Lefu la tsoekere le boimana: Litlhahiso tsa kliniki, mekhoa ea kalafo le ea thibelo

Diabetes mellitus (DM) e bua ka sehlopha sa mafu a metabolic a bakoang ke bofokoli ho secretion ea insulin, ts'ebetso ea insulin, kapa motsoako oa lintlha tsena, o tsamaeang le hyperglycemia. Mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la Mofuta oa A. ke lefu la tsoekere le itlamileng ka lebaka la lefu la tsoekere, ke lefu la autoimmune le hlahisoang ke ts'oaetso ea tšoaetso ea vaerase kapa lintho tse ling tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo tikolohong e khahlanong le semelo sa mofuta o itseng oa lefutso. Mefuta e meng ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I, ha ho na bopaki bo kholisang ba tlhaho ea autoimmune mme lefu lena le nkoa e le idiopathic. Lefu la tsoekere la Type I le ka hlaha hape ho batho ba nonneng haholo kapa ba batenya haholo.

Ho ata ha mofuta oa I le mofuta oa tsoekere ea 2 ho basali ba lilemo tsa ho ba le bana ho la Russian Federation ke 0.9-2%. Lefu la tsoekere la pelehi le fumanoa ho 1% ea basali ba baimana, ho 1-5% ea maemo a lefu la tsoekere le hlaha kapa lefu la tsoekere le bonahala.

Ho ea ka World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Diabetes Report ea 2016 2, 16, ka 2014, batho ba baholo ba limilione tse 422 ba tšoeroe ke lefu la tsoekere lefats'eng la lefu la tsoekere, le phahameng ka makhetlo a 4 ho feta data e ts'oanang ho tloha ho 1980 - limilione tse 108. Keketseho ea likotsi tsa lefu la tsoekere e kanna ea e-ba teng ka lebaka la ho nyoloha ha tekano ea botenya kapa botenya, moputso o tlase kapa o bohareng naheng. Ka selemo sa 2012, tsoekere e ngata haholo ea mali ha e bapisoa le tloaelo e bile sesosa sa lefu la limilione tse 2,2, lefu la tsoekere - limilione tse 1.5. DM, ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa eona, e ka lebisa ho otloang ke pelo, ho otloa, ho hlleha ha masapo, ho khaoloa leoto, ho lahleheloa ke pono le tšenyo ea methapo, ho eketsa kotsi ea ho shoa pele ho nako. Ho se lefelletsoe ka botlalo lefu la tsoekere nakong ea kemolo ho eketsa monyetla oa lefu la fetal le nts'etsopele ea mathata a mangata a 2, 16.

Taolo ea "glycemic" ke eona ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e ka bakang mathata a tlhaho ea tlhaho, ho senyeha ha lefu la sethoathoa le lefu la lefu la basali ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II. Liphetho tse nyahamisang ka ho fetisisa ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa.

DM nakong ea kemolo e eketsa kotsi ea ho holofala ka mor'a lefu la tsoekere ho ngoana oa 2, 16. Ho latela American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists le American College of Endocrinology - AACE / ACE (2015), e se e thehiloe. likamano tse atamelaneng pakeng tsa khatello ea tsoekere maling maling a mosali oa moimana le boima ba masea a macha, khafetsa ea macrosomia ea fetus le ho tsamaisoa ke karolo ea cesarean. Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo le Tlhokomelo e Khabane (NICE), buka ea basali ba baimana ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, e tiisa hore leha ho na le keketseho e 'meli ea menyetla ea ho ba le lesea le nang le matšoao a ho senyeha, ts'ebetso ea pelehi ea basali le lefu la tsoekere le tsoalo ea eona e kopane. mme e ka hlahlojoa bocha. Tlaleho ea WHO (2016) e boetse e supa hore lefu la tsoekere le sa laoloeng nakong ea kemolo le ka ba le phello e mpe ho mme le lesea, le eketsa menyetla ea ho lahleheloa ke bokhachane, mathata a amanang le tlhaho ea motho ea tsoaloang, ho hlaha ha masea, ho bolaoa ke lefu la setho sa botšehali, mathata a thibeloang ke bokhachane le lefu la mme. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho utloisisoe ka botlalo hore na ke mefuta efe e rarahaneng ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ea masea kapa ea lefu la sethoathoa e ka amanang le hyperglycemia 2, 16.

Senotlolo sa ho nolofatsa liphetho tsa bokhachane le pelehi bakeng sa 'm'a le lesea li fanoa ho khalemelo ea mathata a metabolic (botenya), phumants'o ea mofuta o mong le o mong oa lefu la tsoekere mellitus, tlhabollo e nepahetseng ea basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere 1, 4, 6, 13, 18. , phihlello ea lipehelo tsa hemoglobin ea glycated (HbA1c), le basali ba nang le kotsi ea lefu la tsoekere ba khothalletsoa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea mamello ea glucose ea 1, 3, 4, 20.

Leha ho le joalo, khafetsa ea likeletso tsa mohopolo ha e phahame. Kahoo, ho ea ka Fernandes R.S.et al. (2012), ke karolo ea 15,5% feela ea basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba rerileng ho ima mme ba e lokiselitse, ho feta moo, ke 64% ea pele e ileng ea botsoa ho libeke tse 10 tsa moimana.

Lingaka tsa lapeng li phehella ho rera ho ima bakeng sa mosali ea nang le lefu la tsoekere, ho kenyelletsang: pelehi e sebetsang pele a qeta tlhahlobo le ho itokisetsa ho ima, ho ikoetlisa sekolong sa lefu la tsoekere, ho tsebisa ka likotsi tse ka hlahelang 'm'a le lesea, ho fumana matšeliso a loketseng a lefu la tsoekere ka likhoeli tse 3-4 pele ho mohopolo (phallo ea plasma glucose / pele ho lijo tse ka tlase ho 6.1 mmol / L, glucose ea 2 ka mor'a ho ja ka tlase ho 7.8 mmol / L, HbA e ka tlase ho 6.0%).

Ho latela likhothaletso tsa Borithane, ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa pele ba rerileng ho ima, boleng ba "glucose" bo ka mpeng ea mali a "capillary" e lokela ho ba ka tlase ho 5-7 mmol / L ka mpeng e se nang letho le 4-7 mmol / L pele ho lijo mots'eare.

