ha e tobane le kotsi. Monna oa khale o ne a hloka matla a eketsehileng ho loana ka sebata. Bophelong ba kajeno, tlhahiso ea adrenaline hangata e etsahala nakong ea boiphihlelo ba khatello ea maikutlo kapa tšabo ka lebaka la litaba tse mpe. Tabeng ena, matla a eketsehileng ha a hlokehe bakeng sa motho ea boemong bo joalo.

Ho motho ea phetseng hantle, insulin e qala ho hlahisoa ka mafolofolo nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo, ka lebaka leo li-indices tsa tsoekere li lulang li tloaelehile. Ha ho bonolo hore batho ba lefu la tsoekere ba khaotse ho hlasimoloha kapa ho tšoha. Ka lefu la tsoekere, insulin ha ea lekana, ka lebaka lena ho na le kotsi ea ho ba le mathata a maholo.
Ka hypoglycemia ho lefu la tsoekere, tlhahiso e eketsehileng ea adrenaline e tsosa tsoekere ea mali mme e etsa hore ho phatlohe ha glycogen ho sebete. Ho sa le joalo, lihormone li eketsa mofufutso, li baka ho otla ha pelo le maikutlo a ho tšoenyeha. Adrenaline e boetse e roba mafura ho theha mafura acids a sa khaotseng, 'me li-keton tse leng ka har'a sebete li tla hlaha ho tsona nakong e tlang.

Ho nka karolo ha Cortisol

Cortisol ke hormone ea bohlokoa haholo e ntšoang ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal ha boemo bo sithabetsang bo etsahala mme bo thusa ho eketsa bongata ba tsoekere maling.

Keketseho ea boemo ba tsoekere e etsahala ka lebaka la keketseho ea tlhahiso ea tsoekere ho tsoa liprotheine le ho fokotseha ha eona ke lisele tsa 'mele. Hormone e boetse e roba mafura ho theha mafura acids, ao ho entsoe li-ketone ho 'ona.

Ka cortisol e phahameng e sa foleng ea lefu la tsoekere, ho na le thabo e eketsehileng, khatello ea maikutlo, ho fokotseha ha potency, mathata a bowel, ho eketseha ha pelo, ho hloka boroko, motho o tsofala ka potlako, o ntse a nona.

Ka litekanyo tse phahameng tsa li-hormone, lefu la tsoekere le hlaha ka mokhoa o sa hlatheng mme mefuta eohle ea mathata e ea hlaha. Cortisol e eketsa habeli khatello ea tsoekere - pele ka ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea "insulin", kamora ho qala ho senyeha ha mesifa ea mesifa ho glucose.
E 'ngoe ea matšoao a cortisol e phahameng ke boikutlo bo sa feleng ba tlala le takatso ea ho ja lipompong. Khabareng, sena se fetoha sesosa sa ho nona haholo le ho nona haholo. Ho tsoekere, tsoekere e mafura e hlaha ka mpeng, 'me litekanyetso tsa testosterone lia fokotseha. Ho kenyelletsa li-hormone tsena tsa 'mele, ho kotsi haholo ho motho ea kulang.

Ka lebaka la hore 'mele o sebetsa ka bongata le ts'ebetso ea cortisol, menyetla ea motho ea tšoaroang ke setorouku kapa ho ba le lefu la pelo e eketseha haholo.

Ho feta moo, lihormone li fokotsa ho monya 'mele oa collagen le calcium, e etsang hore masapo a fokolang le ho lieha ho lieha ho nchafatsoa hoa lisele tsa masapo.

Ts'ebetso ea li-hormone tsa kholo

Ho hlahisoa ha lihormone tsa kholo ho etsahala ka har'a pituitary gland, e haufi le bokong. Ts'ebetso ea eona e ka sehloohong ke ho susumetsa kholo, 'me lihomo li ka eketsa tsoekere ea mali ka ho fokotsa ho monya ha tsoekere ke lisele tsa' mele.

Hormone e holang e eketsa bongata ba mesifa ebile e eketsa ho fokotseha ha mafura. Haholo-holo tlhahiso ea li-hormone e sebetsang e etsahala ho bacha, ha ba qala ho hola ka potlako le ho kena bohlankaneng ho ba teng. Ke nakong ena moo tlhoko ea motho ea insulin e ntseng e eketseha.

