Nicotinic acid

Setlhare se sebelisetsoa ho thibela le kalafo ea khaello ea vithamine PP (B3), atherosclerosis, spasm ea methapo ea mokokotlo, mokokotlo le mokokotlo. Methapo e phahameng le tšebeliso ea nako e telele li sitisa sebete, mekhoa ea metabolic. Ho khothalletsoa ho kenyelletsa chisi ea cottage ka har'a lijo le tšebeliso ea nicotinic acid.

Bala sengoloa sena

Melemo le likotsi tsa nicotinic acid

Moriana ona o na le ts'ebetso ea vithamini mme o kenella mekhoeng ea ho phefumoloha ha tishu, ho thehoa ha liprotheine, mafura le ho phatloha ha mabenkele a glycogen ho sebete le mesifa. Ho ba teng ha nicotinic acid maling ho potlakisa lits'ebetso tsa oxidation, tlhahiso ea matla. Mekhoa ea mantlha ea pholiso e kenyelletsa:

• thibelo ea kholo ea atherosulinosis,
• phallo ea mali e ntlafalitsoeng
• Keketseho ea likepe tsa pherimetara, likhohola le likhoerekhoere,
• Phokotso ea botaoa,
• ntlafatso ea sebete, mala le mala (ka tekanyetso e nyane),
• ho potlakisa pholiso ea maqeba le mefokolo ea ulcerative,
• Ho khutlisetsoa ha conduction ea tšusumetso ho methapo ea methapo.

Nicotinic acid e bitsoa sethethefatsi sa antipellagric, hobane ka lebaka la bofokoli ba eona, ho hlaha mathata a "mararo d": lesapo la letlalo (dermatitis), lets'ollo le phehellang (lets'ollo) le 'dementia'.

Ha o nka tekanyetso e phahameng ea lithethefatsi, bokhubelu ba letlalo la sefahleho le 'mele, ho tsekela, ho tuka ho chesa, ho tsitsinyeha hoa tsebe, le khatello ea maikutlo ea Nicotinic acid, khatello ea mali e fokotseha haholo, ho ka ba le tlolo ea morethetho oa litšelo tsa pelo, ho nyekeloa le pelo le ho hlatsa, ho hlohlona ha letlalo. Ha ho hlahlojoa bakuli ba 'nileng ba sebelisa moriana ona nako e telele, ba fumana:

• Keketseho ea tsoekere le uric acid maling,
• mafura a mafura,
• ho nona haholo ho tsamaellanang le khaello ea lik'habohaedreite le metabolism ea mafura,
• ho senya mucous ea mucous ea mpa, duodenum le mala a manyane.

E 'ngoe ea litlamorao ke ho potlakisa kholo ea moriri ka ts'ebeliso ea kantle. E sebelisoa ke li-beauticians ho alosa moriri.

Mona ke ho eketsehileng ka kalafo ea dyslipidemia.

Ketso ea pharmacological

Niacin e na le karolo e tšoanang ka sebopeho le nicotinamide.

Ts'ebeliso ea nicotinic acid e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho susumetsa phallo ea mali, ts'ebetso ea boko, phapanyetsano ea li-amino acid, mafura, lik'habohaedreite le liprotheine.

Vithamine ena e bohlokoa haholo ho thibela mafu a pelo le methapo. E thusa ho theola cholesterol, lipoprotein le triglyceride - lintho tse koahelang methapo, li kenya letsoho ho eketseng khatello le ho thehoa ha methapo ea mali, le ho fokotsa phallo ea mali.

Matšoao a sebelisang nicotinic acid

Vitamin e tsamaisoa kahare, e nkuoa ka molomo, e fuoa ente ea subcutaneous le intramuscular ea nicotinic acid.

Sesebelisoa se sebelisetsoa ho phekola le ho thibela pellagra, ho phekola mefuta e bonolo ea lefu la tsoekere, lefu la pelo, ulcers ea ka mpeng, sebete, enterocolitis, gastritis e nang le acidity e fokolang, pholiso e mpe ea letlalo le ho imolla methapo ea methapo ea bokong, matsoho le maoto.

Hape, lithethefatsi li kenyelelitsoe kalafo e rarahaneng ea neuritis ea sefahleho, atherosclerosis, ts'oaetso e fapaneng.

Litaelo tsa tšebeliso ea nicotinic acid

Asiti ea Nicotinic bakeng sa prophylaxis e laeloa batho ba baholo ba 15-25 mg, bana ba 5-20 mg ka letsatsi.

Bakeng sa kalafo ea pellagra, batho ba baholo ba nka nicotinic acid matlapeng a 100 mg ho isa ho a mane / letsatsi bakeng sa matsatsi a 15-20. O ka kenya tharollo ea asiti ea 1% - 1 ml ho isa ho tse peli / letsatsi bakeng sa matsatsi a 10-15. Bana ba fuoa 5-50 mg habeli kapa hararo ka letsatsi.

Ho latela lipontšo tse ling, batho ba baholo ba nka vithamine ena ka 20-50 mg, bana ba 5-30 mg ho isa ho tse tharo / ka letsatsi.

Ha vasodilator ea lefu la ischemic, 1 ml ea nicotinic acid e tsamaisoa ka matla.

Metsoako ea methapo le ea subcutaneous ea nicotinic acid, ho fapana le tsamaiso ea methapo, e bohloko. Bakeng sa ho qoba ho khopisoa, letsoai la sodium ea nicotinic le ka sebelisoa.

Ka lebaka la bokhoni ba vithamine ena ea ho hlapolla methapo ea mali, nicotinic acid e na le thuso bakeng sa moriri - e matlafatsa kholo ea bona. Bakeng sa kalafo ea moriri, tharollo e tšeloa ka har'a letlalo ka matsatsi a 30, 1 ml ka ngoe (ampoule e le 'ngoe).

Sebelisa tharollo ka sebopeho sa eona se hloekileng ho omella, moriri o hlatsoitsoeng hanyane. Kamora khoeli ea kalafo ea moriri ka nicotinic acid, dandruff e hloekisoa letlalong, metso ea matlafatsoa, ​​'me moriri o hola ka 4-6 cm. Haeba ho hlokahala, lithuto tsa rub rub li ka phetoa khafetsa, nako le nako ea matsatsi a 15-20.

Sebelisa ka katleho nicotinic acid bakeng sa ho theola boima ba 'mele. Ho lokisa boima ba 'mele ho tsamaisoa ke' nete ea hore vithamine e potlakisa metabolism, e thusa ho hloekisa methapo ea mali, esita le k'holeseterole, ho tlosa litšepe tse boima, le chefo. Motsoako oa nicotinic acid ho theola boima ba 'mele ke motho ka mong,' me ke 100-250 mg ka letsatsi. Hangata, nicotinic acid e nooa matlapeng, eseng ho feta 1 g ka letsatsi, makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi. Karabelo ea acid ka mokhoa oa letlalo le bofubelu ba letlalo le chesang e nkoa e le ntho e tloaelehileng. Ka acidity e eketsehileng ea secretion ea mpa, vithamine e nkuoa feela ka mor'a ho ja.

Litlamorao

Ts'ebeliso ea nicotinic acid e ka baka: redness ea letlalo la sefahleho, halofo e holimo ea 'mele, lekhopho, ho akheha ka maoto le matsoho, ho tsekela, ho sesa. Litla-morao tsena li itlhahela ka bo bona.

Ka ho hlahisoa ha vithamine ka potlako, khatello e ka theoha haholo, 'me ka tšebeliso ea nako e telele le litekanyetso tse phahameng, moriana o ka baka ponahalo ea lefu la sebete la mafura. Ho thibela lefu lena, vithamine e beoa ka nako e ts'oanang le methionine.

Nicotinic acid ke eng?

Vitamin PP, B3 kapa nicotinic acid (lebitso ka Selatine ke nicotinic acidum) ke ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa mmele. Ha e kene ka hare, e robehile ke niacinamide, e amehang ts'ebetsong ea metabolism ea mafura. Morero o ka sehloohong oa vithamine ke ho fetola lijo hore e be matla. Tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea nicotinic acid ke 5-10 mg, bakeng sa basali ba baimana - 15 mg. Ngaka e eang teng e fana ka ngaka haeba ho na le bopaki.

Fomu ea tokollo

Ho ea ka litlhaloso tsa pharmacological, mefuta e latelang ea tokollo ea tokiso ena ea vithamine e khetholloa:

• vithamine B3 ka har'a ampoules - 1 ml ka 'ngoe, li-ampoules tse entsoeng ka khalase, pH ea tharollo ea ente ke 5-7,
• phofo bakeng sa ente
• matlapa (50 likhomphutha.) - sethethefatsi ho tlatsa khaello ea asiti, litaba tsa se sebetsang ke 0,05 g,
• Tharollo ea nicotine ea sodium -0.1%%.

Litokisetso tsa acid ea Nicotinic

Vitamin ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho hlophisoa ha Vititodurol, Vicinein, Xantinol Nicotinate, Lipostabil, Nikoverin, Nikoshpan, Spazmokor. E na le mefuta e 'meli - asiti le nicotinamide. Mefuta ena ka bobeli ke likarolo tse sebetsang tsa lithethefatsi, li na le sepheo se tšoanang sa litheko tsa meriana, phello e tšoanang ea kalafo. Nicotinamide e kenyelelitsoe litokisetsong:

• matlapa le ente ea niacinamide
• Nikonacid
• Matlapa le Tharollo ea Nicotinamide,
• Apelagrin,
• Niacin
• Nikoverin
• Nicotinic acid Bufus kapa Vial,
• Enduracin.

Litaelo tsa tšebeliso ea nicotinic acid

Ho ea ka se boleloang ke vithamine, PP ea vithamini e ka sebelisoa ka mokhoa oa litafole (ka molomo kamora lijo) le li-ampoules (ka botsoali). E le prophylaxis, batho ba baholo ba laetsoe 0,015-0.025 g ka letsatsi. Ha pellagra e nkuoa matsatsi a 15-20, 0,1 g makhetlo a 2 / ka letsatsi, kapa e kenngoa ka tharollo ea 1% ea 1 ml habeli ka letsatsi bakeng sa matsatsi a 10-15. Bakeng sa mafu a mang, batho ba baholo ba nka bonyane 0,1 g ea moriana ka letsatsi. Haeba ho se na litla-morao, kalafo ea lefu la atherosmithosis le lipid metabolism, lethal e le 'ngoe le ka eketsoa ho 1 g, le lethaliti la letsatsi le letsatsi ho isa ho 4 g.