Ho fihla joale, ho na le khanyetsano ea bohlokoa ba tlhahlobo ea litekanyetso tse itseng. Kahoo, tumellano ea naha ea Russia ea "Gestationalabetes mellitus: tlhahlobo ea bongaka, kalafo, tlhahlobo ea kamora", e amohetsoeng Russia (2012), e re ha mosali oa moimana a etela ngaka ea bongaka leha e le efe e ikhethang bakeng sa libeke tse 24 tsa moimana (karolo ea pele ea tlhahlobo), ho tlameha E 'ngoe ea lithuto tse latelang e lokela ho etsoa: boikemisetso ba ho itima lijo ka venous plasma glucose kapa glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c.). Tataiso ea tlhahlobo ea liteko ea Clinical ea 2015 AACE / ACE e re ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa mmele ka lebaka la boimana bo ka amang hemoglobin ea glycated, A1C ha ea lokela ho sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea lefu la GDM kapa ho hlaka.

Ho la Russia, basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I ka nako ea pelehi ba khothaletsoa: taolo ea khatello ea mali (BP), ho nka lipehelo ha li sa feteng 130/80 mm Hg. Art., E nang le khatello ea mali ea methapo - ho ts'oaroa ha kalafo ea antihypertensive (ho tlosoa hoa thibelo ea lithibelo tsa ACE ho fihlela phetho ea ts'ebeliso ea thibelo ea bokhachane). Leha ho le joalo, kamora litlhahiso tsa Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Lefu la Tsoekere (2015), ho hlokahala hore u nahane ka 110-129 mm Hg e le matšoao a tšoaeang khatello ea mali ea systolic nakong ea kemolo e rarahaneng ke lefu la tsoekere kapa khatello e matla ea mali. Art., Diastolic - 65-79 mm RT. Art. Leha ho le joalo, maemo a khatello ea mali a tlase a ka amahanngoa le ho holofala ha "fetus". Karolelano ea khatello ea mali ea systolic e ka tlase ho 118 mm Hg. Art. le khatello ea mali ea diastolic - 74 mm RT. Art. ha u hloke ho khethoa ha kalafo ea antihypertensive.

Pele ho ima, ho hlokahala ho khetholla boemo ba TSH le T4 ea mahala, AT ho TPO ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I ka lebaka la kotsi e eketsehang ea lefu la qoqotho, ho nka folic acid (500 mcg ka letsatsi), potasiamo iodide (250 mcg ka letsatsi), kalafo ea retinopathy , nephropathy, ho khaotsa ho tsuba. Ka boemo ba HbA1c bo fetang 7%, nephropathy e matla e nang le serumin e le boemong ba "120 μmol / L", GFR e ka tlase ho 60 ml / min / 1.73 m 2, proturopa ea letsatsi le letsatsi ≥ 3.0 g, khatello ea methapo ea kutlo e sa laoloeng, proliferative retinopathy le maculopathy. pele laser coagulation ea retina, a hlobaetsang le ho mpefatsa ha mafu a sa foleng le a tšoaetsanoang (mohlala, lefuba, pyelonephritis) - ho ima ha ho batlehe.

Ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I, tlhahlobo e nepahetseng e amahanngoa le likotsi tsa ho ba le neuro-, nephro-, retinopathy, jj nako e telele pele ho ima.

Mohlala, menyetla ea ho ba le lefu la tsoekere le lefu la tsoekere ka ntle ho bokhachane e phahame haholo hoo AACE / ACE (2015) ho bakuli ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 30 kamora tlhahlobo ea pele ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I le mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la II le bakuli ba lilemo tse kaholimo ho tse 30 ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I. boemo ba plasma creatinine, glomerular filtration rate le albin ka moroto bakeng sa tlhahlobo e nakong le ho hlokomela sethala sa lefu la tsoekere le tsoekere.

Ha motho a qala ho ima, ho bohlokoa ho latela litekanyetso tse itseng tsa tloaelo ea glycemic. Mohlala, UK, pejana, ho litlhahiso tsa Nice, sepheo sa tsoekere e potlakileng se ile sa nkuoa e le litekanyetso lipakeng tsa 3.5 - 5.9 mmol / L, tseo ka selemo sa 2015 li ileng tsa ntlafatsoa mme tsa ba le mpa e se nang letho - ka tlase ho 5.3 mmol / L (4-5.2 mmol / L maemong a kalafo ea insulin) , Hora e le 'ngoe ka mor'a lijo - 7.8 mmol / L.

Ho litlhahiso tsa malapeng bakeng la lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I, maemo a glycemic a lebisitsoeng a tjena: litekanyetso tsa tsoekere ea plasma li lokela ho ba ka mpeng e senang metsi / pele ho lijo / ka nako ea ho robala / lihora tse 3 tse ka tlase ho 5.1 mmol / l, hora e le 1 kamora ho ja ka tlase ho 7.0 mmol / l, boleng ba HbA1c ha ea lokela ho feta 6,0%.

Ho National Guide "Obstetrics" (2014), mekhoa ea ho fumana matšeliso a loketseng bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere nakong ea boimana ke: ho itima lijo glycemia 3.5-5,5 mmol / l, kamora lijo tsa glycemia 5.0-7.8 mmol / l, hemoglobin e ka tlase ho 6, 5%, e lokelang ho khethoa ka nako eohle ea kemaro.

Matšoenyeho a amanang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I nakong ea kemolo le ona a amahanngoa le likotsi tsa ho ba le hypoglycemia ho trimester ea pele ea boimana. Hypoglycemia e ka baka ho hema kahare ho intrauterine.

Litataiso tsa tliliniki bakeng sa taolo ea bokhachane ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mefuta e fapaneng ea 3, 4, 7-11, 15, 20, 24, 25 li ntlafatsoa khafetsa lefatšeng ka selemo sa 2015, mekhoa ea thibelo, tlhahlobo le kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere e ile ea hlahlojoa hape Russia Algorithms bakeng sa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ea bongaka bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere. " Ho ile ha hlakisoa hore moimana o hlahileng khahlanong le semelo sa lefu la tsoekere o amahanngoa le likotsi tse tsebahalang bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba botona (ho eketseha ha mathata a methapo (retinopathy, nephropathy, lefu la pelo), nts'etsopele ea hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, mathata a bokhachane (preeclampsia, ts'oaetso, polyhydramnios), joalo joalo. le fetus (lefu le phahameng la lefu la sethoathoa, ho senyeha hoa tlhaho, mathata a amanang le bokhachane). Ho ngoana ea tsoetsoeng ke 'm'a ea nang le lefu la tsoekere, kotsi ea ho ba le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa nakong ea bophelo bo latelang ke 2%. Hoa hlokomeleha hape hore maemong a lefu la tsoekere la ntate ho ntate, kotsi ena ea ngoana e ka fihla kotsing ea 6%, boteng ba mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere ho batsoali ka bobeli - 30-31%.

