Metabolism ke eng?

Metabolism kapa phapanyetsano ea lintho -Ketso ea litlhaloso tsa lik'hemik'hale tse etsahalang nthong e phelang ho boloka bophelo. Ts'ebetso tsena li lumella libopuoa ho hola le ho ngatafala, ho boloka meaho ea tsona le ho arabela ka ts'usumetso ea tikoloho.

Metabolism hangata e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: catabolism le anabolism. Nakong ea catabolism, lintho tse rarahaneng tsa manyolo li senya lintho tse bonolo, hangata li lokolla matla. 'Me lits'ebetsong tsa anabolism - ho tsoa linthong tse bonolo tse rarahaneng haholoanyane li etsoa' me sena se tsamaisana le litšenyehelo tsa matla.

Letoto la likaroloana tsa metabolic tsa lik'hemik'hale li bitsoa metabolic pathways. Ho tsona, ka ho nka karolo ha li-enzyme, limolek'hule tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa bioloji li fetohile tse ling ka tatellano.

Enzymes e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tsa metabolic hobane:

• sebetsa joalo ka likatse tsa tlhaho le ho fokotsa matla a ts'ebetso ea karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale,
• lumella u ho laola mekhoa ea metabolic ha e arabela liphetoho tikolohong ea sele kapa lipontšo tse tsoang liseleng tse ling.

Litšobotsi tsa metabolism li ama hore na molek'hule o itseng o loketse ho sebelisoa ke 'mele e le mohloli oa matla. Mohlala, li-prokaryotes tse ling li sebelisa hydrogen sulfide e le mohloli oa matla, empa khase ena e chefo ho liphoofolo. Sekhahla sa metabolic se boetse se ama palo ea lijo tse hlokoang ke 'mele.

Limolek'hule tsa tlhaho

Litsela tse ka sehloohong tsa metabolic le likarolo tsa tsona li ts'oana ho mefuta e mengata, e bonts'ang bonngoe ba tšimoloho ea lintho tsohle tse phelang. Mohlala, li-acid tse ling tsa carboxylic, tseo e leng lipakeng tsa potoloho ea tricarboxylic acid, li teng liphoofolong tsohle, ho tloha ho libaktheria ho isa ho libopuoa tse nang le multicellular eukaryotic. Ho ts'oana ha metabolism mohlomong ho amana le katleho e phahameng ea litsela tsa metabolic, le ponahalo ea bona ea pele historing ea ho iphetola ha lintho.

Limolek'hule tsa tlhaho

Lintho tsa tlhaho tse etsang lintho tsohle tse phelang (liphoofolo, limela, li-fungus le likokoana-hloko) li emeloa haholo ke li-amino acid, lik'habohaedreite, lipids (tseo hangata li bitsoang mafura) le li-nucleic acid. Kaha limolek'hule tsena li bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo, phetoho ea metabolic e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho theheng limolek'hule tsena ha li haha ​​lisele le lisele kapa ho li senya hore li sebelisoe e le mohloli oa matla. Liphetoho tse ngata tsa bohlokoa tsa biochemical li kopana ho kopanya DNA le liprotheine.

Karolo ea Metabolic

Metabolism e lokeloa ho fanoa ka hloko haholo. Ntle le moo, phepelo ea lisele tsa rona ka lintho tse nang le thuso e itšetlehile ka mosebetsi oa hae o tiisitsoeng. Motheo oa metabolism ke liphetoho tse etsahalang 'meleng oa motho. Lintho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa bophelo ba 'mele rea li amohela ka lijo.

Ntle le moo, re hloka oksijene e eketsehileng, eo re e hemang hammoho le moea. Ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, ho lokela ho bonoe tekatekano lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea kaho le ho bola. Leha ho le joalo, tekatekano ena hangata e ka khathatsoa mme ho na le mabaka a mangata a sena.

Lisosa tsa mathata a metabolic

Har'a lisosa tsa pele tsa mathata a metabolic a ka tsejoa lefutso. Le hoja e ke ke ea fetoloa, hoa khoneha ebile hoa hlokahala ho e loantša! Hape, mathata a metabolic a ka bakoa ke mafu a manyolo. Le ha ho le joalo, khafetsa mathata ana a bakoa ke khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng.

Joalo ka bongata ba limatlafatsi, 'me ho haella ha tsona ho kotsi' meleng oa rona. Litlamorao e ka ba tse ke keng tsa fetoloa. Ho ata ha limatlafatsi tse itseng ho hlaha ka lebaka la tšebeliso e ngata ea lijo tse mafura, mme khaello e hlaha ka lebaka la ho boloka lijo tse fapaneng bakeng sa ho theola boima ba 'mele. Lijo tse ka sehloohong hangata ke lijo tse matlafatsang, tse lebisang khaellong ea phepo e nepahetseng, 'me sena se ka lebisa nts'etsopele ea maloetse a fapaneng. Ho kulisoa ke lijo tse ngata ho ka etsahala.

Maloetse a Metabolic

Le kamora ho lekanya lits'ebetso tsohle tsa metabolic, ho fana ka 'mele ka livithamini tse sa hlokeng letho, re ipeha kotsing ea ho fumana mafu a mangata a bakoang ke lihlahisoa tsa lisele tsa rona tse bolileng. Lihlahisoa tse bolileng li na le ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e ntseng e phela ebile ea hola, mme mohlomong sena ke sera se kotsi ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa bophelo ba rona. Ka mantsoe a mang, 'mele o lokela ho tlosoa chefo ka nako, kapa ba tla qala ho e chefo. Ho lula ho tlola tekano, lihlahisoa tse bolileng li baka mafu a sa foleng le ho fokotsa mosebetsi oa litho tsohle.