Tabeng ea ho nka lefu la tsoekere nako e telele, mokuli a ka lieha ho hola. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore kamora nako ea pelehi, li-hormone tsa ho hola li sebetsa e le setsi se ka sehloohong sa tlhahiso ea somatomedins. Ho diabetics, ka nako ena, sebete se fumana ho hanyetsa litlamorao tsa hormone ena.

Ka kalafo ea insulin e nakong, bothata bona bo ka qojoa.

Matšoao a insulin e ngata

Ho mokuli ea nang le lefu la tsoekere mellitus, ea nang le insulin e ngata 'meleng, matšoao a itseng a ka bonoa. Lefu la tsoekere le apareloa ke khatello ea maikutlo khafetsa, ho sebetsa ka potlako, tlhahlobo ea mali e bontša boemo bo phahameng haholo ba testosterone, basali ba ka ba le khaello ea estradiol.

Hape, mokuli o tšoenngoa ke boroko, tšoelesa ea qoqotho ha e sebetse ka matla a felletseng. Ho tlosoa ke lintho tse ngata ho ka lebisa ho ikoetlisang tse fokolang, tšebeliso e tloaelehileng ea lijo tse kotsi tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse se nang letho.

Ka tloaelo, ka keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali, palo e hlokahalang ea insulin e hlahisoa, hormone ena e laela tsoekere ho linama tsa mesifa kapa sebakeng sa ho bokella. Ka botsofe kapa ka lebaka la ho bokella mafura a 'mele, li-insulin receptor li qala ho sebetsa hampe,' me tsoekere e sitoa ho ikopanya le hormone.

Tabeng ena, ha motho a qeta ho ja, ho balloa ha tsoekere ho lula ho le holimo haholo. Lebaka la sena le fumanoa ho se sebetse ha insulin, leha ho na le tlhahiso ea eona e mafolofolo.
Li-receptors tsa boko li hlokomela maemo a phahameng a tsoekere hangata, 'me boko bo fana ka letšoao le nepahetseng ho manyeme, ba batla ho lokolla insulin e le ho fetisa boemo. Ka lebaka leo, lihormone li ata liseleng le mali, tsoekere e namela hanghang 'meleng,' me lefu la tsoekere le fetoha hypoglycemia.

Khanyetso ea insulin

Hape, ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mellitus, maikutlo a fokotsehileng a insulin ea hormone a atisa ho bonoa, 'me sena se mpefatsa bothata. Boemong bona, lefu la tsoekere le senola insulin e ngata le tsoekere.

Tsoekere e bokellana ka tsela ea ho beha mafura ho fapana le ho senya ka mokhoa oa matla. Kaha insulin hona joale ha e khone ho ama lisele tsa mesifa ka botlalo, motho a ka bona phello ea ho haella ha lijo tse hlokahalang.

Kaha lisele ha li na mafura, 'mele o lula o fumana letšoao la tlala, leha ho na le tsoekere e lekaneng. Boemo bona bo halefisa ho bokellana ha mafura 'meleng, ponahalo ea boima bo feteletseng le kholo ea kholo ea botenya. Ha lefu lena le ntse le eketseha, boemo bo nang le boima ba 'mele bo mpefala le ho feta.

Ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke matla a insulin, motho o nona esita le lijo tse nyane. Bothata bo tšoanang bo fokolisa ts'ireletso ea 'mele haholo, e etsang hore lefu la tsoekere le tšoaetsoe ke mafu a tšoaetsanoang.
Lithota li hlaha marakong a methapo ea mali, e lebisang ho hlaselong ea pelo.
Ka lebaka la keketseho e kholo ea lisele tsa mesifa e boreleli ka har'a methapo ea mali, phallo ea mali ho litho tsa bohlokoa tsa kahare e fokotseha haholo.
Mali a fetoha thapo mme a baka liplatelete, tseo le tsona li khopisang thrombosis. Ha e le molao, hemoglobin ho lefu la tsoekere, e tsamaeang le ho hanyetsa insulin, e ba tlase.

Video e sehloohong sena e thahasellisa ka ho hlaka liphiri tsa insulin.