DM e ka lebisa ho lefu la tsoekere la fetopathy (DF). DF e ka ba ea mefuta e 'meli. Mofuta oa pele ke hypotrophic, accounting ea "1/3 ea DF kaofela, ke litholoana tsa angiopathy, hyalinosis ea likepe tse nyane tsa placenta le lijana tsa" fetus ", ka lebaka la hore lefu la bokhachane la setho sa botšehali, ho khutla ha" fetus ", bofokoli ba nts'etsopele li ka ba teng. Mofuta oa bobeli oa DF ke hypertrophic; e ba teng ho basali baimana ba nang le hyperglycemia e sa sebetseng, ka lebaka la mathata a methapo. Macrosomia e tsamaisana le ho se sireletsehe ho matla ha lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa. DF ho masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa ke sesosa sa ho ikamahanya le maemo ha pele.

Ho latela likhothaletso tsa Borithane ho tloha ka 2015, nako ea pelehi ea basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la II le II e ka fihla ho tloha libeke tse 37 + ho isa ho tse 38 + tse 6, ka GDM - e ka fetisoa ho fihla ho libeke tse 40 + tse 6 ho sa hlokahale mathata. Litsebi tsa kelello tsa Russia li lumela hore nako ea pelehi e nepahetseng ke libeke tse 38 ho isa ho 40, mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho pepa o tsamaisoa ka kotloloho ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ka tlhahlobo ea glycemia le eona kamora ho pepa. National Guide "Obstetrics" (2015) e re bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa lefu la tsoekere, nako e loketseng ea pelehi ea bokhachane ke libeke tse 37-38 tsa moimana, 'me ho khethoa ho tsoaloa ha ngoana ho etsoa ka mohala oa tlhaho oa tlhaho.

Basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba hloka mekhoa e khethehileng ka mor'a ho pepa. Tlhahlobo ea postpartum (boikemisetso ba ho potlakisa glucose ea mali eseng GTT) ho basali ba nang le GDM le eona e lokela ho etsoa libekeng tse 6 ho isa ho 1313 kamora ho pepa. Ka mora nako e tlang, ho khothaletsoa tlhaloso ea HbA1c NICE, 2015. Ho fapana le likhothaletso tsa 2008, basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la II ba khothaletsoa, ​​ho sa ba le mathata, ho tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ka tlhahiso ea basebetsi kapa karolo ea cesarean haeba ho bonts'itsoe.

Litsebi tsa endocrin tsa Russia li hlokomelisa hore ho tloha ka letsatsi la pele kamora ho hlaha (kamora ho hlaha) ho na le phokotseho e kholo ea tlhoko ea insulin, e hlokang ho khethoa ha motho ka mong litekanyetso tsa hae (ka 50% kapa ho feta), tse ka lumellanang le litekanyetso tse sebelisitsoeng pele ho kemaro. Tekanyo e phahameng ea lactation e amahanngoa le ho fokotseha ha tsoekere e potlakileng le ho fokotseha ha litekanyetso tsa insulin libekeng tse 6-9 tsa nako ea kamora ho phahama, ntlafatso ea kutloelo ea insulin. Lactation e ka ba le litlamorao tse ntle ho tsoekere ea glucose le kutloisiso ea insulin, e ka fokotsang kotsi ea lefu la tsoekere kamora ho ima ha GDM (ERICA P. GUNDERSON, 2012, American Diabetes Association, 2015) 6, 17. Boteng ba lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I, lactation e kanna ea tsamaea le hypoglycemia ea ka morao ho moo. seo mosali ka boeena a lokelang ho tsebisoa ka sona, le glycemia e lokela ho betoa leihlo.

Ka 1995, Chew E.Y. le mohala o ile a lebisa tlhokomelo ho taba ea hore taolo e potlakileng ea taolo ea glycemic e ka lebisa ho senyeha boemong ba retinopathy. Ho ima ke ntho e netefalitsoeng e ka bakang ho eketseha ha retinopathy, ka hona, tlhahlobo ea ophthalmological ea mosali ea nang le lefu la tsoekere e lokela ho etsoa khafetsa nakong ea kemolo le nakong ea selemo se le seng kamora ho pepa.

Kamora ho beleha, kemolo e bontšoa bonyane lilemo tse 1.5. Thibelo ea thibelo ea bokhachane e bontšoa ho basali ba etsang thobalano ba lilemo tsa ho ba le bana ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba sebelisang lithethefatsi ka likotsi tse ka bang teraticgen (li-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, li-statins, jj.). Karolo ea bohlokoa e fanoa mehatong ea thuto ho thibela bokhachane bo sa batleheng boteng ba lefu la tsoekere ho bacha le batho ba baholo. Khetho ea thibelo ea bokhachane e itšetlehile ka se ratoang ke mosali le ho ba teng ha litlolo tsa molao. Ho latela litlhahiso tsa 2015 Nice, basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba ka sebelisa lithibela-pelehi tsa molomo.

Kahoo, lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa I le hloka hore lingaka tsa mafu a basali le lingaka tsa mafu a basali, li-endocrinologists le neonatologists li ntlafatse thuto ea tsona khafetsa, li hlahise mekhoa e mecha ea thibelo, tlhahlobo le kalafo ea mathata a bakoang ke lefu la tsoekere hammoho le boimana.

Tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo

Hangata, lefu la tsoekere le nkoang le fumanoa feela halofong ea bobeli ea boimana. Ho feta moo, boemo bona bo nyamela ka botlalo ka mor'a hore ngoana a hlahe.

Mosali a ka emola ngoana, ha a ntse a e-na le tlolo ea molao ea carbohydrate metabolism. Joale u lokela ho etsa eng ka mor'a ho fumana khatello e phahameng ea tsoekere?

Leha ho le joalo, sepheo sa kalafo se tšoana - ho boloka karolo ea tsoekere ka tekanyo e tloaelehileng. Sena se tla u lumella ho tsoala lesea le phetseng hantle. U ka tseba joang kotsi ea batho ba etsang thobalano le lefu la tsoekere ho fumana lefu la tsoekere? Psychology ena e ka ferekanya tsela ea kemaro.