Ka mathata a metabolism ea carbohydrate, ho hlaha bokuli bo tebileng - lefu la tsoekere, le metabolism e sa lokang ea mafura, cholesterol e bokellana (Joang ho theola k'holeseterole lapeng ntle le meriana?), E bakang mafu a pelo le methapo. Li-radicals tsa mahala, tse ntseng li eketseha, li kenya letsoho ho hlaha ha tumello e mpe.

Ho nona le tsona ke litlamorao tse tloaelehileng tsa mathata a metabolic. Sehlopha sena se boetse se kenyelletsa gout, mathata a ho ja, mefuta e meng ea lefu la tsoekere, jj. Ho tsebahala ha liminerale le livithamini ho baka tšenyo ea mesifa, masapo, mathata a tebileng a tsamaiso ea methapo ea pelo. Ho bana, sena se ka lebisa litlamorao tse mpe haholo ka mokhoa oa kholo ea kholo le kholo. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea livithamini ha e khothalletsoe kamehla, hobane ho ata ha tsona le tsona li ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe.

Thibelo

Ho laola mekhoa ea metabolic 'meleng oa rona, re tlameha ho tseba hore ho na le lintho tse thibelang ho etsoa ha chefo le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba metabolism.

Ea pele ke oksijene. Tekanyo e lekaneng ea oksijene liseleng e matlafatsa tšebetso ea metabolic haholo.

Taba ea bobeli, livithamini le liminerale. Ka lilemo, lits'ebetso tsohle li ea theoha, ho na le phallo ea methapo ea mali, ka hona ho bohlokoa ho laola ho amoheloa ha liminerale tse ngata, lik'habohaedreite le oksijene. Sena se tla netefatsa mosebetsi o motle oa metabolism ea letsoai la sele, kaha kamora ho qeta nako sele e omella mme ha e sa amohela lintho tsohle tse hlokahalang bakeng sa bophelo ba eona. Ha re tseba sena, ho bohlokoa hore re iphelise ka lisele tse tsofetseng.

Ho na le litlhahiso tse ngata le lithethefatsi tse laolang metabolism. Ka moriana oa setso, mofuta oa "sea" oa "White" - "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "motho" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "ho ne ho fumanehile 'mele ka bongata ka bongata. Phepo e nepahetseng, ho se be teng lijong tsa lijo tse nang le k'holeseterole le lintho tse ling tse kotsi ke tsela e 'ngoe ea ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o se nang molato.

Thuto: Setsi sa Bongaka sa Moscow I. Sechenov, ikhethang - "Khoebo ea bongaka" ka 1991, ka 1993 "Maloetse a amanang le mosebetsi", ho 1996 "Therapy".

Lijana tsa polasetiki tsa lijo: linnete le litšōmo!

Amino acid le liprotheine tsa Edane

Liprotheine ke biopolymers mme li na le masala a amino acid a kopantsoeng ke litlamo tsa peptide. Liprotheine tse ling ke li-enzyme le lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale. Liprotheine tse ling li etsa tšebetso ea sebopeho kapa mochine (mohlala, etsa cytoskeleton). Liprotheine li boetse li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho tšoaeeng lisele, likarabo tsa boits'ireletso ba mmele, ho bokellana ha lisele, ho tsamaisoa ka mafolofolo likarolong tsohle tsa mmele le ho potoloha hoa cell.

Metabolism ke eng?

Metabolism (kapa metabolism) ke motsoako oa mekhoa ea ho fetola likhalori tsa lijo hore e be matla bakeng sa bophelo ba setho. Metabolism e qala ka ho hlohlona le ho ikoetlisa 'meleng,' me e fela ka ho phefumoloha ha motho nakong ea boroko, ha 'mele o fana ka oksijene ho litho tse fapaneng ntle le ho nka karolo ha bokong' me ka bohona.

Mohopolo oa metabolism o amana haufi le palo ea karolelano ea khalori ea letsatsi le letsatsi, e leng eona ntho e qalang mokhoeng ofe kapa ofe oa ho ja bakeng sa ho theola boima ba 'mele kapa matla a mesifa. Ho ipapisitsoe le lilemo, bong le likarolo tsa 'mele, boemo ba metabolism ea mantlha bo ikemiselitsoe - ke hore, palo ea likhalori tse hlokahalang ho koahela litlhoko tsa matla a letsatsi le letsatsi tsa' mele. Nakong e tlang, letšoao lena le eketsoa ke letšoao la tšebetso ea motho.

Hangata ho lumeloa hore ho potlakisa metabolism ho molemo bakeng sa ho theola boima ba 'mele, kaha ho etsa hore' mele o chese likhalori tse ngata. Ha e le hantle, metabolism ea ho theola boima ba batho hangata e ea fokotseha, hobane ho potlakisa metabolism ho ka fumanoa feela ka nako e ts'oanang ho eketsa tekanyo ea khalori le ho eketsa boemo ba ts'ebetso ea 'mele - ke hore, nakong ea koetliso ea matla bakeng sa kholo ea mesifa.

Lipids Edita

Lipids ke karolo ea likaroloana tsa likokoana-hloko, ka mohlala, li-membrane tsa plasma, ke likarolo tsa coenzymes le mehloli ea matla. Lipids ke limolek'hule tsa hydrophobic kapa amphiphilic biological qhibilihang ka har'a lintho tse qolotsoeng tse kang benzene kapa chloroform. Mafura ke sehlopha se seholo sa metsoako se kenyelletsang mafura acid le glycerin. Molek'hule ea joala ea glycerol trihydric, e etsang litlamo tse tharo tse thata tsa ester le limolek'hule tse tharo tsa mafura, e bitsoa triglyceride. Hammoho le masala a mafura a acid, lipids tse rarahaneng li ka kenyelletsa, ho etsa mohlala, sphingosine (sphingolipids), lihlopha tsa hydrophilic phosphate (ho phospholipids). Li-Steroid, joalo ka cholesterol, ke mofuta o mong o moholo oa lipids.