Vithamine PP e matlapeng e sebelisoa bakeng sa kalafo ea nako e telele le ho thibela mafu. Tabeng ea pele, ba khothalletsoa hore ba nkuoe ka hoetla le selemo bakeng sa batho ba nang le mathata a potoloha a lipalo tse tlase. E lumelloa ho nka matlapa a 1-2 makhetlo a mararo ka letsatsi, ha a ntse a nka litokisetso tsa methionine ho sireletsa sebete. Haeba mokuli a e-na le acidity e eketsehileng ea lero la gastric, moriana o nooa ka mor'a lijo, o hlatsoitsoe ka metsi a nang le liminerale kapa lebese le futhumetseng.

Haeba u nooa lipilisi pele ho lijo, sena se ka baka mathata: ho chesa ka mpeng, ho nyekeloa ke pelo. Litekanyetso li latela lilemo, boima le bokuli:

• bakeng sa thibelo, ho fihlela 25 mg / ka letsatsi e nkuoa,
• ponahalo ea pellagra 100 mg makhetlo a 3-4 / letsatsi ka nako ea matsatsi a 15-20,
• le atherosclerosis 2-3 / letsatsi, tekanyetso ea 3-4,
• bakeng sa khaello ea metabolism ea mafura bekeng ea pele, nka 500 mg hang, ho bobeli habeli, makhetlo a mararo, thupelo ke likhoeli tse 2,5 ho isa ho tse tharo.
• ho eketsa bongata ba li-lipoprotein tse phahameng haholo, li lokela ho nkuoa ka 1 g / ka letsatsi,
• ho fokotsa kotsi ea lefu la pelo 500-1000 mg / ka letsatsi,
• lithuto li phetoa khafetsa ka khoeli.

O ka kenya lithethefatsi ka mokhoa oa liente tsa subcutaneous, intravenous kapa intramuscular. Liente tsa Nicotinic acid li kenngoa mothapong butle, jeteng, tikolohong ea sepetlele ka lebaka la menyetla ea ho hatsela ho hoholo. Liente tsa subcutaneous le intramuscular li lumelloa bakeng sa tšebeliso e ikemetseng lapeng. Li bohloko haholo, kahoo o lokela ho khetha sebaka se nepahetseng.

Libaka tse ntle tsa liente ke karolo e kaholimo ea lehetla, bokapele ba leqaqaqaqaqaqaqaqa, lebota la kahare la mpa kahara ho se boima bo feteletseng, bokantle ba bokantle ba mokokotlo. Ka tsamaiso e potolohileng, ho molemo ho itlhabela phatleng le leboteng le ka pele la mpa. Sebelisa bakeng sa ente ea intravenous, intramuscular le subcutaneous e ka ba litharollo tsa 1.5 kapa 2,5%, ea tsamaisoang makhetlo a 1-2 ka letsatsi. Litekanyetso li latela mofuta oa lefu:

• ka matšoao a pellagra le bofokoli - 50 mg ka tšohanyetso kapa ka intramuscularly 100 mg makhetlo a / letsatsi ka matsatsi a 10-15,
• le lefu la ischemic - 100-500 mg kahare,
• ka mafu a mang 'me bana ba sebelisa matlapa.

Mokhoa oa ho enta ka intramuscularly

Kamora ho khetha sebaka, e hlakole ka antiseptic, hula tharollo ka har'a siling, e lokolle marotholi a 'maloa, e e phahamise ka nale e lelekang li-bubble tsa moea, e etse ente, phekola sebaka sa punction ka joala kapa chlorhexidine. Bakeng sa ente e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, khetha sebaka se secha, o tloha cm cm e 1-1.5. ente ea intramuscular e etsoa ka tsela e latelang: kenya nale ka botebo, sutumelletsa piston butle mme o lokolle tharollo.

Niacin nakong ea bokhachane le pelehi

Haeba moimana o ntse o tsoela pele ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, Vitamin PP ha e fuoe. Maemong a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho ima hangata, ho se sebetse hantle ha placenta, methapo ea methapo le sefuba sa biliary, ho hlahisoa lithethefatsi bakeng sa tšebeliso. Ha o jara ngoana, sehlahisoa se tlosa spasm, se ntlafatsa phallo ea mali, se fokotsa pono ea sona. Vithamine B3 e thibela ho thehoa ha methapo ea mali, ho phatloha ha lijana tsa placenta, ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho shoa hoa lesea le pelehi. Ho eketsa lactation, matlapa a bontšoa, empa ka tlhokomeliso le ho lekola boemo ba ngoana.

Sebelisa ho bana

Ho fihlela lilemo tse peli, ho nka vithamine B3 e ngata ho kopantsoe le bana. Ngoana a ka fuoa sebopeho sa moriana oa lithethefatsi, kapa ka mor'a lijo le lino tse batang, metsi a nang le liminerale. Tekanyetso li ipapisitse le sepheo:

• bakeng sa thibelo - 0,005-0.02 g ka letsatsi,
• le pellagra - 0,005-0.05 g makhetlo a 2-3 ka letsatsi,
• mafu a mang - 0,005-0.03 g makhetlo a 2-3 ka letsatsi.

Asiti ea Nicotinic le joala

Litsebi le bo-ramahlale ba hlokomela phello ea botahoa ea vithamine B3. E thusa ho tlosa lintho tse chefo kapele 'meleng, e kopanya li-radicals tsa mahala, e sitisa litlamorao tsa chefo liseleng tsa litho le lisele. Setlhare sena se sebelisoa haholo ho imolla hangover, kalafong ea tahi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, ho pepesetsoa lintho tse kotsi mosebetsing.

Ho sebelisana le lithethefatsi

Pele u fana ka livithamini PP, bolella ngaka ea hau haeba u ntse u sebelisa meriana e meng hobane e na le litšebelisano tse latelang tsa lithethefatsi:

• ha e kopantsoe le fibrinolytics, glycosides ea pelo le antispasmodics, e ntlafatsa sephetho,
• ha o ntse o nka li-barbiturates, neomycin, sulfonamides, litlhare tse thibelang lefuba li tsamaea le keketseho ea litlamorao tsa chefo.
• eketsa likotsi tsa litla-morao ha li sebelisoa ka litlhare tsa antihypertensive, aspirin, anticoagulants,
• asiti ea nicotinic e baka litlamorao tse nang le lithethefatsi tse fokotsang lipid,
• e fokotsa botebo ba phello ea sisteme ea lithethefatsi khahlano le lefu la tsoekere.

Ho tsamaisana le joala

Ho latela litaelo tsa tšebeliso ea vithamine B3, ha e lumellane le joala, lithethefatsi tse kenyelletsang ethanol. Tšusumetso e kotsi ke keketseho ea phello e chefo ho sebete, ho fokotseha ha ho kenngoa ha li-acid tse latellanang. Ho bohlokoa ho hana ho se noe lino tse nang le lino tse tahang ha u sebelisa moriana.

Contraindication

Litaelo tsa tšebeliso ea vithamine B3 ka har'a ampoule le matlapa a na le matšoao a amanang le litlolo:

• mefuta e matla ea khatello ea maikutlo, atherosulinosis (kahare),
• hypersensitivity ho likarolo,
• tšebeliso ea nako e telele e tšosa lefu la sebete la mafura (o ka tlosa sena ka ho kopanya ts'ebeliso ea lichelete le lihlahisoa tse nang le methionine, litokisetso tsa methionine tse boletsoeng kapa litlamorao tsa lipotropic)

Litaelo tse khethehileng

Sesebelisoa se kenang kahare sa nicotine se na le litaelo tse khethehileng tse lokelang ho shejoa ha ho etsoa sehlahisoa:

• tekanyetso e phahameng ea vithamini e hanyetsanoa nakong ea bokhachane, letsoele,
• nakong ea kalafo, ts'ebetso ea sebete e lokela ho beoa leihlo khafetsa,
• sebelisa nicotinic acid ka hloko ha ho na le hyperacid gastritis, ulcers (mucous membrane irritates), hepatitis, cirrhosis, lefu la tsoekere,
• bakeng sa khalemelo ea dyslipidemia ho lefu la tsoekere ha e sebelisoe,
• mohato oa pele oa tšebeliso, litaba tsa mafura, tsoekere, uric acid e ea hlahlojoa,
• tšebeliso ea nako e telele e sokela leaching ea vithamine C.

Ho latela sesebelisoa se sebetsang, li-analogues tse latelang tsa moriana o ntseng o hlahlojoa li khetholloa, tse nang le litlamorao tse tšoanang tsa kalafo, tse hlahisoang ke baetsi ba malapeng kapa ba kantle ho naha:

• Niacin
• Nicotinic acid Bufus kapa Vial,
• Enduracin,
• Apelagrin,
• Liplite
• Nikodon
• Nikonacid
• Nikotene
• Nikovit
• Peviton
• Vitaplex.

Litokisetso tsa Vitamin B3 li ka rekoa lebenkeleng la marang-rang kapa tsa laela ka har'a lethathamong la litlama. Litsenyehelo li latela mofuta oa tokollo, moetsi. Litheko tse hakanyetsoang:

Hobaneng ha e laeloa mathata a pelo?

Tlas'a tšusumetso ea nicotinic acid, tlhahiso ea li-density lipoprotein complexes, e qholotsang nts'etsopele ea atherosclerosis, e fokotsehile. Matla a anti-atherogenic a boetse a bonahatsoa ke maemo a tloaelehileng a cholesterol e felletseng (kamora khoeli), triglycerides (ka letsatsi la pele la kamohelo). Maemo a lipoprotein a phahameng haholo a eketseha, e leng ho sirelletsang marang-rang a methapo ea methapo methapo.

Setlhare sa 'nete se thibela tsoelo-pele ea myocardial ischemia le ho koala methapo e fepelang litho tsa ka hare.

Motsoako ona o boetse o sebelisetsoa ho phekola bakuli ba nang le mafu a pelo ka lebaka la liketso tse latelang:

• e na le mathata
• e tsamaisa tsamaiso ea potoloho le microcirculation,
• e thibela ho thehwa ha methapo ea mali.

Lithethefatsi li bontšoa bakeng sa angina pectoris, haholo-holo ka mofuta oa vasospastic oa eona, dyslipidemia, angiopathy.

Ts'ebeliso ea matlapa, intramuscularly

U hloka ho noa matlapa haholo kamora ho ja. Bakuli ba bangata, ha ba tšoaroa ka mpeng e se nang letho, ba e-ba le letlalo le khubelu le ho chesa, ho na le bohloko le mpeng. Pilisi ea prophylactic ke 25-50 mg, 'me ka pellagra e eketseha ho 100 mg. Tekanyo e phahameng ea letsatsi le letsatsi ke 500 mg.