Leha a le mothating oa ho itokisetsa tsoalo ea ngoana ea e-song ho hlahe, mosali ka boeena a ka hlahloba tekanyo ea kotsi ea lefu la tsoekere:

  1. ho ba teng ha liponto tse eketsehileng kapa botenya (ngoanana e mong le e mong a ka khona ho bala index ea boima ba 'mele oa hae),
  2. boima ba mmele bo hodile haholo kamora ho tsofala,
  3. mosali ea fetang lilemo tse mashome a mararo
  4. nakong ea bokhachane bo fetileng ho bile le lefu la tsoekere. Lingaka li fumane tsoekere e ngata moriting. Ka lebaka lena, ho hlahile ngoana e moholo haholo.
  5. ho na le beng ka motho ea nang le mathata a tebileng a metabolism ea carbohydrate,
  6. polycystic ovary syndrome.

Lefu la lefu la tsoekere le fumanoa joang? Basali bohle ho tloha bekeng ea 23 ho ea ho ea 30 ea boimana ba fuoa tlhahlobo e khethehileng ea mamello ea glucose. Ho feta moo, nakong ea eona, tsoekere e lekantsoe eseng feela ka mpeng e se nang letho le ka mor'a lihora tse 'maloa, empa le metsotso e meng e 50 kamora ho ja.

Sena ke sona se re lumellang ho khetholla boteng ba mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere ho buuoang ka lona. Haeba ho hlokahala, ngaka e fana ka litlhahiso tse itseng mabapi le kalafo.

Tlhaloso ea tlhahlobo ea mamello ea glucose ea molomo ho bona lefu leo ​​ho buuoang ka lona:

  1. ka mpeng e se nang letho, boemo ba tsoekere bo lokela ho ba ho fihla ho 5 mmol / l,
  2. kamora hora e le 'ngoe - ka tlase ho 9mmol / l,
  3. kamora lihora tse peli - ka tlase ho 7 mmol / l.

Ho basali ba boemong bo khahlisang, khatello ea tsoekere 'meleng ka mpeng e se nang letho e lokela ho ba e tloaelehileng. Ka lebaka lena, tlhahlobo e entsoeng ka mpeng e se nang letho ha e ea nepahala ebile e fosahetse.

Lefu la tsoekere nakong ea kemolo

Lefu la tsoekere nakong ea kemolo ke sehlopha sa mafu a metabolic a khetholloang ke hyperglycemia e hlahisoang ke bofokoli ho secretion ea insulin, ketso ea insulin, kapa ka bobeli. Hyperglycemia e sa foleng ea lefu la tsoekere e lebisa ho hloloheng le kholo ea ho haella ha litho tse fapaneng, haholo mahlo, liphio, methapo ea methapo le pelo.

Litataiso tsa tliliniki bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere

Li fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo le kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere. Haeba mosali ea boemong bo fumanoeng a tšoeroe ke lefu lena, joale o fuoa lijo tse khethehileng, ho ikoetlisa ka ho lekaneng 'me o eletsoa hore a lekanye tsoekere ea hae ea mali makhetlo a' maloa letsatsi le leng le le leng.

Tse latelang ke litekanyetso tsa boleng ba "glucose glucose" bo hlokang ho lokisoa nakong ea boitšisinyo:

  1. ho se na letho ka mpeng - 2,7 - 5 mmol / l,
  2. hora e le 'ngoe ka mor'a lijo - ka tlase ho 7.6 mmol / l,
  3. Kamora lihora tse peli - 6.4 mmol / l,
  4. pele u robala - 6 mmol / l,
  5. nakong ea ho tloha ka 02:00 ho isa ho 06:00 - 3.2 - 6.3 mmol / l.

Haeba phepo e nepahetseng le boikoetliso bo sa thusa ho khutlisa boemo ba tsoekere bo tloaelehileng, joale mosali ea boemong bo khahlisang o fuoa ente ea ente ea maqhubu a pancreatic. Re lokela ho khetha mofuta oa kalafo joang - ke ngaka feela e etsang qeto.

Epidemiology

Ho latela mehloli e fapaneng, ho tloha ho 1 ho isa ho 14% ea baimana bohle (ho latela palo ea batho ba ithutileng le mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea mafu e sebelisitsoeng) ba thatafalloa ke lefu la tsoekere.

Keketseho ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1 le mofuta oa 2 ho basali ba lilemo tsa ho ba le bana ke 2%, ho 1% eaimana tsohle tseo mosali a neng a e-na le lefu la tsoekere pele ho tsona, ka 4,5% ea lefu la tsoekere le amanang le lefu la tsoekere le kenyeletsang 5% ea lefu la tsoekere le amanang le lefu la tsoekere. lefu la tsoekere.

Lisosa tsa ho hlobaela ha lesea ka ho feteletseng ke macrosomia, hypoglycemia, malformations ea tlhaho, lefu la ho hloleha ho phefumoloha, hyperbilirubinemia, hypocalcemia, polycythemia, hypomagnesemia. Se latelang ke karohano ea P. White, e tšoaeang monyetla oa lipalo (p,%) oa ho ba le ngoana ea phetseng hantle, ho latela nako le mathata a lefu la tsoekere la bo-mme.

  • Sehlopha sa A. Mamello ea tsoekere e senyehileng le ho ba sieo ha mathata - p = 100,
  • Class B. Nako ea lefu la tsoekere e ka tlase ho lilemo tse 10, e hlahile ho feta lilemo tse 20, ha ho mathata a methapo - p = 67,
  • Class C. Nako ea ho tloha ho 10 ho fihlela Schlet, e hlahile ka lilemo tse 10-19, ha ho na mathata a methapo - p = 48,
  • Class D. Nako ea lilemo tse fetang 20, e etsahetse ho fihlela lilemo tse 10, retinopathy kapa calcification ea lijana tsa maoto - p = 32,
  • Phapanyetsano E. Palo ea likepe tsa pelvis - p = 13,
  • Class F. Nephropathy - p = 3.

Phekolo ea lithethefatsi ea lefu la tsoekere la basali ho basali ba baimana

Ha bokhachane bo etsahala ha u ntse u nka Metformin kapa Glibenclamide, hoa khoneha ho lelefatsa lesea.