Lik'habohaedreite Horta

Li -arsars li ka ba teng ka sebopeho se chitja kapa sa mola ka tsela ea li-aldehydrate kapa li-ketone, li na le lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa hydroxyl. Lik'habohaedreite ke limolek'hule tse tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa tsa tlhaho. Lik'habohaedreite li etsa mesebetsi e latelang: ho boloka matla le ho tsamaisa (starch, glycogen), sebopeho (semelo sa semela, chitin ka li-mushroom le liphoofolo). Li-monomers tse tloaelehileng tsa tsoekere ke hexoses - tsoekere, fructose le galactose. Li-monosaccharides ke karolo ea li-polysaccharides tse thata tsa kahare kapa li-polysaccharides.

U ka potlakisa metabolism joang?

Tšusumetso ea phepo e nepahetseng mabapi le ho potlakisa ha metabolism ha e hlakile joalokaha ho bonahala qalong. Leha ho na le 'nete ea hore ho na le lihlahisoa tse ngata tse mpe tsa metabolism - ho tloha ho tse lebisang ho matlafeng a tsoekere le lik'habohaedreite tse ling tse potlakileng, ho ea margarine ka mafura a eona - ke lihlahisoa tse' maloa feela tse ka potlakisang metabolism.

Kaha metabolism ea 'mele e ka nka matsatsi a' maloa (mohlala, ka ho lahla lijo tse matlafatsang tsa 'mele feela,' mele o tla fetohela lijong tsa ketogenic feela ka matsatsi a 2-3), metabolism e ke ke ea potlakisa ka ho ja sehlahisoa se le seng kapa ho nooa merogo ea meroho bakeng sa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele. Har'a lintho tse ling, ho potlakisa metabolism hangata ho amahanngoa le takatso e matla ea lijo - e sa sebetseng kamehla ha ho latela lijo bakeng sa ho theola boima ba 'mele.

Mekhoa ea metabolic ea ho theola boima ba 'mele

A re re motho ea nonneng o entse qeto ea ho theola boima ba 'mele, a ikoetlisa ka mafolofolo' me a qala ho ja lijo tse nang le likhalori tse fokotsehileng. O boetse a bala hore ho potlakisa metabolism o hloka ho noa metsi a mangata le ho ja liphaenapole, tse nang le "enanthme bromelain" e bolaeang mafura. Leha ho le joalo, sephetho sa ho qetela e ke ke ea ba phallo ea metabolism ho hang, empa ho phuthulla ha eona e bohale.

Lebaka le bonolo - mmele o tla qala ho romella lipontšo tsa hore boemo ba ts'ebetso ea 'mele bo eketsehile haholo, mme matla a matla a tsoang lijong a fokotsehile haholo. Ha motho a ikakhela ka setotsoana ho ikoetliseng le ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang haholoanyane, mmele o matla o tla nahana hore "linako tse mpe" li fihlile mme ke nako ea ho theola metabolism ho boloka pokello ea mafura - le, cortisol le leptin e tla eketseha.

Ho potlakisa metabolism joang?

E le hore u fokotse boima ba 'mele, ha ho hlokahale hore u leke ho "hasanya" metabolism le ho potlakisa metabolism ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang - pele ho tsohle, o hloka ho ba hlokolosi haholoanyane mabapi le hore na ke lihlahisoa life tseo' mele o li fumanang ho tloha ka letsatsi. Maemong a mangata, ho tloaela phepo e nepahetseng le taolo ea index ea glycemic ea lik'habohaedreite tse nooang ho tla potlakisa ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tsa metabolic.

Hangata batho ba lekang ho theola boima ba 'mele ba feta litšenyehelo tsa matla tsa boikoetliso, ha ba ntse ba nyenyefatsa haholo lijo tse ba li jang. Mohlala, tsoekere e fumanehang ka har'a canine e le 'ngoe ea cola e lekane bakeng sa ho matha ka metsotso e 3040 - ka mantsoe a mang, ho bonolo haholo ho tlohela koae ho e-na le ho ikoetlisa ka matla, ho leka ho chesa likhalori tsena.

Liphetoho tsa Nucleotides

Limolek'hule tsa DNA le polymeric ke lisele tse telele, tse sa laoloang tsa li-nucleotide. Li-acid tsa nyutlelie li etsa mosebetsi oa ho boloka le ho kenya tšebetsong tlhaiso-leseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e etsoang nakong ea liphatlalatso, phetisetso, phetolelo le protheine ea biosynthesis. Tlhahisoleseling e kentsoeng ka har'a li-nucleic acids e sirelelitsoe khahlano le liphetoho ka mekhoa ea phetetso mme e eketsoa ke phetisetso ea DNA.

Vaerase tse ling li na le genome e nang le RNA. Mohlala, vaerase ea motho ea ho itšireletsa mafung e sebelisa mochine o fetolang litaba ho etsa template ea DNA ho tsoa ho genome ea eona e nang le RNA. Limolek'hule tse ling tsa RNA li na le thepa e thusang (ribozymes) mme ke karolo ea li-spliceosomes le ribosomes.

Li-nyuklea ke lihlahisoa tsa tlatsetso ea metheo ea naetrojene ho tsoekere ea ribose. Mehlala ea metheo ea naetrojene ke metsoako e nang le heterocyclic ea naetrojene - litokollo tsa purines le li-pyrimidines. Li-nucleotide tse ling le tsona li sebetsa e le li-coenzymes lipuisanong tsa phetisetso ea sehlopha se sebetsang.