Bakeng sa bakuli ba bang ba nang le atherosclerosis, ngaka e ka khothaletsa keketseho ea butle-butle ea litekanyetso - ho tloha ho 50 mg ka mor'a lijo tsa mantsiboea ka kenyelletso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea 50 mg ho isa ho 2-3 g ya nicotinic acid ka letsatsi, ha feela e mamelletsoe hantle. Kahare, moriana o fanoa bakeng sa stroke sa ischemic, 1 ml ea tharollo ea 1% ka letsatsi. Ho theoha ka moriana ho fanoa ka meriana letsatsi le letsatsi kapa ka matsatsi a mang le a mang ka palo ea 10 ho isa ho 15.

Liente tsa methapo le methapo ea kutlo li ka baka bohloko bo boholo, ka hona hangata ha li sebelisoe, li nkela Xanthinol ka nicotinate.

Video e thusang

Shebella video e mabapi le phello ea nicotinic acid:

Haeba ka tšohanyetso ho llela ka tšohanyetso, bohloko ha u ntse u tsamaea, joale matšoao ana a ka supa ho senyeha ha atherosclerosis ea lijana tsa libaka tse tlase. Boemong bo tsoetseng pele ba bokuli, bo fetang methati e mene, ts'ebetso ea ho khaola e ka hlokahala. Ke mefuta efe ea kalafo e fumanehang?

Ho a khonahala ho khetha litokisetso tsa lijana tsa hlooho feela le ngaka e eang, hobane li kanna tsa ba le ts'ebetso e fapaneng, hape ho na le litla-morao le li-contraindication. Ke lithethefatsi life tse ntle ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa kalafo ea vasodilation le vein?

Haeba ho na le litokisetso tsa pele, joale lithethefatsi feela bakeng sa ho thibela stroke ha li na ho thusa ho qoba koluoa. Thibelo ea mantlha le ea bobeli ho banna le basali e kenyelletsa litlhare bakeng sa kalafo ea mafu a mantlha, lipilisi, ho kenyelletsa litloaelo tse mpe, hammoho le kalafo ea lithethefatsi bakeng sa ho khutla hape ka lefu la hemorrhagic. Lenaneo la thibelo ea motho ka mong ke la mofuta ofe. Hobaneng u hloka glycine, "aspirin", "" static kamora ho otloa ke stroke. Sekolo sa thibelo se itokisetsa eng? Mokhoa oa ho qoba ho otloa ke lefu la lets'oao qalong ho seo a lokelang ho se nka. Seo u ka se etsang ha se khonehe.

Phekolo ea lefu la mokokotlo oa mokokotlo, lithethefatsi tse laetsoeng feela ke ngaka, li etsoa ka botlalo. Ho kenyeletsoa eng khabiniking ea meriana ea lapeng?

Haeba aortic atherosulinosis e fumaneha, kalafo e 'ngoe e ka thusa ho sebetsana ka katleho le tlhahlobo eo.

Ho khetha bakeng sa kalafo le thibelo ea li-fibrate kapa li-statins, tse ka qetoang ke ngaka feela. Mohlala, ka lefu la pelo le coronary, li-statins li betere. Ho amoheloa ka kopanelo le hona ka linako tse ling hoa amoheleha.

Ka lebaka la boemo bo eketsehang ba tsoekere, cholesterol, khatello ea mali, litloaelo tse mpe, ho tsofala ha atherosulinosis ho hlaha. Ha ho bonolo ho tseba mekhatlo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo le methapo ea methapo ea methapo, methapo ea methapo e tlase haholo, lefu la mokokotlo, esita le ho leng thata le ho feta ho e phekola.

Haeba ts'ebetso ea ho khetholla lefu la angina e fetelletseng e fumaneha, kalafo e tla lebisoa pele ho motso oa kholo ea bothata, mohlala, lefu la pelo. M kalafo ea kalafo ea "angina pectoris" e etsahala sepetlele.

Atherosclerosis e akaretsang e hlaha ka lebaka la ho kenella ho cholesterol e ngata. Atherosclerosis e sa hlalosoang le eona ea khetholoha. Lefu le kotsi hobane le ka baka lefu.

Lethathamo la Acotic la Letsatsi le letsatsi

Tlhokomeliso e tlameha ho sebelisoa ha e kopantsoe le lithethefatsi tsa antihypertensive, anticoagulants, le ASA.

E fokotsa chefo ea neomycin mme e thibela ho fokotseha ha bongata ba cholesterol le HDL e hlahisoang ke eona.

Bakeng sa thibelo ea PP hypovitaminosis, ho ja lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle ka ho fetisisa ke ho loketseng; kalafo e hloka taolo e eketsehileng ea vithamine PP. Lijo tse nang le vithamine PP e ngata ke tomoso, sebete, linate, lehe la mahe, lebese, tlhapi, khoho, nama, linaoa, li-buckwheat, lijo-thollo tse sa lomosoang, meroho e metala, linate tsa fatše, lijo life kapa life tsa protheine tse nang le tryptophan. Phekolo e futhumatsang ea lebese ha e fetole litaba tsa vithamine PP ho eona.

Ts'ebetsong ea kalafo ea nako e telele (haholo ha e laetsoe e se moriana oa vithamine), hoa hlokahala ho laola ts'ebetso ea sebete. Ho thibela mathata a tsoang ka har'a sebete, ho kgothaletswa ho kenyelletsa lijo tse nang le methionine e ngata (chisi ea cottage) lijong, kapa ho sebelisa methionine, lipoic acid le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa lipotropic.

Ho fosahetse ho sebelisa bakeng sa khalemelo ea dyslipidemia ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere.

Ho fokotsa phello e khopisang 'metso oa ka mpeng, moriana o khothalletsoa hore o hlatsoe ka lebese.

Powder, matlapa a 0,05 g (molemong oa phekolo), tharollo ea nicotine ea 1.7% (e lumellanang le 1% nicotinic acid) ho li-ampoules tse 1 ml.

Hobaneng nicotinic acid e le molemo

Melemo e thusang ea nicotinic acid e abeloa 'mele ho sa tsotelloe thobalano ea eona ea tlhaho, lilemo le boemo ba kliniki. Ba kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong e nepahetseng ea ts'ebetso ea pelo le pelo mme ba fokotsa boemo ba cholesterol e mpe maling, ka ho etsa joalo ba thibela nts'etsopele ea lefu la pelo.

Ntle le moo, nicotinic acid e potlakisa metabolism, e tlatselletsa lisele le oksijene 'me e hlapolla methapo ea mali, e amang hantle bophelo ba bakuli ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo. E boetse eu lumella ho tlosa tinnitus, ho tsekela le hlooho e bohloko. Ntle le moo, e ts'ehetsa mesebetsi ea sebete 'me e e hloekisa ka lebaka la chefo le chefo, ka hona e sebetsa e le sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa chefo ea joala.

Empa thepa ea bohlokoa ea vithamine B3 ha e felle moo. Niacin e ipakile e le molemo ho basali. Habohlokoa le ho feta e ne e le tšebeliso ea vithamine B3 ho khutlisetsa sebopeho sa moriri. E boetse e matlafatsa lijana tsa letlalo, e eketsa ho phahama ha tsona: lisele li na le moea o eketsehileng le liathomo tse molemo, ho na le phallo ea mali methapong ea moriri, ka hona e hola ka potlako le ho ba le tšoarellang haholoanyane.

Asiti ea Nicotinic bakeng sa banna ha e na molemo o le mong. Kaha, har'a thepa e meng e sebetsang, nicotinamide e khona ho laola ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea mali, ho e nka e le moriana ho na le phello e ntle ho potency le takatso ea thobalano. Asiti ena e na le phello e ntle kholong ea moriri 'me e sebetsa e le pheko e sebetsang ea anti-alopecia.

Ntle le moo, melemo ea nicotinic acid e sebelisoa meriana ea setso ho phekoleng mafu a 'maloa a fapaneng, a kang pellagra, neuritis le a mang.

Matšoao a sebelisang nicotinic acid

Le ha nicotinic acid e le teng ka bongata kapa ka har'a lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa lihlopha tsa lijo, ho na le mekhahlelo e ikhethang ea batho bao sehlahisoa sena se ngolisitsoeng e le moriana. Mekha ena e kenyelletsa batho ba nang le bothata ba ho:

• pellagra
• maloetse a mokhoeng oa ka mpeng,
• hepatitis e sa foleng
• neuritis
• lefu la sebete la sebete,
• spasms ea methapo ea mali
• liso tse telele tsa pholiso.

Le ha ho le joalo, esita le batho ba nang le mafu a kaholimo ha baa lokela ho itheola le ho inkela lithethefatsi ba le bang. E le hore sehlahisoa se ka tlisa melemo e meholo, u lokela ho buisana le setsebi pele.

Ho ja letsatsi le letsatsi nicotinic acid

Joalo ka sehlahisoa se seng le se seng se phetseng hantle, nicotinamide e tlameha ho nooa ho latela tekanyetso e boletsoeng e le hore tšebeliso ea vithamine e se ke ea baka kotsi.

Bakeng sa motho ea moholo ea phetseng hantle, sekhahla sa letsatsi le letsatsi se khethoa ka tekanyo ea 6.6 mg ka likhalori tse 1000, tse lekanang le 15 - 25 mg ka letsatsi, ho latela mokhoa oa bophelo.

Bana ba lilemo tse 1 ho isa ho tse 6 ba tlameha ho nka 10 - 12 mg ea nicotinic acid letsatsi le letsatsi, le lilemo tse 10 ho isa ho tse 13 - 15 - 19 mg. Bacha ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 ba hloka 20 mg ea vithamini A ka letsatsi.

Matšoao a ho haella ha nicotinic acid 'meleng

Kaha nicotinic acid e tlisa melemo e meholo, ke ha tlhaho hore ho haella ha eona ho ka lematsa 'mele. Kahoo, ka lebaka la khaello ea vithamine ea B3, matšoao a 'maloa a tšoaeang khaello ea livithamini a hlaha:

• Pherekano, ho se tsotelle,
• mokhathala,
• tahlehelo ea takatso ea lijo
• hlooho e bohloko
• mohopolo o sa hlokeng tlhokomelo le tlhokomelo,
• mathata a ho robala
• mathata a amanang le tšilo ea lijo
• ho se khonehe
• maemo a sithabetsang pele.

Lebaka la ho haella ha vithamine B3 e ka ba:

• ho ja tsoekere haholo
• ho tsuba
• Ho nka tekanyetso e kholo ea leucine,
• tlhekefetso ea joala.

Matšoao a kaholimo a tlosoa ke lipilisi kapa liente tsa nicotinamide.

Ke lijo life tse nang le nicotinic acid?

