Ts'ebetso ea Carbohydrate - Li-Monosaccharides, li-Disaccharides le Polysaccharides

Lik'habohaedreite (tsoekere, saccharides) - Lintho tse nang le lihlahisoa tse nang le sehlopha sa carbonyl le lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa hydroxyl. Lebitso la sehlopha sa likhokahanyo le tsoa ho mantsoe "carbon hydrate", a qalile a buelloa ke C. Schmidt ka 1844. Ponahalo ea lebitso lena e bakiloe ke taba ea hore "ea pele" ea lik'habohaedreite tse tsebahalang saenseng li hlalositsoe ke foromo e kholo ea C_x(H₂O)_yka molao e le metsoako ea khabone le metsi.

Lik'habohaedreite ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea lisele le linama tsa lintho tsohle tse phelang tsa semela le tsa liphoofolo, tse etsang ka boima ba ntho e teng lefatšeng. Mohloli oa lik'habohaedreite bakeng sa lintho tsohle tse phelang ke ts'ebetso ea photosynthesis e etsoang ke limela.

Lik'habohaedreite li arotsoe ka monosaccharides, oligosaccharides le polysaccharides.i

Monosaccharides (lik'habohaedreite tse bonolo) ke baemeli ba bonolo ba lik'habohaedreite mme ba se ke ba arohana ka likhakanyo tse bonolo nakong ea hydrolysis. Li-monosaccharides ke mohloli o potlakileng le o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa matla bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse etsahalang seleng. Li-monosaccharides hang-hang li hlatsuoa khabone le metsi, ha liprotheine le mafura li ntse li hlahisoa lihlahisoa tse tšoanang ka tatellano ea methati e bohareng. Li-monosaccharides li na le tatso e monate kahoo li bitsoa "tsoekere".

Oligosaccharides - Likhomphutha tse rarahaneng haholoanyane tse hahiloeng ho tloha ho masala a 'maloa ho tloha ho a mabeli ho isa ho a 10. Li-Disaccharides (oligosaccharides), joalo ka li-monosaccharides, li na le tatso e monate ka hona li bitsoa "tsoekere".

Polysaccharides - Likhomphutha tse phahameng tsa boima ba limolek'hule - li-polymers tse thehiloeng ho tsoa ho palo e kholo ea li-monosaccharides. Li arotsoe ka digestible (starch, glycogen) le tse senang digase (fiber ea phepo - fiber, hemicellulose, lintho tsa pectin) ka seterateng sa ka mpeng. Li-polysaccharides ha li na tatso e monate.

Li-monosaccharides li khetholloa ho ea ka litšobotsi tse peli:
• mofuta oa sehlopha sa carbonyl,
• bolelele ba ketane ea khabone.

Li-monosaccharides tse nang le sehlopha sa aldehyde li bitsoa aldoses, sehlopha sa ketone (hangata se maemong a 2) - ketoses (lekaneng -ose tšobotsi bakeng sa mabitso a li-monosaccharides tsohle: glucose, galactose, fructose). Sebopeho sa aldoses le ketosis ka kakaretso li ka emeloa ka tsela e latelang.

Ho latela bolelele ba ketane ea khabone (li-atom tse 3-10), li-monosaccharides li arotsoe ka li-trioses, tetrose, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, joalo-joalo Pentoses le hexoses li atile haholo.

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Tlhomamiso

Li-carboote tsohle li entsoe ka "li-unit" tse arohaneng, e leng li-saccharides. Ho latela bokhoni ba bona ba hydrolyze ho li-monomers, lik'habohaedreite li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli: tse bonolo le tse rarahaneng. Li-carbohydrate tse nang le yuniti e le 'ngoe li bitsoa li-monosaccharides, likarolo tse peli ke li-disaccharides, likarolo tse peli ho isa ho tse leshome ke oligosaccharides,' me tse fetang leshome ke li-polysaccharides. Li-monosaccharides li eketsa tsoekere ea mali kapele 'me li na le index e phahameng ea glycemic, ka hona li boetse li bitsoa lik'habohaedreite tse potlakileng. Li qhibiliha habonolo ka metsing ebile li entsoe limela tse tala. Lik'habohaedreite tse nang le likarolo tse 3 kapa ho feta li bitsoa tse thata. Lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse rarahaneng butle-butle li eketsa tsoekere 'me li na le index e tlase ea glycemic, ke ka lebaka leo e boetse e bitsoang li-carbohydrate tse liehang. Li-carbohydrate tse rarahaneng ke lihlahisoa tsa polycondfund tsa tsoekere e bonolo (monosaccharides) mme, ho fapana le tse bonolo, li ka hydrolyze ho li-monomers nakong ea ho fifala ha hydrolytic ho etsa makholo a likete le limolek'hule tsa monosaccharide.