Lithethefatsi tse ling tsohle tse etselitsoeng ho fokotsa tsoekere li lokela ho emisoa kapa ho nkeloa insulin.

Boemong bona, ho bohlokoa ho nka feela "pancreatic hormone" ea tlhaho ea maiketsetso. E ntse e lumelletsoe ho sebelisa litokisetso tsa insulin tsa motho tsa nako e khuts'oane le e bohareng, li-insulin tse khutšoane le tse telele tse khothatsang ke ngaka.

Lithethefatsi tse nepahetseng tse theolelang tsoekere

Meriana e theolang tsoekere e etselitsoeng ho tsamaisa molomo ha ea lumelloa ho sebelisoa nakong ea kemaro.Basali ba maemong ba lokela ho fetisetsoa kalafo ea insulin.

Ho tsoekere ea mofuta ona, insulin ke eona ntho e 'mala oa khauta. Hormone ea pancreatic e thusa ho boloka glycemia e le boemong bo amohelehang.

Bohlokoa haholo: insulin ha e khone ho feta ka placenta. Ho tsoekere, e le molao, "insulin" e ka sehloohong e qhibiliha, e nka nakoana.

E ka kgothaletswa bakeng sa tsamaiso e pheta-phetoang, hammoho le ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele. Basali ba bangata ba maemong ba tšaba ho lemalla li-hormone. Empa ha ho motho ea lokelang ho tšaba sena, hobane polelo ena ha e na bonnete.

Kamora nako ea khatello ea "pancreatic" e fela, 'me' mele o boetse o fumana matla, insulin ea motho e tla qala ho hlahisoa hape.

Pheko ea kalafo

Phepo e nepahetseng ea lefu la tsoekere la boi gestational e tjena:

  1. o hloka ho ja makhetlo a tšeletseng ka letsatsi. Lijo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi li lokela ho ba le lijo tse tharo tse ka sehloohong le lino tse peli,
  2. ho hlokahala hore o tlohele ka ho felletseng tšebeliso ea lik'habohaedreite tse bobebe. Tsena li kenyeletsa liswiti, thepa e bakiloeng le litapole,
  3. Etsa bonnete ba hore u lekanya boemo ba hau ba tsoekere hangata kamoo ho ka khonehang ka glucometer. Ha e utloise bohloko ka botlalo. Sena se tlameha ho etsoa metsotso e mashome a tšeletseng ka mor'a lijo tse ling le tse ling.
  4. menu ea hau ea letsatsi le letsatsi e lokela ho ba le halofo ea lik'habohaedreite, karolo ea boraro ea lipids tse phetseng hantle le kotara ea protheine,
  5. Boleng ba matla ba lijo li baloa ho bonyane 35 kcal ka kilogram ea boima ba hau bo loketseng.

Ho ikoetlisa

Mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho thibela lefu la tsoekere ke ho ikoetlisa ka ho lekaneng. Joalokaha u tseba, ho bapala lipapali haholo ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho fokola.

Empa basali ba sa khaotseng ho ikoetlisa ha ba ntse ba e-na le ngoana, ba ka nka karolo ea boraro ea menyetla ea lefu la tsoekere.

Litlhare tsa setso

Moriana o mong o tla thusa ho fokotsa metabolism le ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea insulin.

Mona ke mekhoa e meng e metle:

  1. Pele, o hloka ho tšela linoko tse ncha ho grater e ntle. U lokela ho fumana likhaba tse tharo tsa boroko bona. Motso oa parsley o halikiloeng le konofolo e halikiloeng e lokela ho eketsoa mona. Motsoako o hlahisoang o tlameha ho ts'oaroa beke e le 'ngoe. Hoa hlokahala ho e sebelisa ka khaba ea sopho makhetlo a mararo ka letsatsi. Sesebelisoa se sireletsehile haholo bakeng sa basali ba nang le ngoana,
  2. O ka etsa lero la kamehla ho tsoa ho meroho efe kapa efe e ncha. E khotsofatsa 'mele ka lintho tse ngata tse thusang le liminerale, hape e phahamisa tlhahiso ea insulin ke manyeme.

Matšoao a ho ntša mpa

Matšoao a ho ntša mpa a kenyeletsa:

  1. mathata a hlahang le a kotsi a methapo ea pelo le pelo,
  2. lefu la tsoekere,
  3. lefu la tsoekere le kopaneng le Rh factor,
  4. lefu la tsoekere ho ntate le mme,
  5. lefu la tsoekere le kopaneng le ischemia.

Livideo tse amanang

Mabapi le mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea ho sibolla le ho phekola lefu la tsoekere ka video:

Haeba u ne u e-na le lefu la tsoekere nakong ea boimana, mme kamora ho hlaha ha ngoana o ile a nyamela, ha oa lokela ho phomola. Ho ntse ho na le monyetla oa hore o tla fumanoa ke lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 kamora nako.

Ho ka etsahala hore o na le insulin - ho se utloisisehe hantle ha lihormone tsa manyeme. Ha e le maemong a tloaelehileng, ts'ebetso ena e sa sebetse hantle. Mme nakong ea kemolo, moroalo ho eena o ba kholo le ho feta. Ka lebaka lena, o khaotsa ho hlahisa insulin e lekaneng.

  • E tsitsisa maemo a tsoekere nako e telele
  • E khutlisa tlhahiso ea insulin ea "pancreatic"

Ithute haholoanyane. Eseng lithethefatsi. ->

Moscow 2019

Lengolo la tlhaiso-leseling le etselitsoe lingaka tsa thibelo ea bokhachane-gynecologists, lingaka tsa ultrasound le lingaka tse akaretsang.Lengolo le fana ka malebela a ho tsamaisa le ho pepa ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la boikoetliso (GDM) nakong eohle ea boimana le kamora ho pepa. E 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa lengolo le fanoa ho mokhoa oa tlhahlobo ea ultrasound ea lefu la tsoekere le boikemisetso ba kholo ea "fetus" ka har'a trimester ea II-III ho latela tlhahlobo ea tekano ea fetal le qeto ea matšoao a visceral a lefu la tsoekere.

Lengolo lena le sebeletsa e le tataiso ea mekhoa ea tsamaiso ea GDM, e nang le "lisebelisoa" tsa ho lekola boleng ba tlhokomelo ea bongaka bakeng sa basali ba baimana ba nang le GDM.