Ka sebopeho sa eona sa tlhaho, asiti ea nicotinic e fumanoa lijong tsa limela tse ngata. Tekanyo e kholo ea vithamine B3 e na le:

• lijo-thollo le lihlahisoa tse thehiloeng ho tsona (bohobe, raese le mabele a koro, phofo),
• linate le lipeo (lihoete, peo ea soneblomo, peo ea sesame),
• li-mushroom (shiitake, li-mushroom tsa mahe a linotsi, li-champignons)
• malee (soya, lierekisi, lensisi),
• meroho e mosehla le e khubelu (litapole, tamati, pepere ea tšepe),
• litholoana tse omisitsoeng (liapole tse omisitsoeng, li-prunes).

Ka nako e ts'oanang, asiti ea nicotinic ea lifaha e monya mmele ka botlalo.

Ka lihlahisoa tsa liphoofolo, nicotinic acid e teng ka mokhoa oa nicotinamide. E ka fumanoa:

• a sebete sa nama ea khomo
• mahe a likhoho
• lihlahisoa tsa lebese
• lihlapi (tuna, cod, salmon).

Thepa e ikhethang ea nicotinamide ke bokhoni ba eona ba ho boloka thepa ea eona e na le molemo ka lithemparetjha tse ngata, ke ka lebaka leo lihlahisoa tse nang le tsona li loketseng kalafo e fapaneng ea mocheso.

Ka lipilisi

Bakeng sa nicotinic acid e matlapeng ho tlisa melemo e bonahalang, ho bohlokoa ho e sebelisa feela joalokaha u laetsoe ke ngaka. Boholo ba matlapa a nooa ha ho phekoloa pellagra kamora lijo. Tekanyo ea lithethefatsi e fapana ho latela lilemo. Kahoo, batho ba baholo ba laetsoe 0,1 g makhetlo a 3-4 ka letsatsi, bakeng sa bana ba 0.02-0.05 mg makhetlo a 2-3 ka letsatsi. Nako ea kalafo molemong ona e tsoa ho libeke tse peli ho isa ho tse tharo.

Tabeng ea lefu la ischemic, li-spasms tsa leoto, spasms, gastritis e nang le acidity e tlase le mathata a mang, nicotinamide e ngoletsoe batho ba baholo ka nako ea 0,05 - 0,1 g bakeng sa khoeli e le 'ngoe.

Ho li-ampoules tsa ente

Melemo ea ente ea nicotinic acid e bonoa ka pellagra, lefu la Raynaud le hypovitaminosis. Maemong a pele, ente e etsoa ka methapo, kahare kapa ka hanyane ka 1 ml ea tharollo ea 1% makhetlo a 2 ho isa ho a 3 ka letsatsi. Thupelo e tsoela pele matsatsi a 10 ho isa ho a 15. Bakeng sa matšoao a mang, lethal dose le fetoloa makhetlo a 10 mg ho isa ho a mabeli ka letsatsi ka nako e tšoanang.

Melemo ea nicotinic acid e sebetsa hape ho lefu la Hartnup, le lona le alafshoa ka ente. Palo ea meriana mona e fapana ho tloha ho 40 ho isa ho 200 mg ka letsatsi.

Acid ea Nicotinic bakeng sa ho theola boima ba 'mele

Niacin e ka ba thuso e ntle ho batho ba batlang ho theola boima ba 'mele. E etsa hore metabolism e tloaelehe 'me e lokolle sebete ho chefo e kotsi, ka hona e nolofalletsa' mele ho fokotsa ho boloka mafura. E boetse e laola lits'ebetso tsa tšilo ea lijo, ke ka lebaka leo mpa e sebetsang hantle, limatlafatsi li kenoa ka mafolofolo, ka hona, u batla ho ja hanyane. Ntle le moo, vithamine B3 e na le thepa e khahlanong le khatello ea maikutlo ebile e tlosa khatello ea maikutlo, eo hangata e tsamaeang le ho nona haholo, ka hona ts'ebeliso ea eona ea ho theola boima ba mmele ha e na molato.

Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore nicotinic acid feela ha se mokhoa oa ho theola boima ba 'mele mme e tla tlisa sephetho se lakatsehang se kopantsoe le lipapali tse itekanetseng tsa lijo le phepo e nepahetseng.

Bakeng sa kholo ea moriri

Asiti ea Nicotinic e tsoela moriri bophelo bo botle, e fokolisitsoe ke ho haella ha limatlafatsi tse ngata, tlhokomelo e sa lokelang, khatello ea maikutlo kapa maemo a leholimo. Ho khutlisetsa khanya ho moriri le ho qala kholo, o ka sebelisa mokhoa o bonolo le o sebetsang:

1. Hang ha u qeta ho hlatsoa, ​​tharollo ea nicotinamide ea ampoules e 2 e kenngoa letlalong. Ka nako e ts'oanang, mekhatlo ea massaging e etsoa ka ho tšela moriana ka metso metsong.
2. Se ke oa fetelletsa metsi. Kamora ts'ebetso, ha ua lokela ho sebelisa moriri o kuta metsotso e 30. Etsa kopo ea mask ka letsatsi le leng le le leng bakeng sa linako tse 15 tsa lithuto.

Khahlano le ho kuta moriri

Kaha thepa ea nicotinic acid e thusa ho loants'oa ke moriri, batho ba nang le bothata bona ba lokela ho leka mask:

1. Ampot e le 'ngoe ea nicotinamide e tsoakiloe le ampoule e le' ngoe ea vithamine A le palo e lekanang ea vithamine E.
2. Li hokahanye le 2 tbsp. l oli ea flaxseed le lehe la 1 lehe.
3. Lintho tse tsoakiloeng li tsoakoa ebe li tšeloa ka har'a letlalo. Ho tloha holimo roala katiba ea terry kapa cap e futhumatsang.
4. Kamora hora, maske a hlatsuoa ka metsi a futhumetseng a futhumetseng. Shampoo ke ea boikhethelo.

Bakeng sa dandruff

Asiti ea Nicotinic e felisa ka katleho dandruff. Ho lokisa mask bakeng sa boloetse bona:

1. Pele, lokisa libate tsa metsi. Propolis e tšeloa ka metsi a manyane ebe e belisoa ka mocheso o mahareng ka metsotso e 20.
2. Tharollo e ileng ea hlahisoa e ile ea qholotsoa le ho hloekisoa.
3. Lero la Aloe le kopantsoe le nicotinic acid. Kenya ho moro oa propolis.
4. Moetso o hlatsuoa ho ea metsong ebe o siuoa metsotso e 30.
5. Ebe o itlhatsoa ka metsi a futhumetseng le shampoo e bonolo.

Bakeng sa letlalo la sefahleho

Nicotinamide e boetse e na le thepa ea ho nchafatsa, ka lebaka leo e sebetsa e le sesebelisoa se setle sa letlalo le nang le mathata. Ntle le moo, hangata ke karolo ea limaske tse khahlanong le botsofali. Ho etsa sena:

1. Lehe le le leng le lesoeu le kopantsoe le 1 tsp. mahe a linotsi le 2 tbsp. l makhasi a banana.
2. Vithamine B3 e ea eketsoa ebile e tsoakoa ho fihlela e boreleli.
3. Etsa kopo sefahlehong metsotso e 15. Ts'ebetso ha ea lokela ho etsoa ha ho makhetlo a fetang a mabeli ka beke.

Na nicotinic acid e ka ima le ho lactating

Niacin e ka ba molemo ho basali nakong ea kemolo le nakong ea kanyeso. Ho ba teng ha vithamine B3 ka boeona ke boemo ba bohlokoa molemong oa kholo ea masea le tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba mme. Ka hona, basali ba maemong a khethehileng ba eletsoa ka matla hore ba je lijo tse nang le nicotinamide.

Empa ho nka vithamine B3 ka matlapeng e le tlatsetso ea phepo ea lijo tsa mpa le boimana ho khahlanong le molao.

Ts'ebeliso ea nicotinic acid ho bana

The thepa ea nicotinamide e ka ruisa eseng batho ba baholo feela, empa le ngoana. Leha ho le joalo, ka mokhoa oa litafole kapa liente, ho khothaletsoa ho e nka feela ka mor'a ho fihla lilemong tse 10, hobane ho ba le ntho e ngata haholo ho ka baka allergies. Bana ba banyenyane ba tla ba le palo e lekaneng ea vithamine B3 eo ba e fumanang letsatsi le letsatsi ka lijo, ha feela lijo tsa bana li leka-lekana.

Tšebelisano ea nicotinic acid le lithethefatsi tse ling

Ka hlokolosi, nicotinic acid e nang le meriana e itseng e lokela ho sebelisoa. Ka ho khetheha, sena se sebetsa ho lithethefatsi leha e le life tse reretsoeng ho thibela ho etsoa ha methapo ea mali, hobane nicotinamide e na le thepa e tšoanang, 'me, hammoho le lithethefatsi tse tšoanang, e ka baka lihlaba.

Vithamine B3 ha e khothalletsoe hape ho kopanngoa le li-agents tse thusang khatello ea mali e tlase - sena se ka ntlafatsa feela thepa ea morao. Ho joalo le ka antispasmodics.

Ho sebelisana ha nicotinic acid le lithethefatsi tse khahlanong le lefu la tsoekere, ho fapana le moo, ho sitisa melemo eohle ea lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere.

Ntle le moo, nicotinamide ha e kopantsoe le lintho tse latelang:

• livithamini tsa B2 le B6,
• Eufilin
• li-salicylates
• hellollis
• hydrocortisone.

Litla-morao tsa nicotinic acid le overdose

Le ha re nahana ka melemo e felletseng ea nicotinamide le ho ba sieo ho felletseng hoa litlamorao tse mpe ho batho ba bangata, ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore maemong a mang, tšebeliso ea vithamine B3 e ka baka litlamorao tse sa thabiseng bakeng sa mmele. Litla-morao tsa lithethefatsi li kenyelletsa:

• karabelo
• ho tsekela
• urticaria
• bofubelu ba sefahleho
• maikutlo a mocheso ntle le ho fetola mocheso oa 'mele,
• tahlehelo ea nakoana ea maikutlo libakeng tse ling tsa 'mele,
• ho ikutloa eka ha u tsebe letho.

Matšoao ana ha a hloke phekolo mme a nyamela ka potlako kamora ho fokotseha ha tekanyetso ea vithamine B3 kapa ho tlohela ka botlalo. Leha ho le joalo, ho hlokomoloha matšoao a mantlha ho ka baka kotsi e kholo ho bophelo bo botle, mohlala:

• mafura a mafura,
• hyperuricemia
• matla a fokotsehileng a 'mele a ho sebetsa tsoekere.

Empa kaha mathata ana ohle a teng, ho isa tekanyong e le 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe, a amanang le ho sebetsa ha sebete, ho ka khoneha ho fokotsa phello e kotsi ea ho nka nicotinic acid ka ho kenyelletsa lijana tse nang le methionine e phahameng lethathamong la letsatsi le letsatsi. Chese ea "Poshekhonsky", lihlapi tsa leoatle, turkey le almonds lijong li tla thusa ho boloka ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea 'mele ntle le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea bongaka.

