Makhopho - tšepe ea bobeli e kholo ka ho fetisisa tsamaisong ea tšilo ea lijo, boima ba eona ke 60-100 g, bolelele ke 15-22 cm.
Letšoele le na le 'mala o bofubelu bo bofubelu, bo lozek, bo pharalla ho tloha ho duodenum 12 ho ea spleen. Hlooho ea eona e sephara e fumaneha kahare ho khaba ea pere e entsoeng ke duodenum 12. Tšoelesa ena e koahetsoe ke k'homphieutha e nyane e ikhethileng.
Ha e le hantle makhopho a 'mino a na le litšoelesa tse peli: exocrine le endocrine. Karolo ea exocrine ea tšoelesa e hlahisa 500-700 di ml ea lero la pancreatic ho motho mots'ehare, e nang le li-enzyme tse kenyellelitsoeng ho cheng liprotheine, mafura le lik'habohaedreite. Karolo ea endocrine ea manyeme e hlahisa lihormone tse laolang lik'habohaedreite le mafura metabolism (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, jj).
Karolo e 'ngoe ea "pancreas" ke "gland" e rarahaneng ea "alveolar-tubular" e arotsoe likarolo ka ho hokahanya ho honyenyane ha sepakapaka se tsoang mokokotlong. Li-acinus tse entsoeng ke li-acinocyte (lisele tsa pancreatic) li haufi haholo ho lobules. Lisele li amana haufi.
Acinus e nang le duct e kopaneng ke karolo ea sebopeho le e sebetsang ea karolo e tsoang ho manyeme. Lekunutu le kenella ho leseli la makhopho. Ho tsoa ho li-ducts tse kentsoeng, secretion e kenella ka har'a li-ducts tse intralobular. Metsoako e metle e pota-potiloeng ke lithane tse amanang le tšenyo e kenella ka har'a li-ducts tse kenang, e kenella ka har'a mouoane o ka sehloohong oa manyeme, 'me e hokahana le duct e tloaelehileng, e kena leseling la duodenum.
Karolo ea endocrine ea manyeme e thehiloe ke lihlopha tsa lisele - li-isanc tsa pancreatic. Palo ea lihlekehleke tsa "pancreatic" ho batho ba baholo e tsoa ho limilione tse 1 ho ea ho tse 2. Ts'ebetso ea karolo ea "endocrine" ea "makhopho" e hlalositsoe karolong ea Endocrine System.
Sebopeho, sebopeho le thepa ea lero la pancreatic
Makhopho a motho a ka mpeng a se nang letho a etsa sephiri se sekaalo. Ha motho a qeta ho fumana lijo tse tsoang ka mpeng ho ea duodenum 12, manyeme a batho a li tšela lero ka tekanyo e ka bang 4,7 di ml / min. Motšehare, ho lokolloa lilithara tse 1.5-2,5 tsa lero la motsoako o rarahaneng.
Lero ke mokelikeli o sa bonahaleng oa mebala o nang le metsi a pakeng tsa 987 g / l. Pancreatic lero alkaline reaction (pH = 7.5-8.8). Pancreatic lero le ameha ho se leka-lekaneng le alkalization ea lijo tsa acid e ka mpeng ho duodenum 12, e na le li-enzyme tse jang mefuta eohle ea limatlafatsi.
Tafole. Likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa secretion ea pancreatic
Matšoao
Feature
Matla a khoheli a ikhethang, g / ml
NSO - 3 - ho fihla ho 150 mmol / L, hammoho le Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Zn 2+, NRA4 2-, JOALE4 2-
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A le B, elastase
Lipase, phospholipase, cholesterolipase, lecithinase
Secretion ea lero la pancreatic e eketseha haholo kamora metsotso e 2-3 kamora ho ja 'me e nka lihora tse 6-14. Bophahamo, sebopeho sa lero, le matla a secretion a itšetlehile ka bongata le boleng ba lijo. Ha e le acidity e phahameng ea lijo tse ka mpeng e kenang ka har'a duodenum, lero la pancreatic le bolokoa.
Methati ea pancreatic secretion
Sephiri sa manyeme ha a susumetsoa ke ho se ja o na le tšusumetso 'me o feta lipakeng tse' maloa.
Pele, kapa sethala, karolo ea secretion e khethoa ke mofuta, monko oa lijo le lintho tse ling tse amanang le ho ja (li-irritations tse hlalosang), le litlamorao ho li-receptor tsa mucosa ea molomo, ho hlafuna le ho koenya (ho hloka maikutlo ho hlalosang). Litlamorao tse hlahang ka har'a li-receptor li fihla medulla oblongata ebe ka methapo ea methapo ea kutlo e kena ka boteng ebe e etsa hore e be le sephiri.