Sebopeho sa selikalikoe sa glucose

Ha limolek'hule tsa glucose li etsa selikalikoe se mamelo a tšeletseng, ho na le monyetla oa karolo ea 50 ea hore khabone ea pele e be le sehlopha sa hydroxyl ka tlase ho sefofane sa selikalikoe.

Glucose ea ring e ka ba le libaka tse peli tse fapaneng tsa sehlopha sa hydroxyl (-OH) ho potoloha khabone ea Amerika (carbon No. 1, e fetoha asymmetric ts'ebetsong ea ho theha selikalikoe, setsi sa lits'ireletso).

Haeba sehlopha sa hydroxyl se le tlase ho carbon No. 1 ka tsoekere, joale ba re e maemong alpha (α) mme haeba e kaholimo ho sefofane, ba re e maemong beta (β) .

Likhokahano tse ling

Lithako tse ling tsa monosaccharide li teng. Li ka ba tsa tlhaho le tsa maiketsetso.

Galactose ke ea tlhaho. E boetse e fumanoa lijong, empa ha e hlahe ka mokhoa oa eona o hloekileng. Galactose ke litholoana tsa hydrolysis ea lactose. Mohloli oa eona o ka sehloohong ke lebese.

Li-monosaccharides tse ling tsa tlhaho ke ribose, deoxyribose le mannose.

Ho boetse ho na le mefuta ea lik'habohaedreite tse joalo, tseo ho sebelisoang mahlale a tsona a indasteri.

Lintho tsena li boetse li fumanoa lijong mme li kena 'meleng oa motho:

E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likhomphutha tsena e fapana ka likarolo le mesebetsi ea eona.

Li-Disaccharides le ts'ebeliso ea tsona

Mofuta o latelang oa metsoako ea lik'habohaedreite ke disaccharides. Li nkoa e le lintho tse thata. Ka lebaka la hydrolysis, ho hlahisoa limolek'hule tse peli tsa monosaccharide ho tsona.

Mofuta ona oa carbohydrate o na le likarolo tse latelang:

• ho ba thata
• solubility ka metsing
• e bobebe solubility libakeng tse nang le alcohols e ngata,
• tatso e monate
• mmala - ho tloha ho o mosoeu ho ea ho o sootho.

Melemo ea mantlha ea lik'hemik'hale tsa li-disaccharides ke liphetoho tsa hydrolysis (litlamo tsa glycosidic li robehile mme li-monosaccharides li thehoa) mme li-condensation (li-polysaccharides li thehoa).

Ho na le mefuta ea 2 ea likhomphutha tse joalo:

1. Tsosoloso. Tšobotsi ea bona ke ho ba teng ha sehlopha sa mahala-acetal hydroxyl ea mahala. Ka lebaka la eona, lintho tse joalo li na le thepa e fokotsang. Sehlopha sena sa lik'habohaedreite se kenyeletsa cellobiose, maltose le lactose.
2. Ha e lokisoe. Lithako tsena ha li na monyetla oa ho fokotseha, kaha li haelloa ke sehlopha sa acroal hydroxyl. Lintho tse tsebahalang tsa mofuta ona ke sucrose le trehalose.

Metsoako ena e atile ka tlhaho. Li ka fumanoa ka mokhoa o sa lefelloeng ebile e le karolo ea metsoako e meng. Li-Disaccharides ke mohloli oa matla, hobane tsoekere e thehiloe ho bona nakong ea hydrolysis.

Lactose e bohlokoa haholo ho bana, kaha ke eona motsoako o ka sehloohong oa lijo tsa masea. Ts'ebetso e 'ngoe ea lik'habohaedreite tsa mofuta ona li hlophisitsoe, kaha ke karolo ea seluloana se hlokahalang ho theha lisele tsa semela.

Tšobotsi le likarolo tsa polysaccharides

Mofuta o mong oa lik'habohaedreite ke polysaccharides. Ona ke ona mofuta o thata ka ho fetisisa oa khokahano. Li na le palo e kholo ea li-monosaccharides (motsoako oa tsona o ka sehloohong ke glucose). Ka tšilo ea lijo, li-polysaccharides ha li kotuloe - cleavage ea tsona e etsoa pele.

Likarolo tsa lintho tsena li tjena:

• ho hlobaela (kapa ho se sebetse hantle) ka metsing,
• 'mala o mosehla (kapa ha o na mmala)
• ha li na monko
• hoo e ka bang kaofela ha li na tatso (tse ling li na le tatso e monate).