Edenzymes Edita

Metabolism e kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale, tseo boholo ba tsona li amanang le mefuta e mengata ea phetoho ea tšebetso ea sehlopha e sebetsang. Li-coenzymes li sebelisoa ho fetisetsa lihlopha tse sebetsang pakeng tsa li-enzyme tse thatafatsang ho fetoha ha lik'hemik'hale. Sehlopha ka seng sa liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa phetiso ea lihlopha tse sebetsang se khahlisoa ke li-enzyme ka bomong le li-cofactor tsa tsona.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ke e 'ngoe ea li-coenzymes tse bohareng, mohloli oa matla oa sele. Nucleotide ena e sebelisoa ho fetisetsa matla a lik'hemik'hale a bolokiloeng litlamong tsa macroergic lipakeng tsa liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa khemikhale. Ka liseleng, ho na le palo e nyane ea ATP, e lulang e nchafatsoa khafetsa ho tsoa ho ADP le AMP. Mmele oa motho o ja boima ba ATP ka letsatsi bo lekanang le boima ba 'mele oa eona. ATP e sebetsa e le khokahano lipakeng tsa catabolism le anabolism: ka karabelo ea catabolic, ATP e thehiloe, ka karabelo ea anabolic, matla a felile. ATP e sebetsa hape e le mofani oa sehlopha sa phosphate maemong a phosphorylation.

Li-vithamine ke lintho tse tlase tse nang le boima ba limolek'hule tse hlokahalang ka bongata, mme, ka mohlala, ho batho, livithamini tse ngata ha li entsoe, empa li fumanoa ka lijo kapa ka microflora ea gastrointestinal. Mmeleng oa motho, livithamini tse ngata ke li-cofactor tsa enzymes. Boholo ba li-vithamine li fumana tšebetso e fetotsoeng ea tlhaho, mohlala, livithamini tsohle tse qhibilihang ka metsing liseleng li entsoe ka phosphorylated kapa li kopantsoe le li-nucleotide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) e tsoa ho vithamine B₃ (niacin), mme ke coenzyme ea bohlokoa - moamoheli oa hydrogen. Li-enzyme tse makholo tse fapaneng tsa dehydrogenase li tlosa lielektrone ho limolek'hule tsa substrates ebe li li fetisetsa molek'hule ea NAD, e e fokotsa ho NADH. Sebopeho sa oksijene ea coenzyme ke substrate bakeng sa phokotso e fapaneng seleng. NAD ka seleng e teng ka mefuta e 'meli e amanang ea NADH le NADPH. NAD + / NADH e bohlokoa haholo ho karabelo ea catabolic, 'me NADP + / NADPH e sebelisoa hangata ho li-anabolic reaction.

Lintho tse sa hlophiseheng le li-Cofactors tse hlophisitsoeng

Lintho tse sa bonahaleng li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho metabolism. Hoo e ka bang 99% ea boima ba liphoofolo tse anyesang e na le khabone, naetrojene, calcium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, potasiamo, hydrogen, phosphorus, oksijene le sebabole. Metsoako ea bohlokoa ea bioloji (liprotheine, mafura, lik'habohaedreite le li-acid tsa acid) e na le khase e ngata, hydrogen, oksijene, naetrojene le phosphorus.

Lithako tse ngata tse sa bonahaleng ke li-elektrone tsa ionic. Li-ion tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa 'mele ke sodium, potasiamo, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphates le bicarbonates. Tekanyo ea li-ion tsena ka hare ho sele le ho katiba e khethollang khatello ea osmotic le pH. Ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho amanang le Ion ho boetse ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo le mesifa. Monyetla o ka bang teng linthong tse ntle o hlaha ka lebaka la phapanyetsano ea li-ions lipakeng tsa mokelikeli oa kantle le cytoplasm. Li-electrolyte li kena le ho tsoa ka seleng ka lisele tsa ion tse kahara membrane ea plasma. Mohlala, nakong ea contraction ea mesifa, calcium, sodium, le potasiamo ions e tsamaea ka membrane ea plasma, cytoplasm le T-tub.

Methati ea phetoho 'meleng ke lintho tse etsahalang ho latela tekano le zinki tse atileng haholo. Metsoako ena e sebelisoa ke liprotheine tse ling (mohlala, li-enzyme joaloka li-cofactors) 'me li bohlokoa ho laola tšebetso ea li-enzyme le liproteine ​​tsa lipalangwang. Li-cofactors tsa enzymes hangata li khangoa ka matla ho protheine e itseng, leha ho le joalo, e ka fetoloa nakong ea ho hlahlangoa, 'me ka mor'a ho thatafala ka linako tsohle e khutlela boemong ba eona ba pele (ha e jelloe). Lits'ireletso tsa trace li kenngoa ke 'mele li sebelisa liprotheine tse khethehileng tsa lipalangoang' me ha li fumanoe 'meleng li le maemong a lokolohileng, kaha li amana le liprotheine tse tsamaisang (mohlala, ferritin kapa metallothioneins).

Lintho tsohle tse phelang li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse robeli tse kholo, ho latela hore na ho sebelisoa mang: mohloli oa matla, mohloli oa khabone le mofani oa elektrone (oxidizable substrate).

1. Joaloka mohloli oa matla, lintho tse phelang li ka sebelisa: matla a khanya (foto) kapa matla a litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale (chemo) Ho kenyelletsa moo, ho hlalosa likokoana-hloko tse sebelisang matla a matla a sele e le ngoe paratroph.
2. Joaloka mofani oa elektrone (moemeli ea fokotsang), lintho tse phelang li ka sebelisa: lintho tse hlophiloeng (lahleloa) kapasetho).
3. Ha e le mohloli oa khabone, lintho tse phelang li sebelisa: khabone (auto) kapahetero-) Ka linako tse ling mantsoe auto le heterotroph e sebelisoang mabapi le lintho tse ling tseo e leng karolo ea limolek'hule tsa lintho tse phelang ka sebopeho se fokotsehileng (e.g nitrogen, sebabole). Maemong ana, likokoana-hloko tsa "nitrogen-autotrophic" ke mefuta e sebelisang metsoako e kopantsoeng ea oxidised e le mohloli oa naetroj (mohlala, limela li ka etsa phokotso ea nitrate). Hape "naetrojene heterotrophic" ke lintho tse sa khoneng ho etsa phokotso ea naetrojene le ho sebelisa metsoako ea manyolo joalo ka mohloli (mohlala, liphoofolo tseo amino acid e leng mohloli oa naetrojene).