Ts'ebetso ea li-hormone tsa qoqotho

Tšoelesa ea qoqotho e hlahisa lihormone tse peli tse ka sehloohong tse nang le iodine:

Triiodothyronine e hlophisitsoe ho tsoa ho thyroxine, e fetoloa sebopeho se sebetsang. Lihormone tsena li laola tšebetso eohle ea metabolic 'meleng. Ka ho fetella, ho tšoaroa ke lefu le bitsoang thyrotooticosis. E tšoauoa ka keketseho ea lits'ebetso tsa metabolic, e lebisang ho theoheng ha 'mele kapele le ho tsofala ha litho tsa ka hare.

Lihormone tse nang le iodine le tsona li eketsa boemo ba glucose ba mali. Leha ho le joalo, ba etsa sena ka ho eketsa kutloisiso ea lisele ho li-catecholamines - sehlopha sa lintho tse sebetsang tsa bioloji, tse kenyeletsang adrenaline.

Matšoao a Hyperglycemia

Matšoao a latelang a bontša mathata a lihormone tse laolang boemo ba glucose:

maikutlo a ho tsotella
ho otsela le mokhathala o sa hlokahaleng,
hlooho e bohloko
mathata a ho nahana
ho sitoa ho tsepamisa mohopolo
lenyora le matla
eketseha urination
tlolo ea motility ea mala.

Matšoao ana ke a mofuta oa hyperglycemia, e leng lets'oao le tšosang le bonts'ang nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere. Ho ka etsahala hore insulin, e leng hormone e fokotsang maemo a tsoekere, e hlahisoa ka bongata bo sa lekaneng. Ha ho na kotsi e kaalo hore boemo ba lisele tsa lisele li lahleheloa ke kutlo ea bona ho insulin, ka lebaka leo e ke keng ea tlisa glucose ho bona.

O ka fokotsa maemo a tsoekere a phahameng ka ho enta insulin. Leha ho le joalo, ngaka e lokela ho fana ka litlhare tsena. Pele u qala kalafo ea insulin, ho hlokahala hore u hlahlojoe, motheong oo ngaka e tla nka qeto mabapi le tlhoko ea kalafo ea li-hormone. Mohlomong, ha re se re tšoeroe ke lefu lena qalong, re tla khona ho sebelisa lipilisi tse fokotsang boleng ba tsoekere.

Matšoao a hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia ke tloaelo khafetsa ea batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, hammoho le basali ba jang ka thata, 'me ka nako e tšoanang ba hlokofatsa ka ho ikoetlisa.

Empa haeba maemong a pele lebaka la ho fokotseha ha tsoekere ea mali le holim 'a insulin e ngata, joale ho la bobeli - mokhathala oa matla a glycogen, ka lebaka leo lihormone tsa li-contra li ke ke tsa laola boemo ba tsoekere.

Matšoao a latelang a bontša hore tsoekere e fokotsehile.

ho phahama ha pelo ha o ikoetlisa haholo,
maikutlo a ho tšoenyeha le ho tšoenyeha,
ho opeloa ke hlooho
bohloko ba ka mpeng, ho nyekeloa le pelo le setulo se khopisang,
ho hema hanyane
bophara ba nala ea nasolabial le menoana ea liqeto,
maikutlo a feto-fetohang
boikutlo ba khatello ea maikutlo.

Ho felisa lipontšo tsa hypoglycemia, ho kenella ha lik'habohaedreite tse bonolo, mohlala, tee e monate, likuku kapa chokolete, lia thusa. Haeba mokhoa ona o sena matla, ke ente ea glucagon feela e ka thusang. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka molemong oa pele, kalafo ea lihormone e lokela ho etsoa feela kamora tlhahlobo le lipalo tsa litekanyetso tsa moriana. Ho iphekola ho ka baka mathata a tebileng.

Hormonal regulation ea carbohydrate metabolism

Hormonal tsamaiso ea matla metabolism

Ketso ea lihormone tse amang metabolism ea matla e ka bonoa ho khethollang likarolo tse ling tsa biochemical. Mohlala, ho kenella ha tsoekere maling. Li-hormone li arotsoe ka:

1. Ho eketsa tsoekere ea mali,

Ho theola boemo ba tsoekere maling.

Ke insulin feela ea sehlopha sa bobeli.

Hape lihormone li ka aroloa hore e be HORMONES OF DIRECT ACTION bakeng sa metabolism ea matla le HORMONES OF INDIRECT Act.

Hormone ea ketso e tobileng.