Sebopeho sa sehlopha se sebetsang

Rasaense ea Hlomphehang oa Rephabliki ea Russia, Moprofesa oa Setsi sa Mahlale sa Russia, Moprofesa, Ngaka ea Saense ea Bongaka V. Radzinsky

Setsebi sa Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Russia, Moprofesa V.I. Krasnopolsky, Ngaka ea Saense ea Bongaka, Moprofesa V.A. Petrukhin

Ngaka ea saense ea bongaka Startseva N.M. Doct. mahe a linotsi mahlale V.M. Guryeva, F.F. Burumkulova, M.A. Chechneva, prof. S.R.Mravyan, T.S. Budykina.

Ngaka ea hlooho ea Sepetlele sa Clinical No. 29 e reheletsoe ka N.E. Bauman, Motlatsi oa Saense ea Bongaka, O. Papysheva, Motlatsi oa Tonakholo ea Thibelo ea Thibelo ea Thibelo ea Mmetso le Sepetlele, Sepetlele sa Clinical No. 29 Esipova L.N.

Motlatsi oa Ngaka ea Sehloohong 1 Sepetlele sa bongaka se bitsoang N.I. Pirogov ho li-Obstetrics le Gynecology, Moqapi oa Science Science Oleneva M.A.

Hlooho ea Lefapha la bo6 la Pregnancy Pathology, Sepetlele sa Clinical City №29 Lukanovskaya OB

Lebaka la Obstetrician-gynecologist. mahe a linotsi Mahlale Kotaysh G.A.

Moqhekelli oa Science Science T.S. Kovalenko, S.N. Lysenko, T.V. Rebrova, Ph.D. E.V. Magilevskaya, M.V. Kapustina, Ngaka ea Fisiks. - Mat.Science Yu.B. Kotov.

Gestationalabetes mellitus (GDM) ke bothata bo atileng haholo ba basali ba baimana, e leng seo hangata e bang ngaka ea pele ea mafu a basali. Ho ata ha eona ke 4-25% ea palo eohle ea baimana.

Karolo ea bohlokoa ea GDM ke ho ba sieo ho felletseng ha matšoao a kliniki, e lebisang 'neteng ea hore tlhahlobo ea eona e etsoa ka sekhahla se tebileng kapa che. Liphetoho tse bonts'itsoeng tsa metabolic 'meleng oa basali baimana ba sa phekoloeng le / kapa e sa phekoloeng hantle GDM li lebisa ho mathata a mangata a ho ima, ho beleha bana le ho hlohlona ho phahameng ha masea. Ntlheng ena, ho tloha ka 2013 Russia, ho latela likhothaletso tsa bongaka tsa Lefapha la Bophelo la Russia Federation 15-4 / 10 / 2-9478 ea la 12/17/2013, ho fanoa ka tlhaiso-leseling ea basali bohle baimana ho khetholla lefu la tsoekere la lefu la sethoathoa, leha ho le joalo, likarolo tsa thibelo le ho tsamaisa bakuli ba joalo ha li koaetsoe ka ho lekana ho bona .

Gestational lefu la tsoekere mellitus (GDM) ke lefu, e tšoauoa ka hyperglycemia, e fumanoeng pele nakong ea kemaro, empa e sa fihlelle litekanyetso tsa "lefu la tsoekere" la "tsoekere".

Lintho tse etselitsoeng ke 'mele oa mosali ea thibelang basali gynecologist ho tsebahatsa GDM:

Maemong a tlhahlobo ea GDM ho trimester ea 1, ho fanoa ka lijo ntle le lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse bonolo (Sehlomathiso 1) le ho itlhahloba ka glycemia, ho boloka tlaleho ea ho itlhahloba ha glycemia.

· Keletso e khethehileng e tsoang ho setsebi sa endocrinologist ea ho theha lefu la GDM le / kapa ho hlahloba tlhahlobo ea tsoekere ea glucose ha e hlokehe.

Ho itlhahloba glycemia le ho boloka diary e ntse e tsoela pele ho fihlela e tsamaisoa.

· Lipheo tsa ho itlhahloba

Sephetho sa Plasma Calibrated

Hora e le 'ngoe ka mor'a lijo

'Mele oa ketone oa urine

· Haeba lefu la tsoekere le hlahile hang-hango ea ho endocrinologist ho hlakisa mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere le ho fana ka kalafo. Nakong e tlang, taolo ea basali ba joalo ba bakhachane e etsoa ke ngaka ea bokhachane hammoho le ngaka ea methapo ea kutlo.

· Ha a fana ka kalafo ea insulin, mosali oa moimana o tsamaisoa hammoho ke lingaka le lingaka tse sebetsanang le mafu a basali. Ho kenella sepetlele sepetlele bakeng sa tšoaetso ea GDM kapa ho qala ha kalafo ea insulin ha ho hlokahale mme ho latela feela ho ba teng ha mathata a thibeloang.

Phapang e ngata ea lingaka tse thibeloang ke ngaka:

Thutong ea pele - bonyane nako e le 'ngoe ho libeke tse 4, ka makhetlo a 1 ho libeke tse 3, kamora libeke tse 28 - bonyane nako e le ngoe ho libeke tse 2, kamora libeke tse 32 - bonyane nako e le ngoe ka matsatsi a 7- 7 (bakeng sa ho shebella nts'etsopele ea mathata a thibeloang ".

Ho etsa tlhahlobo ea ultrasound, sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo ea ultrasound se hlokahala se na le sensor e tloaelehileng ea convex e sebelisetsoang lithuto tsa maqhubu ka frequency ea 3.5 MHz. Liphetho tsa Optimum li fihlelloa ha ho hlahlojoa sesebelisoa sa sehlopha sa maemo a holimo kapa sa litsebi se nang le sensor frequency convex ea 2-6 MHz kapa sensor ea 2-8 MHz.

· "Fetal macrosomy" - ho fetisa 90% ea boima ba "fetal" ka nako e behiloeng. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea macrosomia:

· Mofuta oa symmetric oa macrosomia - molaotheo, o ikemiselitsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, ha o khethoe ke boemo ba glycemia ea basali mme o tšoaetsoa ke keketseho e lekanang ea matšoao ohle a fetometric.

· Mofuta oa asymmetric oa macrosomia o bonoa ho lefu la tsoekere. Ho na le keketseho ea boholo ba mpa ea mpa ka nako e fetang karolo ea 90 ea nako ea boikoetliso bo nang le matšoao a tloaelehileng a boholo ba hlooho le bolelele ba lere.