Qeto

Melemo le likotsi tsa nicotinic acid li itšetlehile ka kotloloho ho litekanyetso. Palo e lekantsoeng hantle ea lithethefatsi e tla bonts'a thepa ea eona e sebetsang ka katleho eohle, empa feela haeba moriana o laetsoe ke ngaka. Ho ikoetlisa ho ka ba le phello e mpe ho motho le ho mpefatsa maloetse a seng a ntse a le teng.

Karolo ea acidic nicotinic lits'ebetsong tsa likokoana-hloko

Karolo ea bioloji ea nicotinic acid e amana le ho nka karolo ha eona ho aheng li-coenzymes tse peli - NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) le NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), tseo e leng karolo ea li-enzyme tsa redox tse ngata. Li-coenzymes (li-coenzymes) ke metsoako ea tlhaho e hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho susumetsa ea li-enzyme. Li-coenzymes li sebetsa e le bakuli ba lielektrone, liathomo ho tloha karolong e le 'ngoe ho ea ho e ngoe.

Vitamin PP e hokahana le liprotheine mme e theha li-enzyme tse makholo a 'maloa tse fapaneng le tsona. Li-enzymes tsa nicotinic acid li etsa "borokho" boo liathomo tsa hydrogen li romeloang ho "lebokose la mollo". Ho na le "li-stove" tse limilione tse likete ka seleng ea 'mele' me li kenya letsoho ho lokollleng matla ho li-carbohydrate, mafura le liprotheine lijong.

Acid ea Nicotinic e kenella ka kotloloho lits'ebetsong tsa biology oxidation le metabolism ea matla. Ho ba karolo ea NAD le NADP, e khothalletsa ho ntšoa ha matla lijong, motsoakong oa DNA, 'me e laola lits'ebetso tsa ho phefumoloha ka seleng.
Niacin o kenya letsoho lits'ebetsong tse latelang tsa bioloji:

• ho phefumoloha ka seleng, matla a cellular,
• phallo ea mali
• lik'habohaedreite, mafura, metabolism ea protheine,
• moea
• toro
• ts'ebetso ea pelo
• taolo ea k'holeseterole
• mesifa
• lithane tse hokahaneng
• tlhahiso ea lero la ka mpeng,
• mosebetsi oa tšilo ea lijo.

Niacin e eketsa ts'ebeliso ea liprotheine tsa limela 'meleng, e tiisa ts'ebetso ea sephiri le ea koloi ka mpeng, e ntlafatsa sephiri le sebopeho sa lero la pancreatic, le ho etsa hore sebete se tloaelehe.

Hoo e batlang e le nicotinic acid eohle e teng liseleng le maro a 'mele a hlahisoa e le nicotinamide.

Lihlahisoa tse nang le nicotinic acid

Mohloli o ka sehloohong oa tlhaho oa nicotinic acid 'meleng oa motho ke lihlahisoa tsa liphoofolo:

• litho tsa liphoofolo - sebete, liphio, mesifa, pelo,
• mefuta e meng ea litlhapi - sardine, mackerel, tuna, salmon, halibut, armfish, cod.

Lithollo tsa mabele, bohobe bo felletseng ba lijo-thollo, raese le mabele a koro, liapolekose tse omisitsoeng, li-mushroom, lialmonde, lierekisi tse tala, tamati, pepere e khubelu e monate, litapole, linaoa li na le nicotinic acid e ngata. Mohloli o motle oa ho tlatselletsa ho haella ha nicotinic acid ke tomoso ea motho e mong.

Lethathamo la 1 le hlahisa lihlahisoa tseo nicotinic acid e fumanoang ka bongata haholo.
Lethathamo 1

Boleng ba livithamini tsa lihlahisoa ha boa itšetleha feela ka bongata ba litaba tsa nicotinic acid, empa hape le ka mefuta eo e lulang ho eona. Ka hona, ka lehetleng e ka sebopeho se nang le metsoako ea lijo, mme ho tsoa ho lijo-thollo (rye, koro) vithamine ha e amoheloe.

Ka li-tishu tsa liphoofolo, nicotinic acid e fumanoa haholo ka mokhoa oa nicotinamide, limeleng - e le nicotinic acid. Vitamin PP e kenella ka mpeng e nyane mme e jeoa ke mmele.

Niacin ke e 'ngoe ea tse phehellang ho feta mabapi le ho boloka, ho pheha, ho boloka livithamini. Mocheso o phahameng nakong ea ho pheha le ho halika hoo e ka bang ha o ame litaba tsa oona ka har'a sehlahisoa. Vitamin PP e boetse e loantšana le litlamorao tsa khanya, oksijene le alkalis. Ha e lahleheloe ke lintho tsa tlhaho ha ho bata le ho omisa lihlahisoa. Ka kalafo efe kapa efe, tahlehelo e felletseng ea nicotinic acid ha e fetele 15 - 20%.

Karolo e itseng ea nicotinic acid e ka hlophisoa ho tsoa ho amino acid tryptophan ea bohlokoa. Empa, ts'ebetso ena ha e na thuso - ho tsoa ho limolek'hule tse ngata tsa tryptophan, ho hlahisoa molek'hule e le 'ngoe feela ea vithamine. Leha ho le joalo, lijo tse nang le tryptophan (lebese, lehe) li ka etsa tefo ea ho se lekane ha nicotinamide lijong.

Tlhokahalo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea vithamine

Acid ea Nicotinic ho bana le bacha lilemong tsohle e ea hlokahala:

• 5 ho isa ho 6 mg ka tlase ho selemo se le seng,
• 10 ho isa ho 13 mg ho bana ho tloha selemo se le seng ho isa ho tse 6,
• 15-19 mg ea lilemo li 7 ho isa ho 12,
• 20 mg ho bacha ba lilemo tse 13 ho isa ho tse 15.

Bakeng sa khalori e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 1000 e jeoang, batho ba baholo ba hloka livithamini tse ka bang 6.6 mg. Ke hore, tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea nicotinic acid ho batho ba baholo ke 15 - 25 mg.
Tlhokahalo e eketsehileng ea vithamine PP ea hlokahala:

• ba etsang mosebetsi o boima oa 'mele,
• batho ba baholo
• bakuli ba sa tsoa tsoa likotsi tse mpe le ho cha.
• basebelisi ba joala le lithethefatsi
• batho ba nang le mafu a tšoaetsang a sa foleng, ho kenyelletsa le tumello e mpe, ho se lekane ha pancreatic, cirrhosis, sprue,
• ka khatello ea methapo,
• bana ba banyenyane ba tsoetsoeng ba e-na le bothata ba metabolic (mathata a tlhaho a tlhaho a bakoang ke ho hlotleha ho joalo ka chromosome),
• moimana le moimana oa basali.

Ho sebelisa tsoekere haholo, liswiti le lino tse tsoekere ho isa tahlelong ea nicotinic acid. Nikotine e theola ho monya vithamine PP e ngata. Ka hona, batho ba lemaletseng nicotine le bona ba ka hloka ho e sebelisa ka ho eketsehileng.

Ho fokola ha Tryptophan le nicotinic acid ho ka bakoa ke tšebeliso e telele ea litekanyetso tse kholo tsa leucine.

Hypovitaminosis le hypervitaminosis

Ka lebaka la ho se lekane ha nicotinic acid ho motho, ho hlaha matšoao a latelang a hypovitaminosis: ho tepella ka kakaretso, mokhathala, ho hloka thahasello, ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso, ho hloka boroko, ho felloa ke takatso ea lijo, ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele, hlooho e sa foleng, ho ferekana kelellong, ho hlohlona kelellong, ho teneha, khatello ea maikutlo.

Ho haella ha nicotinic acid ho hlaha maloetseng a mangata a methapo ea ka mpeng, neuritis, dermatoses tse kulang, chefo ea lead, benzene, thallium.

Matšoao a morao-rao a khaello ea acid ke lefu la pellagra.

Ho liphoofolo tse anyesang, ho bolela hore hypervitaminosis (litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa vithamine PP) e ke ke ea susumetsoa. Mabenkele a Nicotinic acid ha a bokelle liseleng. Ho fetella ha eona ho pepesetsoa hanghang ka har'a moroto. Likahare tse eketsehileng tsa nicotinic acid li ka tsamaellana le maikutlo a seng monate a "mocheso oa letlalo".

Tlhahlobo ea phepelo ea nicotinic acid

Letšoao la phepelo ea 'mele oa motho ka vithamine PP ke tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa mantlha tsa metabolism ea nicotinic ka moroto - N-methylnicotinamide le methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxiamide. Ka tloaelo, 7-16 mg e tšolloa ka letsatsi ka moroto.

Ho fokotseha hoa boemo ba ho pepesetsoa ka moroto acid ho supa phepelo e sa lekanang ea 'mele ka vithamine PP le monyetla oa ho holisa khaello ea vithamine. Ho bokellana ha metabolites ea nicotinic acid le nicotinamide ho eketseha haholo ka takatso ea bona e ngata.

Ho bohlokoa ka ho khetheha ke ho ithuta ka litaba tsa bongata ba N-methylnicotinamide kamora ho laolla ka nicotinic acid kapa nicotinamide. Ona ke ona feela mokhoa oa ho khetholla phepelo ea 'mele ka vithamine ena. Boemo ba vithamine PP ka boeona kapa mefuta ea eona ea coenzyme maling ha e khone ho nka qeto, hobane le pellagra e kholo ea litaba tsa bona e fapana le ea batho ba phetseng hantle.

Liteko tsa lilaboratori ea ho fumana khaello ea nicotinic acid ke urinalysis No. 1 bakeng sa methylnicatinamide le urinalysis bakeng sa 2-pyridone / No. 1 bakeng sa methylnicatinamide.

Liphetho tsa liteko ha li lumelle kamehla.

Mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa quantifying nicotinic acid e kenyelletsa ho arabela ha ho khetholla acid ea nicotinic ka bromine ea cyanide.

Nikotinic acid le nicotinamide ho mafu a pelo le methapo

E 'ngoe ea lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa ho senyeha ha lisele le lefu nakong ea tlala ea oksijene (ischemia e matla) ke ho haella ha phepelo ea matla. E amana ka bobeli le tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea matla (detoxification system, activation of adenosine triphosphates), le sebopeho se sa lekanang sa limolek'hule tsa lintho tsa tlhaho tse ka bokellang le ho fetisetsa matla nakong ea karabelo ka lebaka la tšenyo ea li-membochondrial membrane le tse ling.