Taba ea bobeli, kapa ventricular, karolo e khetholloa ke taba ea hore secretion ea tšoelesa e hlohlelletsoa le ho tšehetsoa ke maikutlo a tsoang mochineng- le chemoreceptors a ka mpeng.
Ha moea o kenella ka hare ho duodenum, oa boraro o qala, kapa mala, karolo ea secretion e amanang le ts'ebetso ho mucous membrane ea mucous ea duodenum 12 ea litaba tsa eona tsa acid. Sisteme ea secretion e etselitsoe ho ikamahanya le maemo le ho boloka secretion ea li-enzymes tsa pancreatic ho ea mofuta oa lijo tse nkuoeng. Ho ja ho baka keketseho ea ho lokolloa hoa li-enzyme tsohle ka har'a lero, empa bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea lijo keketseho ena e bontšoa ka tekanyo e fapaneng. Lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata li baka ho eketseha ha lero la li-amylase (li-enzyme tse senyang lik'habohaedreite), liprotheine - li-trypsin le trinsinogen, lijo tse mafura - lipase, i.e. makhopho a tlhaho a hlophisa le ho boloka enzyme e ngata haholo e thusang ho hlahisa limatlafatsi tse tsoang lijong.
Ho tšiloa ka mpeng e nyane
Ho kenella ka popelong e nyane (duodenum, jejunum le ileum) ho netefatsa hore hydrolysis ea likarolo tse ngata tsa lijo e ba li-monomers, ka tsela eo limatlafatsi li ka ananeloang ho tloha ka mpeng ho ea maling le limeleng. Ho kenella kahare ho eona ho etsoa tlasa ts'usumetso ea li-enzyme tsa "pancreatic" tse ka mpeng ea intestinal (tšiloalo) le tlasa ts'ebetso ea li-enzymes tse tsitsitseng lifiliming tsa microvilli le glycocalyx (tšilo ea lijo tsa parietal). Tse ling tsa li-enzyme tsena li hlahisoa ke manyeme, ha a mang a etsoa ke litšoelesa tsa leboteng la mala. Mohato oa ho qetela oa ho hlohlona ka mpeng e nyane ke ho kenella ka har'a metsoako ea lisele tsa ka mpeng (tšilo ea membrane), e entsoe tlasa ts'ebetso ea li-enzymes tsa litšoelesa tsa leboteng la mala le ho hokahana le lits'ebetso tsa ho monya limatlafatsi.
Karolo ea mantlha ho tšilo ea lijo ka mpeng e nyane ke ea lits'ebetso tse etsahalang duodenum. Chyme e nang le asiti e e kenang ka mpeng e emeloa ke lipehelo tsa lijo tse phehiloeng ka letsoho le tse silafalitsoeng. E na le mafura a sa koaeloang ka sebopeho sa triglycerides, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, liprotheine tse halikiloeng ho li-polypeptides le oligopeptides, 'meleng le li-carbohydrate tse sa koaeloang ka mokhoa oa starch, glycogen, fiber, hammoho le acidic acid le lintho tse ling tse sebetsang. Kahoo, bakeng sa tšilo ea bona, litšoelesa tse silang lijo li lokela ho hlahisa li-enzyme tse fapaneng le maemo a nepahetseng bakeng sa ponahatso ea tšebetso ea tsona li tlameha ho thehoa ka mpeng.
Ho thehoa ha maemo a joalo ho qala ka taba ea hore chyme butle-butle e sa aroloe ke li-bicarbonate tsa lero la manyeme, mala le bile. Ketso ea pepsin ho duodenum e khaotsa, kaha pH ea litaba tsa eona e fetoloa e lebisa tikolohong ea alkaline, e fihla ho 8.5 (ho tloha ho 4 ho isa ho 8,5). Li-bicarbonate, lintho tse ling tse sa bonahaleng le metsi li tšeloa ka lero la pancreatic ke lisele tsa epithelial tsa li-tubules le li-ducts tsa tšoelesa. Ho ntšoa ha li-bicarbonate ho ipapisitse le pH ea lintho tse ka mpeng le boleng ba eona bo phahameng, lihlahisoa tsa alkaline tse ngata li lokolloa, ho ntšoa ha chyme ho jejunum ho ea butle.
Li-enzymes tsa lero la pancreatic li thehoa ke epithelium ea asiti ea gland. Sebopeho sa bona se ipapisitse le mofuta oa lijo tseo motho a li jang le ketso ea mekhoa e fapaneng ea taolo.