· Ho habanya hlooho habeli

· Bokhonthe ba mafura a bonolo a molala> 0.32 cm

· Ho fokola ha mafura a sefubeng le mpeng> 0.5 cm.

Ho tloha libekeng tse 26 bonyane nako e le 'ngoe libekeng tse 4, ho tloha libeke tse 34 bonyane nako e le' ngoe libekeng tse 2, ho tloha libekeng tse 37 - bonyane nako e le ngoe ka matsatsi a 7 kapa hangata joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe.

basali ba baimana ba nang le GDM ba etsoa ho latela matšoao a thibelo ea bokhachane maemong a 2-3, mme bakeng sa ho fana ka kalafo ea insulin, ho kena sepetlele ho etsoa sepetleleng se ikhethileng kapa lefapheng la thibelo ea tlhokomelo le hlokometsoeng ke endocrinologist.

Ho hlokomela khatello ea mali

· E etsoa ntle ho mabaka le ka thuso ea bukana ea ho itlhahloba ha khatello ea mali (tekanyo e ikemetseng ea khatello ea mali ke mokuli makhetlo a 2 ka letsatsi), e lateloe ke tlhahiso ho ngaka ho ketelo. Maemong moo tekanyo e fetang 1/3 ea tekanyo eohle ea ho itlhahloba khatello ea mali e fetang 130/80 mm Hg, ho hlokahala kalafo ea antihypertensive.

· Ho ea ka lipontšo, khatello ea mali e hlahlojoa letsatsi le leng le le leng (likarolo tsa keketseho ea khatello ea mali motheong oa nako, keketseho ea khatello ea mali ho latela lethathamo la boits'oaro ba khatello ea mali, ponahalo ea proteinuria, edema, kapa preeclampia e nang le nalane ea pele.

Taolo ea boima ba 'mele

Ho lekola boima ba 'mele ho etsoa beke le beke. Phaello e sebetsang e bonts'itsoe ho Sehlomathiso sa 2.

Ho lokisa boima ba 'mele bo eketsehileng, ho lokela ho khothaletsoa ho fokotseha hoa lijo tsa khalori ea letsatsi le leng le le leng (ho fokotseha ha lijo tse jeoang, ho qheleloa ka lijo tse nang le khalori e ngata lijong, jj.) Le keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea makoloi. Basali baimana ba lokela ho latela litlhahiso tsa ho ja bakeng sa ho nona ka boima ba 'mele khafetsa.

Bakhachane ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ha baa lokela ho fuoa matsatsi a ho itima lijo!

moimana o rarahaneng ke GDM, ho bohlokoa hobane e ntlafatsa matšeliso a lefu la tsoekere, e thibela phaello ea boima ba methapo, e fokotsa macrosomia ea lesea le khafetsa ho pepeseha ha mpa, 6, 7. Mefuta e khothalelitsoeng ea mojaro, bophahamo ba mosebetsi, boholo ba eona, mefuta ea tšebetso le li-contraindication li bontšitsoe Sehlomathisong 3 .

Ø Basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba hlahileng nakong ea pele ea lefutso ba lebeletsoe ho etsa tlhahlobo ea pele ea bokhachane ka libeke tse 11-14 tsa ho emara, hobane hyperglycemia e ka ba le phello e kholo ea pele ho pelehi le litheko tsa pele tsa boimana. Khafetsa ea liphoso ho basali ba joalo e phahame makhetlo a 2-3 ho feta bongata.

Ø Lithethefatsi tse fokotsang tsoekere ka molomo nakong ea bokhachane le nakong ea kanyeso ha lia lumelloa ho la Russian Federation

Phekolo ea mathata a amanang le bokhachane

· Phekolo ea ts'okelo ea ho emisa bokhachane ka nako efe kapa efe e etsoa ho latela merero e amoheloang ka kakaretso. Ts'ebeliso ea li-gestagens tsoekere ha e tšoaetsoe. Ho ea ka lipontšo, thibelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ea lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa e etsoa ho latela merero e amoheloang ka kakaretso. Khahlano le semelo sa kalafo ea corticosteroid, ho eketseha ha nakoana ea glycemia ho ka khoneha, e leng se hlokang ho itlhahloba ka hloko mme maemong a mang, tokiso ea insulin.

· Phekolo ea khatello ea methapo ea methapo ea lefu la genesis ho GDM, lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang lipakeng (methyldopa), lihanyetsi tsa khalsiamo (nifedipine, amlodipine, jj.) Ho sebelisoa beta-blockers. Li-inhibitors tsa angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin-II receptor blockers, alkaloids ea rauwolfia ha e ea ngoloa.

Ho kenella lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo (GAG) kapa preeclampsia ho hloka kalafo sepetleleng sa bakhachane. Phekolo e etsoa ho latela merero e amoheloang ka kakaretso.

· Haeba matšoao a nang le phallo ea tsoekere ea fetopathy ea lefu la tsoekere le polyhydramnios a fumanoa maemong ao ho 'ona ho sa fumanoeng tlhahlobo ea tsoekere ea molomo ka nako ea tlhahlobo, ho hlahlojoa glucose e se nang letho ea mali. Haeba letšoao lena >5.1 mmol / l, ho bohlokoa ho fana ka mokhoa oa ho ja le ho itaola oa glycemia, hammoho le tšebeliso ea maano a taolo bakeng sa basali ba baimana ba nang le GDM.

Ho sibolloa ha lefu la tsoekere le lefu la tsoekere kapa polyhydramnios ka tlhahlobo ea ultrasound ke sesupo sa ho khethoa ha insulin kalafoesita le glycemia e tloaelehilengho latela lengolo la boitšoaro. Ho fana ka kalafo ea insulin, mosali oa moimana hang-hang o ea ho endocrinologist.

Tsamaiso ea basali baimana ba nang le GDM ea hlokahala

Mekhoa e fapaneng ea litloaelo (ngaka ea maiketsetso-gynecologist, ngaka e akaretsang / endocrinologist / ngaka e akaretsang)

Gonecologist e lokela ho fa setsebi sa endocrinologist leseli mabapi le sebopeho sa macopomia / lefu la tsoekere ka popelong

Ho tlisoa ha basali baimana ba nang le GDM

Bakhachane ba nang le GDM, sejo se lefelletsoeng, 'me ha ho na le mathata a thibeloang bokhachane ba hlaha sepetleleng sa maemo a mahareng sa maemo a 2, ka kalafo ea insulin kapa mathata a amanang le sepetlele sepetleleng sa maemo a mahareng.