Mekhoa e metle ea ketso ea insulin:

1. Insulin e eketsa boteng ba membrane ea plasma ho tsoekere. Tšusumetso ena ea "insulin" ke eona ntho e ka sehloohong e sitisang metabolism ea carbohydrate liseleng.

2. Insulin e tlosa phello ea inhibitory ea glucocorticosteroids ho hexokinase.

3. Boemong ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, insulin e phahamisa biosynthesis ea li-enzymes tsa carbohydrate metabolism, ho kenyelletsa le li-enzyme tsa bohlokoa.

4. Insulin ka har'a lisele tsa adipose inhibits triglyceride lipase, senotlolo sa ho phatloha ha mafura.

Taolo ea secretion ea "insulin" maling e etsahala ka ho nka karolo ha mekhoa ea neuro-Reflex. Ho na le li-chemoreceptor tse khethehileng tsa tsoekere maling maboteng a methapo ea mali. Keketseho ea khatello ea tsoekere maling e baka tšusumetso ea "insulin" maling, "glucose" e kenella liseleng 'me khatello ea tsona maling e ea fokotseha.

Lihormone tse setseng li baka keketseho ea khatello ea tsoekere maling.

Ke ea liproteine tsa protheine-peptide. E na le mofuta oa tšebelisano le sele e fumanehang ho eona. Matla a teng ka hara tsamaiso ea li-adenylate cyclase.

1. E baka keketseho ea tšebetso ea glycogen phosphorylase. Ka lebaka leo, ho phatloha ha glycogen ho potlakile haholo. Kaha glucagon e na le phello ho sebete feela, re ka re e "hula tsoekere maling"

2. E fokotsa ts'ebetso ea glycogen synthetase, e fokotsa ho kenella ha glycogen.

3. E kenya ts'ebetso lipase li-depots tsa mafura.

E na le li-receptors liseleng tse ngata, 'me mehato ea eona ea ts'ebetso e ts'oana le ea tsoekere.

1. Ho potlakisa ho phatloha ha glycogen.

2. E fokotsa tlhahiso ea glycogen.

3. E potlakisa lipolysis.

Ke lihormone tsa steroid, ka hona, li na le mofuta oa tšebelisano le sebuela-hole. Ha li kenella ka har'a sele e behiloeng, li kenella ho receptor ea cellular mme li ba le litlamorao tse latelang:

1. Inhibit hexokinase - ka hona ba fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere. Ka lebaka leo, khatello ea tsoekere maling e ea eketseha.

Lihormone tsena li fana ka tšebetso ea glyconeogenesis ka likarolo tse nyane.

3. Boemong ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, ntlafatsa biosynthesis ea li-enzyme tsa protheine ea catabolism.

Li-hormone tse sa tobang

1.E ntlafatsa secretion ea tsoekere, ka hona ho na le leqhubu la ho phatloha ha glycogen.

2. E baka ts'ebetso ea lipolysis, ka hona, e kenya letsoho ts'ebelisong ea mafura e le mohloli oa matla.

HO ITHUTA HODMONES IODINE.

Tsena ke lihormone - tse tsoang ho tyrosine amino acid. Li na le mofuta oa ho sebelisana le lisele tsa sepheo. Receptor ea T3 / T4 e sebakeng seleng ea sele. Ka hona, lihormone tsena li matlafatsa li-protein tsa biosynthesis maemong a phetisetso. Har'a liprotheine tsena ho na le li-enzyme tse nang le oxidative, haholo-holo li-dehydrogenase tse fapaneng. Ntle le moo, ba hlohlelletsa mofuta oa ATPases, i.e. Li-enzyme tse senya ATP. Lits'ebetso tsa biooxidation li hloka likarolo tse nyane - lihlahisoa tsa oxidation ea lik'habohaedreite le mafura. Ka hona, ka keketseho ea tlhahiso ea lihormone tsena, keketseho ea ho phatloha ha lik'habohaedreite le mafura lia shejoa. Hyperthyroidism e bitsoa lefu la Bazedova kapa thyrotooticosis. E 'ngoe ea matšoao a lefu lena ke ho fokotseha ha boima ba' mele. Lefu lena le tšoauoa ka keketseho ea mocheso oa 'mele. Litekong tsa in vitro, ho na le karohano ea mitochondrial oxidation le oxidative phosphorylation ka tekanyetso e phahameng ea lihormone tsena.