Lebitso la mofuta oa metabolism le thehoa ka ho kenyelletsa metso e lumellanang le ho eketsa qetellong ea motso -troph-. Tafole e bonts'a mefuta ea metabolism e nang le mehlala:

• Bangoli ba bang ba sebelisa -hydro ha metsi a sebetsa joalo ka monehelo oa elektrone.

Tlhalo ena e ntlafalitsoe ke sehlopha sa bangoli (A. Lvov, C. van Nil, F. J. Ryan, E. Tatem) mme e amohetsoe sebokeng sa 11th ka laboratoring ea Cold Spring Harane mme qalong e ne e sebelisoa ho hlalosa mefuta ea phepo ea likokoana-hloko. Le ha ho le joalo, hajoale e sebelisoa ho hlalosa metabolism ea likokoana-hloko tse ling.

Ho hlakile ho tloha tafoleng hore bokhoni ba metabolism ba li-prokaryotes bo fapana haholo ha bo bapisoa le li-eukaryotes, tse khetholloang ke mefuta ea photolithoautotrophic le chemoorganoheterotrophic ea metabolism.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore mefuta e meng ea likokoana-hloko e ka khona, ho latela maemo a tikoloho (mabone, ho fumaneha ha lintho tsa manyolo, joalo-joalo) le boemo ba mmele, li etsa metabolism ea mefuta e fapaneng. Motsoako ona oa mefuta e mengata ea metabolism o hlalosoa e le mixotrophy.

Ha o sebelisa karohano ena ho likokoana-hloko tse ngata, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore kahare ho ntho e le 'ngoe ho na le lisele tse fapaneng ka mofuta oa metabolism. Kahoo lisele tsa sepakapaka, li-photosynthetic litho tsa limela tse nang le limela tse ngata li khetholloa ke mofuta oa metabolism, athe lisele tsa litho tse ka tlase ho lefatše li hlalosoa e le chemoorganoterotrophic. Joalo ka maemo a likokoana-hloko, ha maemo a tikoloho, boemo ba nts'etsopele, le maemo a bophelo a fetoha, mofuta oa metabolism oa lisele tsa ntho e fapaneng o ka fetoha. Mohlala, lefifing le molemong oa ho mela ha peo, lisele tsa limela tse phahameng li hlahisa mofuta oa chemo-organo-heterotrophic.

Metabolism e bitsoa ts'ebetso ea metabolic eo ho eona limolek'hule tse ngata tsa tlhaho tsa tsoekere, mafura, li-amino acid li oelang. Nakong ea catabolism, ho thehiloe limolek'hule tse bonolo tse hlokahalang bakeng sa karabelo ea anabolism (biosynthesis). Khafetsa, ke nakong ea karabelo ea catabolism moo 'mele o bokellang matla, o fetolelang matla a litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa limolek'hule tse fumanehang nakong ea tšilo ea lijo, hore e be mefuta e fumanehang: ka sebopeho sa ATP, li-coenzymes tse fokotsang, le bokhoni ba transmembrane electrochemical. Polelo "catabolism" ha e tsamaisane le "metabolism ea matla": libopuoa tse ngata (ka mohlala, li-phototrophs), lits'ebetso tse kholo tsa polokelo ea matla ha li amane ka kotloloho le ho phatloha hoa limolek'hule tsa manyolo. Karolelano ea lihloliloeng ka mofuta oa metabolism e ka ipapisa le mohloli oa matla, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe karolong e fetileng. Li-Chemotrophs li sebelisa matla a li-bindter tsa lik'hemik'hale, 'me li-phototrophs li sebelisa matla a khanya ea letsatsi. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta ena eohle e fapaneng ea metabolism e itšetleha ka karabelo ea redox e amanang le phetiso ea lielektrone ho tsoa ho bafani ba li-molecule, joalo ka limolek'hule tsa metsi, metsi, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, ho amohela limolek'hule tse kang oksijene, nitrate kapa sulfate. Ho liphoofolo, liphetoho tsena li kenyelletsa ho phatloha ha limolek'hule tse rarahaneng tsa tlhaho hore li be bonolo, tse kang khabone le metsi. Ho lintho tse phelang tse etsang limela - limela le cyanobacteria - liphetoho tse fetisoang ke elektrone ha li hlahise matla, empa li sebelisoa e le mokhoa oa ho boloka matla a tsoang ho khanya ea letsatsi.

Catabolism ho liphoofolo e ka aroloa likarolo tse tharo tse kholo. Taba ea pele, limolek'hule tse kholo tsa tlhaho tse kang liprotheine, li-polysaccharides le lipids li oela ho likarolo tse nyane ka ntle ho lisele. Ho feta moo, limolek'hule tsena tse nyane li kena ka har'a lisele ebe li fetoha limolek'hule tse nyane, ho etsa mohlala, acetyl-CoA. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sehlopha sa acetyl sa coenzyme A oxidize ho fihlela metsi le khabone monokotsoai potolohong ea Krebs le ketane ea phefumoloho, e lokolla matla a bolokiloeng ka sebopeho sa ATP.