Melemo ea lik'hemik'hale ea lintho tsena e kenyelletsa hydrolysis, e etsoang ka tšusumetso ea li-catalysts. Sephetho sa karabelo ke ho bola ha motsoako ho likarolo tsa moralo - monosaccharides.

Thepa e 'ngoe ke ho theha lintho tse tsoang teng. Li-polysaccharides li ka sebetsana le asiti.

Lihlahisoa tse entsoeng nakong ea lits'ebetso tsena li fapane haholo. Tsena ke li-acetate, sulfates, esters, phosphates, jj.

Video ea thuto mabapi le mesebetsi le karohano ea lik'habohaedreite:

Lintho tsena li bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e felletseng ea mmele le lisele ka bonngoe. E fa 'mele matla, e nka karolo ho etseng lisele, ho sireletsa litho tsa ka hare ho tsoa tshenyehong le litlamong tse mpe. Li boetse li bapala karolo ea lintho tse bolokiloeng tseo liphoofolo le limela li li hlokang haeba nako e le thata.

Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides ke tsoekere e nang tse peli kapa tse tharo tsoekere e bonolo tlamahantsoe hammoho ke litlamo tse kopaneng tse bitsitsoeng glycoside.

Litlamo tsa Glycoside e ka ba alpha kapa beta.

Mehlala ea li-disk tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa,

1) Maltose (maltose) - e na le limolek'hule tse peli α-glucose tšoaroa hammoho Tlamo ea 1-4-glycosidic. Maltose e ka fumanoa lithakeng tse sebelisoang ho hlahiseng biri.
2) Hlakola - e na le α - tsoekere le α - fructose le 1-2 - tlamo ea glycosidic pakeng tsa bona. Mohlala oa sucrose ke tsoekere ea tafoleng.
3) Lactose (lactose) - e na le α - tsoekere le α - galactose. Lactose hangata e fumanoa lebese.

Polysaccharides

Li-polysaccharides ke li-polymers tsa monosaccharide tse nang le tsona ho tloha ho li-subunits tse makholo a 'maloa ho isa ho tse likete tse' maloae kopantsoeng hammoho ke litlamo tsa glycosidic.

Li-polysaccharides tse ling li entsoe ka liketane tse otlolohileng 'me tse ling li entsoe ka makala. Mehlala e ka sehloohong ea li-polysaccharides ke starch, glycogen, selulose le chitin.

Starch (starch) ke mofuta oa tsoekere e bolokiloeng ke limela 'me e na le li-amyloses le amylopectin e leng li-polymer tsa glucose.

Starch e na le li-monomers tsa glucose, tse hokahantsoeng ke litlamo tsa α 1-4 kapa 1-6 glycosidic. Palo ea 1-4 le ea 1-6 e supa palo ea atom ea khabone ho li monomers eo ba hokahaneng ka eona.

Amylose ke starch e thehiloeng ke liketane tse sa lomosoang tsa li-monomers tsa glucose (ke litlamo tsa α 1-4) feela, ha amylopectin e le polysaccharide e halikiloeng (litlamo tsa α 1-6 libakeng tsa lekala).

Glycogen (glycogen) ke mofuta oa polokelo ea tsoekere ho batho le li-vertebrates tse ling hape e na le li-monomers tsa glucose.

Cellulose Ke polysaccharide ea mantlha ea limela tsohle ebile ke eona karolo e ka sehloohong maboteng a sele.

Cellulose ke polymer e sa angoang glu ea tsoekere e kopanetsoeng ke litlamo tsa glycosidic tse ling.

Li-monomer tse ling le tse ling tsa tsoekere ka seleng ea cellulose li sutumelletsoa fatše ebe li-monomers li kenelletse ka thata ka liketane tse telele tsa polymer. Sena se fa cellulose moriti oa eona le ho teba ha eona, e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa lisele tsa semela.

Le ha tlamo e ka har'a cellulose e ke ke ea senngoa ke li-enzymes tsa batho tse jang lijo, litlama tse kang likhomo, koalas, linare le lipere li khona ho cheka lintho tse nang le limela tse ngata ka fiber le ho li sebelisa e le mohloli oa lijo o sebelisang limela tse ikhethang ka mpeng ea tsona.

Pholoso-e kang selulose e teng ka har'a mokokotlo o thata oa likokoanyana, li-crustaceans.

Polymer ena e tsejoa e le chitin e leng polysaccharide e nang le naetrojene. E na le likarolo tse phetoang tsa N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (tsoekere e fetotsoeng).

Chitin hape ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea marako a lisele tsa fungal. Li-mushroom ha se liphoofolo kapa limela 'me ke' muso o tlasana 'musong oa li -ukukopta.

Lik'habohaedreite, sebopeho sa bona le mesebetsi ea bona.