Taolo ea metabolism ea carbohydrate e etsoa ka ho nka karolo ha methapo e rarahaneng haholo e ka amang ho kenella kapa ho hatelloa ha motsoako oa li-enzyme tsa "carbohydrate metabolism" kapa ho kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong kapa ho sitiseng tšebetso ea bona. Insulin, catecholamines, glucagon, somatotropic le li-hormone tsa steroid li na le phello e fapaneng, empa e boletsoe haholo lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa metabolism ea carbohydrate. Ka mohlala insulin e phahamisa ho bokellana ha glycogen ka har'a sebete le mesifa, e kenya ts'ebetso ea enzyme glycogen synthetase, hape e thibela glycogenolysis le gluconeogenesis. Mohanyetsi oa insulin - glucagon e hlohlelletsa glycogenolysis. Adrenaline e tsosa phello ea cymbase ea adenylate, e ama bohlasoa bohle ba karabelo ea phosphorolysis. Gonadotropins activate glycogenolysis ka har'a placenta. Lihormone tsa Glucocorticoid hlohlelletsa ts'ebetso ea gluconeogeneis. Hormone e holang e ama ts'ebetso ea li-enzymes tsa tsela ea pentose phosphate mme e fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere ke tishu ea pherekano. Acetyl-CoA le nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide e kentse letsoho taolong ea gluconeogenesis. Keketseho ea mafura a plasma e sitisa mosebetsi oa li-enzyme tsa bohlokoa tsa glycolysis. Morero oa bohlokoa ho taolo ea phetoho ea enzymatic ea metabolism ea carbohydrate e bapaloa ke Ca2 + ions, ka kotloloho kapa ka ho nka karolo ha li-hormone, khafetsa mabapi le protheine e khethehileng ea Ca2 + -inding. Mekhoa ea phosphorylation ea bona - dephosphorylation e bohlokoa haholo taolong ea tšebetso ea li-enzyme tse ngata. 'Meleng ho na le kamano e tobileng pakeng tsa metabolism ea carbohydrate le metabolism ea liprotheine, lipids le liminerale.

Litsela tsa ho laola metabolism ea carbohydrate li fapane haholo. Karolong efe kapa efe ea tlhophiso ea sebopuoa se phelang, metabolism ea carbohydrate e laoloa ke lintlha tse amang ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme tse kenyang karabelo ea metabolism ea carbohydrate. Lintho tsena li kenyelletsa pokello ea likarolo tse ling, litaba tsa lihlahisoa (metabolites) tsa karabelo ea motho ka mong, taolo ea oksijene, mocheso, permeability ea membrane ea biological, pokello ea li-coenzymes tse hlokahalang bakeng sa karabelo ea motho ka mong.

Morero oa mehleng ena oa pentose phosphate tseleng ea oxidation ea lik'habohaedreite, ho bontša kamano ea eona le glycolysis (ho latela Hers).

1 - transketolase, 2 - transaldolase, 3 - aldolase, 4 - phosphofructokinase, 5 - fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 6 - hexokinase, 7 - glucose phosphatisomerase, 8 - triozophosphatisomerase, 9-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogen. phosphogluconolactonase, 11 - 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 12 - isomerase, 13 - epimerase, 14 - lactate dehydrogenase.

Liphetoho tse leshome tsa glycolysis li hlaha ho cytosol.

Lihormone tse laolang tsoekere ea mali

Hypoglycemia- Hona ke ho fokotseha ha tsoekere ea mali. Khetholla pakeng tsa mmele le hypoglycemia ea 'mele.

Lisosa tsa hypoglycemia ea 'mele:

1) mosebetsi o boima (litšenyehelo li eketsehile)

2) ho ima le ho nyeka

Lisosa tsa hypoglycemia ea methapo:

1) ts'oaroa ha tsoekere glucose bokong

2) malabsorption ea lik'habohaedreite ka har'a tšilo ea lijo

3) ts'oaetso ea glycogen e senyehileng

4) bofokoli ba tsoekere

6) kamohelo ka- ganglion blockers

Hyperglycemia- Hona ke keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali.