Tlatsetso ea tšilo ea lijo

Li-macromolecule tse kang starch, cellulose kapa liprotheine li tlameha ho rojoa likarolo tse nyane pele li ka sebelisoa ke lisele. Li-enzymes tse 'maloa li kenella tšilafatsong: li-protein, tse arolang liprotheine ho li-peptides le li-amino acid, glycosidase, tse felisang li-polysaccharides ho oligo- le monosaccharides.

Likokoana-hloko li sebelisa enjene ea hydrolytic sebakeng se e potileng, e fapaneng le liphoofolo tse fang li-enzyme tse joalo feela liseleng tse ikhethileng tsa glandular. Amino acid le monosaccharides, e hlahisoang ke ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme tse tsoang kantle ho naha, ebe o kenya lisele o sebelisa lipalamo tse sebetsang.

Ho fumana matla a ho hlophisa

Nakong ea carabolism ea carabolism, tsoekere e rarahaneng e qhekella ho li-monosaccharides, tse huloang ke lisele. Ha e se e le ka hare, tsoekere (ka mohlala, tsoekere le fructose) e fetoloa hore e be pyruvate nakong ea glycolysis, 'me ho hlahisoa palo e itseng ea ATP. Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) ke e bohareng litseleng tse 'maloa tsa metabolic. Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa metabolism ea pyruvate ke phetoho ho acetyl-CoA ebe o potoloha potoloho ea tricarboxylic acid. Ka nako e ts'oanang, karolo ea matla e bolokiloe potolohong ea Krebs ka sebopeho sa ATP, mme limolek'hule tsa NADH le FAD le tsona lia khutlisoa. Ts'ebetsong ea glycolysis le potoloho ea tricarboxylic acid, ho thehoa carbon dioxide, e leng sehlahisoa sa bophelo. Tlas'a maemo a anaerobic, ka lebaka la glycolysis e tsoang ho pyruvate ka ho nka karolo ha enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, lactate e thehiloe, 'me NADH e hlahisoa ho NAD +, e sebelisoang hape ho liphetoho tsa glycolysis. Ho boetse ho na le tsela e 'ngoe bakeng sa metabolism ea monosaccharides - tsela ea pentose phosphate, eo matla a eona a bolokiloeng ka sebopeho sa coenzyme NADPH le li-pentoses li etsoa, ​​mohlala, ribose, e hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea methapo ea methapo.

Mafura a sethaleng sa pele sa catabolism a hydrolyzed ho mafura acids le glycerin e sa lefelloeng. Li-acid tse mafura lia senyeha nakong ea beta oxidation ho theha acetyl-CoA, eo le eona e hlahisoang tsoelo-peleng ea Krebs, kapa e ea mokhoeng oa mafura a mafura a mangata. Li-acid tse ngata li ntša matla ho feta lik'habohaedreite, hobane mafura a na le liathomo tsa hydrogen tse ngata ka sebopeho sa tsona.

Li-amino acid li sebelisoa ho kopanya liprotheine le li-biomolecule tse ling, kapa li-oxid bakeng sa urea, carbon dioxide mme li sebetsa e le mohloli oa matla. Tsela e nang le oksijene ea amino acid catabolism e qala ka ho tlosoa ha sehlopha sa amino ka li-enzymes tsa transaminase. Lihlopha tsa Amino li sebelisoa ka potoloho ea urea, li-amino acid tse haellang lihlopha tsa amino li bitsoa keto acid. Li-acid tse ling tsa keto ke lipakeng tsa potoloho ea Krebs. Mohlala, bosholu ba glutamate bo hlahisa alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Li-amino acid tsa Glycogenic le tsona li ka fetoloa hore e be glucose maemong a gluconeogenesis.

Tlanya ea Phosphorylation ea Oxidative

Ho phosphorylation ea oxidative, lielektrone tse tlositsoeng ho limolek'hule tsa lijo litseleng tsa metabolic (mohlala, potolohong ea Krebs) li fetisetsoa oksijene, 'me matla a lokolotsoeng a sebelisoa ho kopanya ATP. Ka li -ukukoptori, ts'ebetso ena e etsoa ka ho nka karolo ha liprotheine tse ngata tse hlophisitsoeng kahare ho li-membochondrial membranes, tse bitsoang ketane ea phefumoloho ea phetisetso ea elektrone. Li-prokaryotes, liprotheine tsena li teng ka har'a metso ea kahare ea lebota la sele. Liprotheine tsa ketane ea elektrone li sebelisa matla a fumanoang ka ho fetisetsa lielektrone ho tloha limolek'hule tse fokotsehileng (e.g. NADH) ho ea oksijene ho pompa proton ka membrane.

Ha liprotheine li phuthoa, ho na le phapano phapusing ea hydrogen ion, ebe ho hlaha motlakase oa motlakase. Matla ana a khutlisetsa li-protons ho mitochondria ka sekhahla sa ATP synthase. Ho phalla ha protons ho etsa hore selikalikoe se tsoang ho c-subunits ea enzyme e fetohe, ka lebaka leo setsi se sebetsang sa synthase se fetohang sebopeho sa eona le phosphorylates adenosine diphosphate, e e fetole ATP.

Ho hlophisa Matla a Holimo

Hemolithotrophs e bitsoa li-prokaryotes, tse nang le mofuta o ikhethang oa metabolism, moo matla a hlahisoang ka lebaka la oxidation ea likhomphutha tse sa sebetseng. Li-Chemolithotrophs li ka hlahisa oxidate ea hydrogen ea molek'hule, likhomphutha (s.k. sulfide, hydrogen sulfide le inosistate thiosulfates), iron (II) oxide kapa ammonia. Maemong ana, matla a tsoang ho oxidation ea metsoako ena a hlahisoa ke ba amohelang elektrone, joalo ka oksijene kapa nitrites. Ts'ebetso ea ho fumana matla linthong tse sa bonahaleng e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mekhahlelong e meng ea biogeochemical as acetogeneis, nitrification, le denitrification.