Lintho tse ngata haholo tse amanang le metabolism ea matla li fetoha haholo. Ka ischemia bokong bo molekong oa limolek'hule, phallo ea liphetoho tsa mmele le pathophysiological li hlaha:

1. Phepelo ea mali bokong e ea fokotseha. Ka hona, ho tsamaisoa ha oksijene ho tsoa maling ho ea liseleng hoa fokotseha. Mme kaha oksijene e kentse letsoho mekhoeng ea tlhahiso ea matla, tlala ea oksijene, e ea hola. Sele e lahleheloa ke bokhoni ba eona ba ho ntlafatsa likarolo tse 'maloa tsa matla.
2. Keketseho ea khaello ea oksijene e tsamaisana le ho fokotseha ha litaba tsa adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - mohloli oa matla.
3. Maemong a ho qetela a tlala ea oksijene, boemo ba khaello ea matla bo ba bo lekaneng ho baka lits'ebetso tsa mantlha tse lebisang ho sitisoe hoa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa le lefu la sele.
4. Keketseho ea adenosine monophosphate (AMP) e ntse e eketseha ka potlako. Ona ke mochine o mong hape oa ts'ebetso ea ho timetsoa ha li-membrane tsa sele.
5. Tlolo ea molao ea metabolism ea matla e ntse e eketseha ka potlako. Sena se lebisa lefung la seleng ea necrotic.
6. Phetoho maemong a li-membrane tsa li-membrane le li-receptor li tsosa mochine o le mong oa molek'hule o reretsoeng ho arabela lithane tsa boko molemong oa ho senya. Ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha phallo ea mali a khubung (cerebral ischemia) ho kenya ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse lebisang phetohong e latellanang ea tlhaiso-leseling ea lefutso ea palo e kholo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.
7. Karabelo ea pele ea lisele tsa boko ho fokotseha ha phallo ea mali a khubung ke ho fokotseha hoa motsoako oa messenger RNA le liprotheine - karabelo ea poly (ADP-ribosylation) - phetoho ea liprotheine. Mofuta oa enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) -polymerase (PARP) o ameha karabong ena.
8. Mofani oa ADP-ribose ke nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD). Mofuta oa enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) -polymerase (PARP) o qala ho sebetsa ka mafolofolo (makhetlo a 500 ho feta) o sebelisa nicotinamide, o fokotsa haholo litaba tsa ona ka har'a sele. 'Me kaha nicotinamide dinucleotide e laola lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa ka seleng, ho haella ha eona ho baka lefu la sele ho latela phapang ea necrosis.

Ts'ebeliso ea ts'ireletso ea ts'ebetso ea bongaka e fokotsa kotsi ea lefu la sethoathoa ka nako ea ho omella hoa nakoana hoa phallo ea mali ka sekepeng se tsamaisang thepa. Bakeng sa sena, ho sebelisoa lithethefatsi tse thibelang (inhibit) ts'ebetso ea cell enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) -polymerase. Ho theoha ho matla ha nicotinamide ho thijoa, ho pholoha ha lisele ho eketseha. Sena se fokotsa tšenyo ea lisele tse amanang le ischemic stroke le infraction ea myocardial.

Har'a li-inhibitors tse sebetsang (lintho tse hatellang tsela ea methapo ea enzymatic) ke nicotinamide. Ka sebopeho le ketso, e haufi le nicotinic acid, e nka karolo lits'ebetsong tsa redox 'meleng. Nicotinamide e na le tšusumetso e phahameng ho mofuta oa enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) -polymerase. O boetse o na le litlamorao tse 'maloa tse sa tobang:

• e sebetsa joalo ka antioxidant,
• e ama ts'ebetso ea metabolism ea tsoekere, lipids le li-nucleotide,
• e thibela tlhaho ea DNA, RNA le protheine ka kakaretso.

Nicotinamide e thibela nts'etsopele ea mathata a tebileng a metabolism bokong, e kenya tšebetsong mosebetsi oa litsamaiso tsa metabolism ea matla seleng, e thusa ho boloka boemo ba matla ba sele.

Lithethefatsi tse kopaneng tse nang le nicotinic acid li sebelisoa ka bongata maemong a kotsi ea mokokotlo, lefu la myocardial, ho senyeha ha endarteritis, lefu la Raynaud, ke hore maemong ohle ha ho eketsoa tšibollo ea "microcirculation" le "passpass" ka botlalo.

Tlhahlobo ea boithuto le ea bongaka e bontša hore vithamine PP e hlasimolla likepe tsa "spasmodic coronary", ka hona, ka angina pectoris, acid ea nicotinic e sebelisoa ka katleho ho hlophisetsweng ha Nikoverin le Nikoshpan.

Ka ho kenya tšebetsong li-enzyme tse khethehileng - tishu fibrinases, asiti ea nicotinic e thusa ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea mali ho qhala thrombi ea methapo.

Nicotinic acid e theola cholesterol ea mali

O mong oa mehato ea thibelo e amanang le likotsi tse mpe tsa cerebrovascular ke ho theola cholesterol ea mali. Niacin e thibela ho ntšoa ha acid e mafura kahoo e theola cholesterol ea mali.

Joaloka sethethefatsi se fokotsang lipid, nicotinic acid e ntse e sebelisoa ho tloha ka 1955. Tekanyetso e kholo, e na le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa metabolism ea lipid:

• e thibela ho fokotseha ha mafura liseleng tsa adipose, tse sitisang ho tsamaisoa ha mafura a mahala ho sebete, 'me qetellong a thibelle ho hlophisoa ha hepatic triglycerides e tlaase haholo le lipoproteins (VLDL),
• e eketsa ho petsoha ha VLDL maling,
• e fokotsa litaba tsa lipoprotein tse tlaase (LDL) maling, e felisa ba li entseng pele - lipoprotein tse tlase haholo,
• e eketsa boemo ba lipoprotein tse phahameng haholo (HDL).

Acid ea Nicotinic ka tekanyo ea 3 - 6 g ka letsatsi e fokotsa palo ea k'holeseterole, lipensiprotein tse tlaase ka 15 - 25% kamora 'libeke tse 3 ho isa ho tse 5 tsa phokotso ea li-triglycerides (li-molecule tsa mafura) tsa lipoprotein tse tlase haholo ka 20 - 80% kamora matsatsi a 1 - 4 , e eketsa dikahare tsa k'holeseterole ea lipoprotein tse phahameng ka 10 - 20%, e thibela ponahalo ea lipoprotein (a).

Bakuli ba mamella acid e nicotinic haholo ha e sebelisoa mefuteng ea litekanyetso ka khato ea nako e telele. Tsena ke li-Cellules tsa Nicobid (litafole tse nang le li-microencapsated tse lokolloang ka potlako le butle), Slo-Niacin (motsoako oa nicotinic acid e nang le polygel), Enduracin (matrix ea wax ea libakeng tse chesang e nang le nicotinic acid).

Ho nka feela nicotinic acid ka tekanyetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea 3 g kapa hammoho le lithethefatsi tse ling ho lebisa ho fokotseheng hoa ts'oaetso ea infraction ea myocardial e seng mafura, leqeba, le tlhokahalo ea ho kenella ha opereishene pelong le methapong ea mali. Ho bakuli ba fumanang acid ea nicotinic, ho na le lipontšo tsa regression ea coronary atherosclerosis, ho fokotseha ha tekanyo ea ho ruruha ha liso tsa methapo ea kutlo.

Cardiotrophic phello ea nicotinic acid

Ka tšebeliso e sa khaotseng ea nicotinic acid ho myocardium e senyehileng, litaba tsa phervic le lactic acid lia fokotseha, ha litaba tsa glycogen le adenosine triphosphate li ntse li eketseha.

Ho ntlafatsa li-microcirculation ka ho holisa li-capillaries ho eketsa ntlafatso ea oksijene ea myocardial. Ka lebaka la ho tloaeleha ha lits'ebetso tsa biochemical, ts'ebetso ea contractile ea myocardium le eona e ea ntlafala (phello ea pelo le nicotinic acid).

Niacin e hlahisa phello ea meriana ea litlama, eo ho litekanyetso tsa kalafo li nang le phello ea pelo le antiarrhythmic - pelo le glycosides ea pelo. Lithethefatsi li sebelisetsoa ho phekola ho hloleha ha pelo. E sebetsang hantle haholo ke ts'ebeliso ea nicotinic acid hammoho le giscosides ea dijithale.

Hepatotropic phello ea vithamine PP

Niacin e ama mosebetsi oa sebete. Phello ea Hepatotropic e bontšoa ka ho susumetsa ha secretion le secretion ea bile, ts'ebetso ea ho etsa glycogen le ho etsa mesebetsi ea thuto ea protheine ea sebete.
Niacin o bontšitsoe:

• ka lino tse fapa-fapaneng tsa tlhaho ea boikoetliso - chefo e nang le aniline, benzene, tetrachloride ea khase, hydrazine,
• haeba chefo ea lapeng,
• ka tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ka li-barbiturates, lithethefatsi tse khahlanong le lefuba, sulfonamides,
• ka chefo ea hepatitis.

Tlas'a ts'usumetso ea nicotinic acid, bokhoni ba detoxification ba sebete bo matlafatsoa - ho etsoa ha li-acid tse li-glucuronic tse bōpiloeng ka nako ea ts'ebetso ea phetisetso ea phetoho, lia eketseha, lihlahisoa tse nang le chefo ea metabolic le metsoako e meng ea chefo li nkeloa sebaka.

Phello ea neurotropic ea nicotinic acid

Lithethefatsi tsa Neurotropic li bitsoa tse nang le tšusumetso tsamaisong ea methapo ea kutlo le ea peripheral. Niacin o kenella ho biosynthesis ea lihormone tse amang psyche ea motho.

"Hormone ea thabo" serotonin e thehoa ho tsoa ho tryptophan. Serotonin e ama boroko ba motho le maikutlo a hae. Kaha nicotinic acid e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea matla liseleng tsa 'mele, ha e haella, karolo e kholo ea tryptophan e fetoha acid ea nicotinic. Ha tryptophan e sebelisoa haholo ho matla, ha e theohe haholo ho khutsisa methapo ebe u robala hantle. Ho haelloa ke serotonin ho lebisa ho hlobaeleng, ho se sebetse hantle, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoha, ho fihlela ho tepella maikutlong, ho nahana ka lintho tse ling ka linako tse ling le ka linako tse ling lefu la kelello.

Niacin ke eona feela vithamine e kenang ka mokhoa o sa amaneng ho metabolism ea lihormone 'meleng oa motho. Mefuta ea eona ea neurotropic e bonahatsoa ke lits'ebetso tse eketsehileng tsa inhibitory. Ho matlafatsoa ha lits'ebetso tsa inhibitory tlasa ts'usumetso ea nicotinic acid ho na le phello e molemo 'meleng ka kakaretso: ts'ebetso e eketsehileng, palo e fokotsehileng ea karabelo e sa lokelang.