1) ho ja ho tlatsa lik'habohaedreite haholo

2) lihormone tse loantšang Haholo-holo tse sitisang tšebeliso ea tsoekere ke linama tsa mesifa 'me ka nako e ts'oanang li khothaletsa gluconeogeneis

5) kotsi ea mokokotlo

6) mafu a sebete a mofuta oa ho ruruha kapa o mpefatsang

37. Taolo ea tsoekere ea mali.

Glucose ea mali ke e 'ngoe ea likhakanyo tsa homeostatic. Taolo ea maemo a tsoekere ea mali ke mokhoa o rarahaneng oa ho netefatsa hore na homeostasis ea matla ke efe bakeng sa litho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa (boko, lisele tse khubelu tsa mali). Glucose ke eona e ka sehloohong ebile e le eona feela karoloana ea metabolism ea matla. Ho na le mekhoa e 'meli ea tsamaiso:

Ho potlaka (ka tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng)

Bofuma (ka litlamorao tsa lihormone)

Mochine oa maemo a tšohanyetso o lula o hlohlelletsoa ke ketso ea ntho efe kapa efe e feteletseng 'meleng. E etsoa ho latela mohlala oa khale (tlhaiso-leseling e kotsi e amoheloa ka sekaseka sa pono. Khopolo e tsoa ho e 'ngoe ho cortex e namela likarolong tsohle tsa cortex.) Joale, tlhahiso e fetisetsoa ho hypothalamus, moo setsi sa methapo ea kutloelo-bohloko e kenang seretse kahara terata ea kutloelo-bohloko le ka postganglionic. likhoele ho adrenal cortex. Sena se baka ho lokolloa ha adrenaline, e leng se tsosang mochini oa "adenylate cyclase" oa glycogen mobilization.

Mochini o potlakileng o boloka glycemia e tsitsitseng lihora tse 24. Nakong e tlang, phepelo ea glycogen ea fokotseha 'me e se e le kamora lihora tse 15 ho isa ho tse 16 mochine o sa feleng o hokahane, o thehiloeng ho gluconeogeneis. Kamora ho putlama ha mabenkele a glycogen, cortex e thabileng e tsoela pele ho romella litheko ho hypothalamus. Ho sena, liberins li hlahella, tseo, ka molapo oa mali, li kenang gland ea anterior, eo, 'me e kopanya STH, ACTH, TSH maling, eo ka lehlakoreng le leng e khothalletsang tokollo ea triiodothyronine le thyrotropin. Lihormone tsena li hlohlelletsa lipolysis. Lihormone tsa "lihypotropic" li kenya protheine ea protheine, e hlahisang sebopeho sa li-amino acid tsa mahala, tseo, joalo ka lihlahisoa tsa lipolysis, tse sebelisoang e le likarolo tse ka tlase tsa gluconeogeneis le potoloho ea tricarboxylic acid.

Ho arabela keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali, insulin e lokolloa, leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la hore li-acid tse mafura le lihormone tse ipatileng li tima glycolysis ka har'a mesifa ea mesifa, glucose ea mesifa ha e jeoe, tsoekere eohle e boloketsoe bokong le lisele tse khubelu tsa mali.

Tlas'a maemo a ho pepesetsoa nako e telele linthong tse mpe 'meleng (khatello ea maikutlo), ho haella ha insulin ho ka hlaha, e leng sesosa sa lefu la tsoekere.

Ho eketsa tsoekere ea mali

Ho eketsa liporo tse tsamaeang le GluT 4

Ho kenella ha sebete glycogenolysis

glucose ho lisele

Ntlafatso ea Glycogen e ntlafalitsoeng

Ho kenella ha sebete glycogenolysis

Glycolysis le ts'ebetso ea CTK

Phokotso ea tumello ea Membrane bakeng sa

Ho fokotsa phallo ea tsoekere ea mali ka insulin ho fihlelleha ka mekhoa e latelang:

phetoho ea tsoekere ho lisele - ts'ebetso ea ba tsamaisang liprotheine GluT 4 ho cytoplasm

glucose kenya letsoho ha glycolysis - tsoekere e eketsehang ea glucokinase - enzyme,

o thibe sefi sa tsoekere, se tsosetsang tšebeliso ea senotlolo se seng

glycolysis enzyme - phosphofrodokinase, pyruvate kinase,

o Keketso ea glycogen - ts'ebetso ea glycogen synthase le ho tsosa motsoako oa eona, e thusang ho fetoloa ha glucose e feteletseng ho glycogen,

o ts'ebetso ea tsela ea pospose phosphate - ho kenella ka tsoekere ea tsoekere-6-phosphate

dehydrogenases le 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases,

o eketsehile lipogenesis - ho kenella ha glucose ka har'a syntacylglycerols (bona "Lipids", "Synthesis of triacylglycerols").