Matla a Matla a Letsatsi la Letsatsi

Matla a khanya ea letsatsi a monya limela, cyanobacteria, libaktheria tse pherese, libaktheria tse tšoeu tsa sulfure le protozoa e 'ngoe. Ts'ebetso ena e kopantsoe hangata le phetoho ea khabone ea khabone ho metsoako ea manyolo e le karolo ea ts'ebetso ea photosynthesis (bona ka tlase). Lits'ebetso tsa ho ts'oasa matla le khokahano ea khabone ho li-prokaryotes tse ling li ka sebetsa ka thoko (mohlala, ka libaktheria tse pherese le tse putsoa tse tala).

Ho libopuoa tse ngata, ho kenngoa ha matla a letsatsi ho bohlokoa bo tšoanang le phosphorylation, hobane ntlheng ena matla a bolokiloe ka sebopeho sa proton ea mahlaseli a matla le matla a ho tsamaisa a proton a lebisa ho bopetong ba ATP. Lielektrone tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ketane ena ea phetisetso li tsoa liprotheine tse kotulang tse bobebe tse bitsoang li-stationynthetic reaction (ka mohlala, li-Rhodopsin). Ho latela mofuta oa li-pigment tsa "photosynthetic pigment", mefuta e 'meli ea libaka tsa karabelo e khethiloe; hajoale, libaktheria tse ngata tse etsang litšoantšo li na le mofuta o le mong, ha limela le cyanobacteria li le peli.

Limeleng, algae le cyanobacteria, photosystem II e sebelisa matla a khanya ho tlosa lielektrone metsing, tse nang le oksijene ea limolek'hule e le sehlahisoa sa karabelo. Lielektrone li kena ka har'a b6f cytochrome tata, e sebelisang matla ho pompa proton ka membrane ea thylakoid ho chloroplasts. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea gradient ea electrochemical, proton e khutlela morao ka har'a membrane le trigger ATP synthase. Lielektrone li feta ka har'a photosystem I 'me li ka sebelisoa ho khutlisa NADP + coenzyme, bakeng sa potoloho ea Calvin, kapa ho etsa bocha ho etsa limolek'hule tse ling tsa ATP.

Bofetoheli - Sekhahla sa metlae ea metabolism ea limolek'hule tse rarahaneng ka tšebeliso ea matla. Limolek'hule tse rarahaneng tse etsang lisele tsa cellular li entsoe ka mokhoa o latellanang ho tloha ho tse tlileng pele ho tse bonolo. Anabolism e kenyelletsa mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ts'oaroang ke enzyme e ikhethang. Boemong ba pele, limolek'hule tse tlisoang pele li etsoa, ​​ka mohlala, li-amino acid, li-monosaccharides, terpenoids le li-nucleotide. Boemong ba bobeli, ba etellang pele ka tšebeliso ea matla a ATP ba fetoloa ho ba mefuta e sebetsang. Boemong ba boraro, li-monomerate tse sebetsang li kopantsoe le limolek'hule tse rarahaneng, ho etsa mohlala, liprotheine, li-polysaccharides, lipids le li-nucleic acid.

Ha se lintho tsohle tse phelang tse ka kopanyang limolek'hule tsohle tse sebetsang. Li-Autotrophs (mohlala, limela) li ka kopanya limolek'hule tse rarahaneng tsa tlhaho ho tsoa linthong tse bonolo tse bonolo tsa molek'hule tse kang kharbon dioksiamo le metsi. Li-Heterotroph li hloka mohloli oa lintho tse rarahaneng haholoanyane, tse kang monosaccharides le amino acid, ho etsa limolek'hule tse rarahaneng le ho feta. Lintho tse hlophiloeng li aroloa ho latela mehloli ea tsona ea bohlokoa ea matla: li-photoautotrophs le li-photoheterotrophs li fumana matla a tsoang ho khanya ea letsatsi, ha chemoautotrophs le chemoheterotrophs li fumana matla a tsoang lipokellong tsa oxidation tse sebetsang.

Carbon Binding Edita

Photosynthesis ke ts'ebetso ea biosynthesis ea tsoekere e tsoang khabone, moo matla a hlokahalang a amoheloang ke khanya ea letsatsi. Limeleng, cyanobacteria le algae, Photolysis ea metsi e hlaha nakong ea photosynthesis ea oksijene, athe oksijene e tsoa e le sehlahisoa. Ho fetola CO₂ 3-phosphoglycerate e sebelisa matla a ATP le NADP e bolokiloeng lifotong. Karabelo e kopanyang ea khabone e etsoa ho sebelisoa enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase mme ke karolo ea potoloho ea Calvin. Mefuta e meraro ea photosynthesis e arotsoe limeleng - tseleng ea limolek'hule tse tharo-kh'opo, tseleng ea limolek'hule tse 'ne tsa carbon-C4 le CAM photosynthesis. Mefuta e meraro ea photosynthesis e fapana tseleng ea khokonate e kopanyang le ho kenella ho potoloha ha Calvin; ho limela tsa C3, CO e tlama.₂ e hlaha ka kotloloho mokokotlong oa Calvin, 'me ho C4 le CAM CO₂ pejana e kenyelelitsoe ka har'a metsoako e meng. Mefuta e fapaneng ea photosynthesis ke ho ikamahanya le phallo e matla ea letsatsi le maemo a omileng.

Ka li-prokaryotes tse bonoang, mekhoa ea khokahano ea khabone e fapana haholo. Carbon diokone e ka tsepama ka har'a potoloho ea Calvin, mokokotlong oa li-Krebs tse fapaneng, kapa karohanong ea carboxylation ea acetyl-CoA. Prokaryotes - chemoautotrophs le eona e tlama CO₂ ka potoloho ea Calvin, empa matla a tsoang metsoakong ea maiketsetso a sebelisoa ho phethahatsa karabelo.