Niacin e sebelisoa molemong oa ho phekola maemo a amanang le neurotic le psychotic, joala delirium (ho hloka kelello) le ho lemalla joala bo sa foleng. E matlafatsa ts'ebetso ea li-antipsychotic le barbiturates, e fokolisa litlamorao tsa caffeine le phenamine.

Nicotinamide e bua ka lithethefatsi tse entsoeng ka ho tsoakana le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso. Ke karolo ea lithethefatsi Cytoflavin. Ena ke tšebeliso e leka-lekaneng ea likarolo, motsoako o sebetsang oa eona o nang le litekanyetso tsa taolo ea synergistic lits'ebetsong tsohle tsa mantlha tsa methapo tsamaisong ea methapo ea kutlo, e sitisang kapa e sa ferekaneng haholo nakong ea ischemia ea boko.

Cytoflavin e fokotsa sekhahla sa bofokoli ba methapo mme e potlakisa ho tsosolosoa ha mesebetsi ho stroke sa ischemic. Lithethefatsi li ama lits'ebetso tse kholo tsa pathophysiological tse etsahalang ka tšenyo ea ischemic ho metso ea methapo ea boko:

• e khutlisetsa lintlha tsa ts'ireletso ea antioxidant,
• e kenya ts'ebetso mekhoa le matla a hlahisang matla,
• e thibela khatello ea maikutlo ea oxidative, e eketsang bokhoni ba lisele tsa ho sebelisa tsoekere le oksijene,
• e tsosa likhakanyo tsa protheine kahare ho lisele.

Ka lebaka la litlamorao tsena tse ngata, ho na le ntlafatso ea phallo ea mali le likhoerekhoere, ho tsitsa ha tšebetso ea metabolic liseleng tsa sistimi e bohareng, e bonahatsoang ke ho fokotseha ha sekhahla se teng sa methapo ea methapo le ho khutlisetsa mesebetsi e sa sebetseng hantle.

Nicotinamide ke karolo ea lithethefatsi tse kopaneng tsa metabolic Kokarnit (moetsi - World Medicine, UK). Lithethefatsi li bontšoa bakeng sa phello ea kalafo ea mathata a lefu la tsoekere - lefu la tsoekere le polyneuropathy.

Nicotinamide e ntlafatsa methapo ea methapo le phallo ea mali methapong ea lefu la tsoekere, e fokotsa oxidation ea lipid, sebopeho sa li-radicals tsa mahala le lihlahisoa tsa bobeli tsa lipid oxidation. Moriana o na le litla-morao tse ngata le chefo e tlase ho litekanyetso tse phahameng kalafong ea bakuli, e tiisitsoeng ke liphetho tsa lithuto tse ngata.

Pellagra (khaello ea nicotinic acid): matšoao le kalafo

Pellagra (ho tloha ho pelle agra ea Setaliana - letlalo le thata) ke lefu le amanang le ho ja ho sa lekaneng kapa ho monya ho sa lekanang ha nicotinic acid. Bophelong ba lefu lena ke tlolo ea matla a lisele le bokhoni ba tsona ba ho arohana ka mafolofolo.

Nakong e fetileng, pellagra e ile ea ntlafala moo poone e ileng ea fetoha sejo se ka sehloohong sa lijo. Tloaelong ena ea lijo-thollo, asiti ea nicotinic e na le mofuta o thata oa ho daea, ha e na hantle ka tryptophan, eo ho eona ho ka hlahisoang vithamine. Libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa pellagra e ne e le boroa ho Europe, Afrika, Latin America, linaha tse ka boroa ho USA. Russia ea tsarist, lefu lena le fumanoe Bessarabia (Moldova), ho isa tekanyong e tlase ho Georgia.

Lebaka le ka sehloohong la nts'etsopele ea khaello ea nicotinic acid naheng ea rona ke mafu a sa foleng a phepelo ea ka mpeng (enteritis, colitis) e amanang le ho monya ha bobebe.

Lisosa tsa lefu lena

Sesosa sa lefu lena ha se litaba tse tlase tsa nicotinic acid feela tse fumanehang lijong, empa hape:

• tryptophan,
• lihlahisoa tse phahameng tsa leucine lijong, 'me li sitisa motsoako oa tumellano ea NADPH' meleng,
• maemo a tlase a confermers ea pyridoxine,
• boteng ba niacin le niacinogen ho lihlahisoa tsa lijo-thollo, le mefuta e amanang le nicotinic acid e sa kenngoeng ke 'mele.

Ho bana, pellagra hangata e ba le phepo e sa leka-lekanang le bohloeki ba lik'habohaedreite. Maemong a sa tloaelehang haholo, lefu lena le hlaha ho bana ba anyesitsoeng, ka lebaka la phepo e sa lekanang lijong tsa 'm'a ea anyesang.

Mekhoa ea pathological e hlahang nakong ea lefu lena

Ka pellagra, letlalo, litho tsa mokokotlo le tsamaiso ea methapo lia ameha. Botebo ba lits'ebetso bo its'oants'a le sethala le mofuta oa lefu lena.
Liphetoho letlalong li hlaha ka mokhoa oa libaka tse pharalletseng tsa 'mala o mofubelu, o pharalletseng mali, o nang le meeli e bohale ea lesion. Letlalo lea ruruha, ea ba le boima. Mehatong ea morao ea lefu lena, atrophy ea epidermis e etsahala.

Khoholeho kapa liso tsa ka mpeng e hlaha. Leleme le bofubelu bo khanyang bo nang le ulceration e bohloko hamorao le ba thapo. Liphetoho tsa atrophic li hlaha ho epithelium ea 'nete ea pharynx le esophagus, membrane ea mucous ea mala a manyane le a maholo.

Mala, manyeme le sebete li fokotsehile ka boholo. Lera le tsoang ka mpeng le na le lefu la mali, le nang le mali a mangata, likhoele li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o fokolang. Sekhahla sa litšoelesa tse silang lijo se a hatelloa, ho hlohlona ho etsahala - ho ba sieo ha hydrochloric acid le peperese ea enzyme ka har'a lero la gastric. Ho fokotsoa ha mafura ha lisele tsa eona tse sebetsang tsa hepatocyte ho bonoa sebeteng.

Bokong le mokokotlong oa mokokotlo, hammoho le ts'ebetsong ea methapo ea kutlo, ho fumanoa liphetoho tsa methapo ea methapo e nang le lipontšo tsa methapo ea kutlo - lisele tse senyehileng tsa methapo ea kutlo li senyehile ebe li tlosoa 'meleng ho sebelisa phagocytes - lisele tsa sesole sa' mele.

Mathata a bohlokoa a metabolic le mesebetsi ea litho tse ngata li lebisa ho liphetoho tse mpefatsang le ho fokola hoo e batlang e le litho tsohle le lisele. Liphio, matšoafo, pelo, lehare lia ameha.

Matšoao a Pellagra

Pellagra e fumanoa sekolong le bocheng, bongoaneng - haholo ka seoelo. Ka kakaretso, batho ba baholo ba lilemo tse 20 ho isa ho tse 50 baa kula.
Setšoantšo sa kliniki sa pellagra se tšoauoa ka lipontšo tse tharo tse ka sehloohong:

• dermatitis - liso tsa letlalo libakeng tse lumellanang le ketso ea khanya ea letsatsi (ka hona lebitso la lefu lena),
• lets'ollo - pampitšana e bohloko ea ka mpeng,
• 'dementia' - bokuli ba kelello le tahlehelo ea memori, 'dementia', delirium.

Matšoao a bokuli hangata a hlaha ho elella bofelong ba mariha. Bakuli ba fokolisa makhetlo a 3-5 ka letsatsi le hangata. Mofuta o sa kopaneng le mali le 'mucus, metsi, hammoho le monko oa putrid.
Ebe ho ba le maikutlo a tukang ka har'a molomong oa molomo le ho omella ka matla. Ho thothomela, melomo e ommeng. Li-ulc li hlaha litsing le ka tlas'a leleme. Liphetoho puong ke tšobotsi. Qalong, mokokotlo oa eona o koahetsoe ke 'mala o sootho o sootho, likhutlong le ntlheng li bofubelu bo khanyang. Butle-butle, bofubelu bo namela hohle lelemeng, bo ba bonolo ebile boa benya.
Erythema ea pellagric e hlaha: libakeng tse bulehileng (sefahleho, molala, matsoho le maoto), letlalo le fetoha le bokhubelu, le ruruhile hape le hlohlorehile tlas'a tšusumetso ea khanya ea letsatsi. Ka linako tse ling, mabokose a etsa joalo a phatloha 'me a lla. Matsatsi a 'maloa hamorao, ho qhekella ha pityriasis ho etsahala. Ka ho fokotseha ha ho ruruha libakeng tse amehileng tsa letlalo, ho lula ho soeufala ka 'mala o moputsoa, ​​ho hlokomeloa ho tlosoa tlase joalo ka vitiligo.

Ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo le tsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo e senyehile. Ho tsekela, ho hlaha hlooho. Ho se tsotelle ho nkeloa sebaka ke khatello ea maikutlo. Psychoses, psychoneuroses ea nts'etsopele, maemong a matla a hallucinations a hlokomeloa, ho tsitsipana ho etsahala, ho fetoha ha kelello ho fetoha.

Ho tloha bongoaneng, matšoao a pellagra ha a boleloe joalo. Ho ruruha ha leleme, ho sitisoa ke tšitiso ea ka mpeng, le boteng ba letlalo. Liphetoho ho psyche ha li na seoelo.

Pheko e tebileng ka ho fetesisa ea pellagra ke encephalopathy (tšenyo ea boko ea organic) e nang le karabelo ea kelello.

Tlhahlobo ea lefu lena

Ts'oaetso e ipapisitse le lipontšo tsa bongaka tsa lefu lena, tlhaiso-leseling ka mofuta oa phepo e nepahetseng, lithuto tsa biochemical. Pellagra e tšoauoa ka litaba tsa NI-methylnicotinamide mochining oa letsatsi le letsatsi ka tlase ho 4 mg, le dikahare tsa nicotinic acid tse ka tlase ho 0,2 mg. Litaba tse maling le moroto oa livithamini tse ling tsa B lia fokotseha.

Bakuli bohle ba nang le pellagra e ncha le ba khafetsa ba tlameha ho kena sepetlele.

Phekolo ho bakuli ba nang le khaello ea nicotinic acid e kenyelletsa lijo tse nang le vithamine PP e nang le protheine e lekaneng. Ka mefuta e bonolo ea khaello ea livithamini, livithamini li ngotsoe matlapeng. Bakuli ba nang le malabsorption ea limatlafatsi tse ka mpeng e nyane ea kenella.
Motsoako oa letsatsi le letsatsi o khothalletsoang kalafo ke 300 mg ea vithamine, e arotsoe ka litekanyetso tse 2 - 3. Phekolo e nka libeke tse 3 ho isa ho tse nne.