Li-tishu tse ngata ha li na taba le ts'ebetso ea insulin ka botlalo, e bitsoa insulin-e ikemetseng. Tsena li kenyelletsa lithane tsa methapo, metlae e hlasimollang, lense, retina, lisele tsa liphio tse glomerular, endotheliocytes, testes le lisele tse khubelu tsa mali.

Glucagon e eketsa tsoekere ea mali:

o Ho eketsa morolo oa glycogen ka ts'ebetso ea glycogen phosphorylase,

o susumetsang gluconeogeneis - ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase.

Adrenaline e baka hyperglycemia:

o Ho kenya ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea glycogen - ho hlohlelletsa phosphorylase ea glycogen,

Glucocorticoids e eketsa tsoekere ea mali ka ho thibela phetoho ea tsoekere ka seleng,

o susumetsang gluconeogeneis - eketsa synthes ea pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase enzymes.

Insulin - hormone e fokotsang tsoekere ea mali

Tsoekere e eketsehang (hyperglycemia):

Keketseho ea 'mele maemong a glucose - khatello ea maikutlo le kelello, ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea' mele, "ho tšaba kobo e tšoeu"),

Maloetse a pancreatic a tšoauoa ka ho fokotseha ho sa feleng kapa ka nakoana ha tlhahiso ea insulin (pancreatitis, hemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, mofets'e oa gland)

Maloetse a endocrine a setho sa botona (tlhaselo ea ligrogia le gigantism, lefu la eona la Itsenko-Cushing, pheochromocytoma, thyrotooticosis, somatostatinoma)

Ho nka meriana: thiazides, caffeine, estrogens, glucocorticosteroids.

Ho fokotsa tsoekere (hypoglycemia):

Ho itima lijo nako e telele, ho itlopa lijo tse eketsehileng, ho ikoetlisa ka matla, feberu,

Ts'ebetso ea ts'oaetso ea ka mpeng: ho hlobaela ka mothapo, malabsorption, gastroenterostomy, postgastroectomy,

Mathata a bakoang ke pancreatic: mofetše, khaello ea glucagon (tšenyo ea lisele tsa alpha tsa lihlekehleke tsa Langengarsk),

Mathata a tsoang ho litho tsa endocrine: syndrome ea adrenogenital, lefu la Addison, hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism,

Ho senya ts'ebetsong ea enzymatic: glycogenosis, mamello ea fructose e sa sebetseng, galactosemia,

Tlolo ea mesebetsi ea hepatic: hepatitis ea etiology tse fapaneng, hemochromatosis, cirrhosis,

Kankere: sebete, mpa, adrenal gland, fibrosarcoma,

Mekhoa ea litlhare: Li-anabolic steroid, lintho tse fanang ka matla a kelello, li-blocka-blocker tse sa ikhetheng. Bongata: li-salicylates, joala, arsenic, chloroform, antihistamines.

Qeto

Bophelo bo botle ba motho bo itšetlehile ka se lekanang le li-hormone. Lintlha tse latelang li ka nyopisa botsitso bona:

khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng
ho ikoetlisa ka tlase haholo
khatello ea maikutlo e feteletseng.

Ho sitoa ho lekants'a phepo ea liprotheine, mafura le lik'habohaedreite ho ka lebisa ho sitiseng litšoelesa tsa endocrine, tse amang ka kotloloho boemo ba tsoekere maling.

Mokhoa oa bophelo oa ho lula o lutse o eketsa boima ba mmele, o sitisang ts'ebetso ea litho tsa ka hare. Ho feta tekano maikutlong ho baka tokollo e eketsehileng ea lihormone tsa khatello ea maikutlo, tlasa ts'usumetso eo mabenkele a glycogen a felileng.

O ka itšireletsa likhatellong tse ka bang teng haeba o ja lijo tse phetseng hantle, ikoetlisa hoseng, o tsamaea hangata ho qoba maemo a likhohlano.