Lik'habohaedreite le Glycans Edita

Ts'ebetsong ea anabolism ea tsoekere, li-acid tse bonolo tsa organic li ka fetoloa hore e be li-monosaccharides, mohlala, glucose, ebe e sebelisoa ho kopanya polysaccharides, joalo ka starch. Ho thehoa ha tsoekere ho tsoa metsong e kang pyruvate, lactate, glycerin, 3-phosphoglycerate le amino acid ho bitsoa gluconeogenesis. Ts'ebetsong ea gluconeogenesis, pyruvate e fetoloa hore e be glucose-6-phosphate ka lethathamo la metsoako e mahareng, e mengata e thehoang le nakong ea glycolysis. Leha ho le joalo, gluconeogeneis hase feela glycolysis ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng, hobane liphetoho tse 'maloa tsa lik'hemik'hale li ruta li-enzyme tse ikhethang, tse etsang hore ho khonehe ho laola ka mokhoa o ikemetseng mekhoa ea ho theha le ho phatloha ha tsoekere.

Likokoana-hloko tse ngata li boloka limatlafatsi ka mokhoa oa lipids le mafura, leha ho le joalo, li-vertebrates ha li na li-enzyme tse thatafatsang ho fetoha hoa acetyl-CoA (sehlahisoa sa metabolism ea mafura acid) ho ea pyruvate (karoloana ea gluconeogenesis). Kamora ho bolaoa ke tlala ka nako e telele, li-vertebrates li qala ho kopanya 'mele ea ketone ho tsoa ho mafura acid, e ka nkang tsoekere ho linama tse kang bokong. Ho limela le libaktheria, bothata bona ba metabolic bo rarolloa ka ho sebelisa potoloho ea glyoxylate, e fetang sethaleng sa decarboxylation ho potric acid acid ebe e u lumella ho fetola acetyl-CoA ho oxaloacetate, ebe u e sebelisa bakeng sa synthesis ea glucose.

Li-polysaccharides li etsa mesebetsi ea sebopeho le metabolic, hape li ka kopanngoa le lipids (glycolipids) le liprotheine (glycoprotein) li sebelisa li-enzymes tsa oligosaccharidease.

Mafura Acids, Isoprenoids, le Steroids Edita

Li-acid tse mafura li thehoa ke li-synthases tsa mafura tse tsoang ho acetyl-CoA. Letlalo la khabone la mafura acids le atolosoa ka potoloho ea liphetoho moo sehlopha sa acetyl se kenang pele, ebe sehlopha sa carbonyl se fokotseha sehlopheng sa hydroxyl, ebe ho felloa ke metsi 'me ho hlaphoheloe ho latelang. Li-enzymes tsa Fatty acid biosynthesis li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli: liphoofolong le li-fungus, likaroloana tsohle tsa mafura a acid li etsoa ke mofuta o le mong oa protheine ea I, lipolasing tsa limela le libaktheria, mofuta o mong le o mong o ts'oaroa ke mofuta oa enzyme ea II.

Terpenes le terpenoids ke baemeli ba sehlopha se seholo sa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho tsa limela. Baemeli ba sehlopha sena sa lintho ke litokollo tsa isoprense mme ba thehoa ho tse tlisoang pele ho isopentyl pyrophosphate le dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, eo, ka nako eo, ba thehoang ka karabelo e fapaneng ea metabolic. Ho liphoofolo le archaea, isopentyl pyrophosphate le dimethylallyl pyrophosphate li hlophisitsoe ho tloha acetyl-CoA tseleng ea mevalonate, ha lijalo le libaktheria, pyruvate le glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate e le likarolo tse tlase tsa tsela eo e seng ea meholo. Litlamorao tsa steroid biosynthesis, limolek'hule tsa isoprene li kopana 'me li theha squalene, ebe li theha sebopeho sa cyclic le sebopeho sa lanosterol. Lanosterol e ka fetoleloa ho li-steroid tse ling, tse kang cholesterol le ergosterol.

Li-squirrels Edita

Lintho tse phelang li fapana ka bokhoni ba tsona ba ho kopanya li-amino acid tse 20 tse tloaelehileng. Boholo ba libaktheria le limela li ka kopanya tsohle tse 20, empa liphoofolo tse anyesang li khona ho kopanya li-amino acid tse 10 feela tsa bohlokoa. Ka hona, molemong oa liphoofolo tse anyesang, li-amino acid tse 9 tsa bohlokoa li tlameha ho fumanoa lijong. Li-amino acid tsohle li hlophisitsoe ho tsoa lipakeng tsa glycolysis, potoloho ea citric acid kapa tsela ea pentose monophosphate. Ho fetisoa ha lihlopha tsa amino ho tloha ho amino acid ho ea ho alpha-keto acid ho bitsoa transamination. Bafani ba sehlopha sa Amino ke glutamate le glutamine.

Li-amino acid tse hokahantsoeng ke li-peptide bond li etsa liprotheine. Protein e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le tatellano e ikhethang ea masala a amino acid (sebopeho sa protheine ea mantlha). Feela joalokaha litlhaku tsa alfabeta li ka kopanngoa le ho qaptjoa ha mantsoe a fapaneng ka ho sa feleng, li-amino acid li ka tlama ka tatellano e le 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe 'me tsa theha protheine e fapaneng. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme e thusa ho eketsoa ke ATP ea amino acid ho tRNA ka litlamo tsa ester, 'me ho thehiloe aminoacyl-tRNA. Li-Aminoacyl-tRNA ke likarolo tse ling tsa li-ribosomes tse kopanyang liamino acid ka liketane tse telele tsa polypeptide li sebelisa matrix ea mRNA.