Litekanyetso tsa kalafo tsa nicotinic acid li khethoa ka mokhoa oa nicotinamide, e nang le litlamorao tse fokolang haholo ho feta ts'ebeliso ea nicotinic acid.

Maemong a mathata a kelello, tekanyetso e tlase ea antipsychotic (chlorpromazine, frenolone, triftazine) e laetsoe hammoho le li-antidepressants (amitriptyline) le tranquilizer (seduxen), tse tsamaisoang ka methapo kapa kahare. Maemong a ntlafatso ea organic psychosyndrome, tekanyetso e phahameng ea thiamine kapa nootropil e fanoa ka mokhoa oa lithuto tse phetoang.

Kaha pellagra e bonts'a matšoao a khaello ea livithamini tse ling tsa B, hammoho le li-amino acid tsa tryptophan, leano la kalafo le kenyelletsa ho hlahisoa ha tlhophiso e rarahaneng ea vithamini ea B.

Kamora ho qala kalafo, mats'oao a ho holofala ha ka mpeng a nyamela kamora matsatsi a 'maloa. Matšoao a 'dementia' le dermatitis a ntlafatsoa haholo bekeng ea pele ea kalafo. Haeba pellagra e fumane foromo e sa foleng, nako e telele ea kalafo ea hlokahala bakeng sa ho hlaphoheloa, empa takatso ea mokuli le boemo ba mmele ka kakaretso bo ntlafala kapele.

Pellagra ea bobeli

Litla-morao tsa pellagra li hlalosoa ho bakuli ba nang le mafu a ts'oaetso ea tšilo ea lijo le anachlorhydria (ho se be le hydrochloric acid) le mofets'e oa lesapo la mokokotlo, seso, kankere ea matsoele le lesapo la mokokotlo, lefu la masapo kamora ho hlaba ka mpeng. le joala bo sa foleng, kalafo ea lefuba le isoniazid.

Mefuta ea Litekanyetso

Niacin e fumaneha ka mokhoa oa litafole le ente.
Li-ente tsa li-vithamine tse sa keneng kahare le ka har'a methapo ea kutlo li bohloko. Tharollo ea methapo e tlameha ho fanoa butle butle, hobane phokotseho e matla ea khatello ea mali e ka hlaha.

Letlapa le le leng le na le: nicotinic acid 0,05 g - lisebelisoa tse sebetsang, tsoekere, stearic acid - lintho tse thusang.
Millilita e le 'ngoe ea ente e na le nicotinic acid 10 mg - sesebelisoa se sebetsang, sodium bicarbonate, metsi a ente - bakuli.

Thibelo le kalafo ea pellagra (khaello ea vithamine PP).

Phekolo e kopaneng bakeng sa likotsi tsa ischemic cerebrovascular, e felisang mafu a methapo ea maoto le matsoho (lefu le felisang endarteritis, lefu la Raynaud) le liphio, mathata a lefu la tsoekere - lefu la tsoekere le polyneopopathy.

Maloetse a sebete - hepatitis e bohloko le e sa foleng, gastritis e nang le acidity e fokolang, sefahleho sa neuritis, lino tse fapa-fapaneng (setsebi, meriana, joala), maqeba a nako e telele a sa foleng le liso tsa ka mpeng.

Tekanyetso le tsamaiso ea nicotinic acid

E sebelisoa joalo ka ha u laetsoe ke ngaka.
Matlapa a Nicotinic acid a nooa ka molomo kamora lijo.
Joalo ka moemeli oa antipellagric o laetsoe:

• batho ba baholo - nicotinic acid 0,1 g makhetlo a 2-4 ka letsatsi (lethal dose le leholo la letsatsi le letsatsi - 0.5 g),
• bana - ho tloha 0,0125 ho isa ho 0.05 g makhetlo a 2 ho isa ho a 3 ka letsatsi, ho latela lilemo.

Nako ea phekolo ke matsatsi a 15 ho isa ho a 20.
Batho ba baholo ba nang le kotsi ea ischemic cerebrovascular, li-spasms tsa methapo ea maoto, gastritis e nang le acidity e fokolang, methapo ea methapo ea sefahleho, maqeba le liso, nicotinic acid e khothalletsoa ka tekanyetso e le 'ngoe ea 0,05 - 0,1 g, ka tekanyetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi e fihlang ho 0.5 g. kalafo - 1 khoeli.

Taolo ea kalafo, litemoso

Ho thibela mathata a teng ka har'a sebete ho sebelisoa ha nako e telele ea nicotinic acid ho litekanyetso tse kholo, ho kgothaletswa ho kenyelletsa lijo tse nang le methionine (chisi ea cottage) lijong kapa ho sebelisa methionine, lipoic acid, lithethefatsi tse ling tsa bohlokoa le tse ling tsa lipotropic.

Ka hlokolosi, nicotinic acid e lokela ho sebelisoa bakeng sa gastritis e nang le acidity e ngata, ulcer le ulceren.Nakong ea kalafo ka vithamini, haholo litekanyetso tse kholo, o lokela ho hlokomela ts'ebetso ea sebete ka hloko.

Ho sebelisana le lithethefatsi tse ling

Ho buisana le ngaka hoa hlokahala haeba nicotinic acid e sebelisoa ka nako e tšoanang le lithethefatsi tse ling.

Ho se lumellane ha meriana. Se ke oa kopanya le tharollo ea thiamine chloride (thiamine e senyeha).

E susumetsa ketso ea li-agents tsa fibrinolytic, antispasmodics le pelo glycosides, e ntlafatsa phello e chefo ea hepatotropic ea joala.

Ho hlokahala hore ho sebelisoe tlhokomeliso ha e kopantsoe le lithethefatsi tsa antihypertensive (keketseho ea matla a antihypertensive e ka etsahala), li-anticoagulants, acetylsalicylic acid, ka lebaka la kotsi ea hemorrhages.

E fokotsa chefo ea neomycin mme e thibela ho fokotseha ha bongata ba cholesterol le lipoprotein tse phahameng tse hlahisoang ke eona. Fokotsa phello e nang le chefo ea li-barbiturates, lithethefatsi tse khahlanong le lefuba, sulfonamides.

Mekhoa ea ho thibela pelehi ea molomo le isoniazid e liehisa phetoho ea tryptophan ho nicotinic acid mme ka hona e ka eketsa tlhoko ea nicotinic acid.

Lithethefatsi li ka ntlafatsa hyperemia e bakoang ke nicotinic acid.

Niacin e hasoa ntle le taelo.

Nicotinamide

Matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea nicotinamide - hypovitaminosis le khaello ea vithamine PP, le boemo ba tlhokeho ea mmele e eketsehang ea vithamine PP:

• khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng le phepo e sa leka-lekaneng (ho kenyeletsa le ea batsoali),
• malabsorption, ho kenyelletsa le semelo sa bothata ba pancreatic,
• ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele kapele
• lefu la tsoekere
• feberu e telele
• gastrectomy
• Lefu la Hartnup
• mafu a sebakeng sa hepatobiliary - hepatitis e matla le e sa foleng, lefu la sethoathoa,
• hyperthyroidism
• mafu a sa foleng
• mafu a pampitšana ea gastrointestinal - hypo- le anacid gastritis, enterocolitis, colitis, gluten Enteropathy, lets'ollo le sa khaotseng, sprue ea tropike, lefu la Crohn,
• maqeba a mabe
• mafu a sebakeng sa oropharyngeal,
• khatello ea nako e telele
• boimana (haholo-holo ka nikotine le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, boimana bo bongata),
• nako ea kemolo.

Joaloka vasodilator, nicotinamide ha e sebelisoe. Nicotinamide ha e na phello ea hypolipidemic.

Ka lebaka la karabelo ea karabelo ea tharollo, nicotinamide ha e bake karabelo ea lehae nakong ea ente. Ho fapana le nicotinic acid, sethethefatsi ha se na phello e boletsoeng e le vasodilating, ka hona, ka ts'ebeliso ea nicotinamide, taba ea ho nyekeloa ha e bonoe.

Moriana o laetsoe ka molomo le ente.

Asiti ea Nicotinic bakeng sa moriri

Ha e sebelisoa letlalong, nicotinic acid e hlapolla methapo ea mali, e ntlafatsa phallo ea mali, e ntlafatsa phepelo ea oksijene le liminerale, e ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa metabolic ho li-tishu, e thibelang tahlehelo ea moriri le ho tsosa kholo ea tsona e potlakileng.

Litaelo tsa tšebeliso ea tharollo ea moriri li bonts'a hore ha u sebelisa baldness ea nicotinic acid e emisa, moriri oa e-ba mosesane, o fokotsehe ebe o boreleli. Niacin hape e ts'ehetsa pigmentation e tloaelehileng ea moriri, joalo ka prophylactic khahlano le moriri o moputsoa.
Nicotinic acid eo e leng karolo ea sehlahisoa se sebelisoang khafetsa:

• e tsosa boroko ba moriri le ho khothaletsa kholo ea moriri ka ho susumetsa microcirculation,
• e khutlisetsa le ho nchafatsa bulb e senyehileng,
• e thibela tahlehelo ea moriri ka ho matlafatsa metso le ho loants'oa ho rarahana ha collagen ho pota motso oa moriri,
• E kenya letsoho ho hlahiseng melanin - pigment e etsang hore li-curls li phatsime, e boloka 'mala oa tsona le ho thibela ponahalo ea moriri o moputsoa pele ho nako.

Sehlahisoa ha se omelle letlalo haeba le sebelisoa khafetsa, joalo ka bopaki ba liteko tsa letlalo.

Mokhoa oa ho sebelisa asiti ea nicotinic: bula tube ea lerotholi hang-hang pele u sebelisa. Kenya lintho tse ka hare ho mothapo hang ha u qeta ho hlatsoa letlalo, ka mokhoa o tšoanang o tsamaisa asiti holim 'a sefahleho kaofela ka metsamao e hlophisang. Se ke oa hlakola sehlahisoa.

Ho nyenyefatsa ho fokola le ho fokola ha letlalo ka mor'a ts'ebeliso ea sehlahisoa se bakoa ke ho eketseha ha microcirculation mme ho tloaelehile.

Sebelisa acid ea nicotinic hang ka mor'a matsatsi a mararo. Khothaletso e khothalelitsoeng - 14 kalafo. E ka phetoa likhoeli tse ling le tse ling tse tharo.

Leha ho na le melemo eohle, acid ea nicotinic ha e so sebelisoe haholo litloaelong tsa bongaka. Sena se bakoa ke litlamorao tse ngata tse tsamaeang le vithamine PP ea vithamine e ngata.