Pancreatic lero secretion le molao oa eona
Li-enzymes tse ka sehloohong tsa protheine ea pancreatic li bolokiloe ka mokhoa oa zymogens, i.e. boemong bo sa sebetseng. Tsena ke li-trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase A le B. Mofetoleli oa mmele oa trypsinogen le phetoho ea eona ho trypsin ke enterokinase (endopeptidase), e hlahisoang ke mucosa ea duodenal. Moralo o latelang oa trypsin ke autocatalytic. Trypsin e kenya letsoho ho thehoeng mefuta e sa sebetseng ea chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases A le B, hammoho le ts'ebetso ea tokollo ea enterokinase. Trypsin, chymotrypsin le elastase ke endopeptidases. Ba senya liprotheine le li-polypeptides tse phahameng tsa boima ba 'mele ho li-peptide tse tlase tsa boima ba amole le li-amino acid. Carboxypeptidases A le B (exopeptidases) li-peptide tse khanyang ho amino acid.
Tafole. Ketso ea hydrolytic ea li-enzymes tsa pancreatic
Enzyme
Sebaka sa hydrogenysis
Proteolytic
Litlamo tse ka hare tsa peptide lipakeng tsa masala a haufi a amino acid
Taolo ea ts'ebetso ea lekunutu ea pancreatic gland
E bohloko
Sethoto
Mefuta ea li-reflexes ka boemo
Bohareng ba limela tse bohareng
E na le maemo
Parasympathetic
Hormone kapa lintho tse sebetsang tsa 'mele
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 (bona ka tlase)
(bona ka tlase)
Ho khothatsa
Braking
Ho khothatsa
Braking
Tšusumetso ea ho qetela
Boleng ba secretion bo tsosa
Boleng ba tokiso bakeng sa ho boloka sephiri
Merero ea morero oa tsamaiso ea pancreatic secretion:
Matla a susumetsang ho ba le lihormone:
1 - secretin, 2 - cholecystokinin-pancreosimine, 3 - gastrin, 4 - insulin, 5 - bombesin, 6 - ntho P (neuropeptide), 7 - li-salts tsa manonyeletso, 8 - serotonin.
Ketso ea ho nka ho ba le lihormone:
1 - glucagon, 2 - calcitonin, 3 - ZhIP, 4 - PP, 5 - somatostatin
VIP e ka thabisa le ho thibela secretion ea pancreatic.
Bohlokoa ba 'mele bo amanang le secryin le cholecystokinin-pancreosimine:
Karolo e etellang pele molomong oa humor oa secretion ea pancreatic ke ea lihormone tsa ka mpeng: sephiri, cholecystokinin-pancreosimine. Sephiri e etsa hore ho ntšoe lero le leholo la pancreatic e nang le li-bicarbonate tse ngata, kaha e tsosa lisele tsa epithelial tsa li-ducts tsa intralobular. Cholecystokinin-pancreosimine e sebetsa haholo ho pancreatic acinus pancreatocytes, ka hona, lero le ipatileng le na le li-enzyme tse ngata. Sephiri e hlahisoang ke lisele tsa endocrine S leboteng la duodenum 12 maemong a sa sebetseng a mochochisi, a hlahisoang ke HCl ea gastric chyme. Khetho cholecystokinin-pancreosimine e etsoang ke I-lisele tsa lebota la duodenal tlasa ts'usumetso e matla ea lihlahisoa tsa hydrolysis ea pele ea protheine ea lijo le mafura, hammoho le li-amino acid tse ling.
Sebete ke mofuta o mongata oa tšebetso e nang le endocrine le exocrine. Ke tšoelesa e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea tšilo ea lijo. Ha e le "gland" ea endocrine, e nka karolo ho metabolism ea liprotheine, mafura le lik'habohaedreite. Joalokaha exocrine - e hlahisa bile.
Karolo ea sebopeho le tšebetsong ea sebete ke "hepatic lobule". E na le libalaka tsa sebete, tseo, le tsona li thehiloeng ke methapo ea lisele tsa sebete - hepatocytes. Mela e metle ea li-capillaries tsa bile e pakeng tsa mela le li-hepatocytes tse etsang boroko. Li-capillor tsena tse karolong e ka holimo ea libalolo tse nang le hepatic li fetela metsong ea bile e ka kopana. Bile e bolokoa ke hepatocytes ho lumen ea li-capillaries tsa bile. Li-capillaries tsena ke likheo lipakeng tsa li-hepatocytes tse haufi. Ho tsoa ho li-capillaries tsa bile, ka li-ducts tsa bile kapa li-interlobular bile, li kenella ka har'a lijana tse kholo tsa bile tse tsamaeang le lekala la mothapo oa portal.
Kamora moo, lijana tsa bile li hokahana butle le liforomo tsa hepatic duct sebakeng sa heke ea sebete. Ho tsoa ho duct ena, bile e ka kena ka cystic duct ka gallbladder kapa ka har'a duct e tloaelehileng. Duct ena e bula ka har'a duodenum sebakeng sa nippleal nipple (pele e phalla, hangata duct ea bile e hokahana le pancreatic). Sebakeng sa molomo oa bile duct e tloaelehileng e fumaneha sphincter ea Oddi.
Mokhoa oa kaho ea bile:
Bile letsoai: ho hepatocytes e tsoang k'holeseterole, ho thehiloe li-asiti tsa mantlha - cholic le chenodeoxycholic. Sebeteng, li-acid tsena ka bobeli li kopana le glycine kapa taurine mme li hlahisoa ka mokhoa oa letsoai la sodium le glycolic le potasiamo letsoai la taurocholic acid.Metsoako ea bile le Na li tšeloa ka matla ho lumen ea bile canaliculi, ebe metsi a latela gradient ea osmotic khatello. Ntlheng ena, lintho tsohle tse khona ho ipatlela kahare ho duct ea bile li na le phello ea choleretic. Ka nako e ts'oanang, e meng ea bile (hoo e ka bang 40% ea palo e felletseng) e hlahisoa ho sa tsotelloe ka litaba tsa bile acid.
Karolong e ka thōko ea mala, hoo e ka bang 20% ea li-acids tsa mantlha li fetoha acids ea sekete - deoxycholic le lithocholic. Mona ka 90-95% bile acid ka mafolofolo a ikoetlisa 'me a khutla ka har'a likepe tsa portal ho sebete. Ts'ebetso ena e bitsoa hepato-intestinal ho ajoa ha bile acid. 2-4 g ea bile acid e nka karolo ho potoloha ena, potoloho ena e phetoa makhetlo a 6-10 ka lihora tse 24. Ka nako ena, hoo e ka bang 0,6 g ea bile acid e qhaloa ka har'a furu 'me e nkeloa sebaka ke restynthesis sebeteng.
Mebala e metle: bilirubin, biliverdin le urobilinogen ke lihlahisoa tse bolileng maling a hemoglobin. Biliverdin e fumanoa ka har'a metsoako ea motho ka bongata. Bilirubin ha e na metsi ka bongata, ka hona e tsamaisoa ka mali ho isa sebete ho amanang le albin ea mali. Ho hepatocytes, bilirubin e theha likhomphutha tsa metsi tse qhibilihang ka glucuronic acid mme e nyane le sulfate. Motšehare, 200-300 mg ea bilirubin e ntšoa ka har'a duodenum, hoo e ka bang 10-20% ea chelete ena e khutlisoa ka tsela ea urobilinogen 'me e kenyelelitsoe ho potoloha ha hepatic-intestinal. Bilirubin e setseng e tšolloa metsing.
K + le Cl - fapanyetsana ka bolokolohi pakeng tsa bile le plasma. Phapanyetsano ea HCO3 - e etsahala pakeng tsa Cl -, ka hona ho na le li-bicarbonate tse ngata ho bile ho feta chloride.
Ho sisinyeha ha bile ka lisebelisoa tsa kaholimo ho bakoa ke:
Phapang ea khatello literekeng tse phelisang hammoho le duodenum,
Boemo ba phepelo e fetisisang ea biliary.
Ho na le li-sphincters tse tharo: a) molaleng oa nyooko - sehokedi sa Lutkins, b) ha confluence ea cystic le ducts tse tloaelehileng tsa bile - Mirizzi sphincter, c) karolong e qetellang ea duct e tloaelehileng ea bile - Oddi sphincter. Tekanyo ea khatello methating ea bile e khethoa ka tekanyo ea ho tlatsa ka bile e patiloeng le mokokotlo oa mesifa e boreleli ea li-ducts le lebota la gallbladder. Khatello e ka hara duct ea tloaelehileng ea bile e tsoa ho 4 ho isa ho 300 limilimithara tsa metsi, ha e ntse e ja - likhalase tsa metsi tsa 150-260 mm, tse netefatsang ho tsoa ha bile ka sphincter e bulehileng ea Oddi ho ea duodenum.
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