Matsatsi a kamohelo ea sepetlele ea bakuli ba nang le GDM bakeng sa ho beleha a beoa ka bonngoe ho latela boteng ba mathata a thibeloang, mabaka a kotsi.

Basali baimana ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la tlhaho, lijo tse tlatsitsoeng le ho ba teng ha mathata a bakhachane ba kenngoa sepetlele pele ho libeke tse 40 kapa pele ba beleha.

· Ka GDM mabapi le kalafo ea insulin, ho ba sieo ha mathata a thibelo, ntle le matšoao a lefu la tsoekere le metabolism e laoloang hantle ea carbohydrate - sepetlele sa boimana ha se kamora libeke tse 39 tsa kemaro.

Boteng ba macrosomia le / kapa lefu la tsoekere, polyhydramnios, sepetlele se reriloeng ha ho fela libeke tse 37.

Lipehelo le mekhoa ea nehelano.

GDM ka boeona ha se sesupo sa karolo ea Caesarean le pelehi ea pelehi. Ho ba teng ha lefu la tsoekere le lefu la tsoekere ha se ponts'o ea pelehi le pelehi le boemo bo khotsofatsang ba 'm'a le lesea.

Ho tlisoa ha basali ba bakhachane ba nang le lefu la tsoekere.

Lefu la tsoekere la botšehali ha se pontšo ea ho tsamaisoa ke karolo ea caesarean (CS).

Mokhoa oa ho pepisa o khethoa ho ipapisitse le maemo a thibelo ho mosali e mong le e mong oa moimana ka bonngoe.

Matšoao a karolo ea cesarean ho GDM ka kakaretso a amoheloa maemong a thibelo. Haeba fetus e boletse matšoao a lefu la tsoekere ho thibela likotsi tsa tsoalo (dystocia ea mahetla), ho bohlokoa ho holisa matšoao a CS maemong a mang (boima bo lekanyelitsoeng ba mpa bo fetang 4000 g).

Lipehelo tsa karolo ea cesarean e reriloeng bakeng sa GDM li hlahisoa ka bonngoe, ka boemo bo khotsofatsang ba 'm'a le lesea, puseletso ea lefu la tsoekere le ho se be teng ha makhopho a makhopho a lefu la tsoekere, mathata a thibeloang ke bokhachane, ho lelefatsa nako ea ho ima ho fihlela libeke tse 39 ho ea 40 ho ka khoneha.

Boteng ba macopomia / lefu la tsoekere, ho lelefatsa nako ea libeke tse fetang 38- 39 ho fosahetse.

Ka GDM e lefelletsoeng hantle, ho se be teng ha mathata a ho pepa le ho pepa, boemo bo khotsofatsang ba 'm'a le lesea, kholo ea ts'ebetso ea setho sa botšehali e nepahetse. Ha e le sieo, hoa khoneha ho lelefatsa nako ea libeke tse 40 bakeng sa matsatsi a 5, ebe ho lateloa ke ho kenyelletsa basebetsi ho latela protocol e amoheloang ka kakaretso.

Likarolo tsa botsamaisi ba basebetsi kahara canal ea tlhaho ea tlhaho le GDM

E etsoa qalong ea ts'ebetso, ka litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng - phetoho ea mohato oa nakoana oa ho hlahloba boemo ba lesea ka ho latela protocol ea mosebetsi. Ha ho kenngoa ka ts'ebeliso ea oxytocin infusion kapa ho hlaseloa ke lefutso ho etsoa, ​​ho lekoloa ho sa feleng ha pelo.

e tsamaisoang ho latela liprotheine tse teng.

Taolo ea glycemic mosebetsing

E etsoa (ka laboratoring kapa u sebelisa glucometer e nkehang) ho basali baimana feela ba ileng ba fumana kalafo ea insulin, ka nako ea 1 nako le nako lihora tse 2-2,5.

Maemong moo mosali oa moimana pele ho pelehi ea pelehi a tlisa insulin ea nako e telele, nts'etsopele ea hypoglycemia ea bongaka kapa e netefalitsoeng, e hlokang ts'ebetso ea methapo ea tharollo ea tsoekere e ka khonahala nakong ea pelehi.

Phekolo ea insulin ha ho beleha bana ho basali ba baimana ba nang le GDM ha e etsoe.

Qetellong ea nako ea bobeli ea mosebetsi, mehato ea thibelo e lokela ho nkuoa ho thibela dystocia ea mahetla a fetal.

· Qalo ea ho leka ho pheha khang ka mor'a ho khaola hlooho

Ho kenngoa ha Oxytocin qetellong ea mohato oa 2 oa mosebetsi

Haeba dystocia ea mahetla e etsahala, motho o lokela ho tataisoa ke mekhoa e boletsoeng bukeng ea machaba ea thibelo ea naha.

Ho ba teng ha neonatologist nakong ea tlhaho ea bana le GDM hoa hlokahala!

Lenaneo la tlhokomelo ea kamora 'matsatsi

Kamora ho beleha, bakuli bohle ba nang le GDM ba tlohela kalafo ea insulin. Matsatsing a mararo a pele ka mor'a ho beleha, ho hlokahala tekanyo e tlatselletsang ea boemo ba tsoekere ea plousma ea venous e le hore ho khetholloe tlolo ea metabolism ea carbohydrate.

Lactation ho GDM ha e kopantsoe.

Libeke tse 6-12 kamora ho pepa basali bohle ba nang le glucose e potlakileng ea venous plasma

Hoa hlokahala ho tsebisa lingaka tsa bana le lingaka tsa lilemong tsa bocha ka tlhoko ea ho lekola boemo ba metabolism ea carbohydrate le thibelo ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ho ngoana eo 'm'ae a fetang GDM.

Mesebetsi ea mantlha sethaleng sa kemiso ea bokhachane ho basali ba hlahileng GDM

· Lijo tse reretsoeng ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka bongata ba tsona.

Ho matlafatsa mmele

Ho tsebahatsa le ho phekola mafu a amanang le metabolism ea carbohydrate.

· Phekolo ea khatello ea methapo ea methapo, tokiso ea mathata a metabolism ea lipid-cholesterol.

Malebela bakeng sa mokuli

DIET DIABETESENG TSA BOPHELO

Lihlahisoa li behelletsoe ka thoko ho phepo:

Tsoekere, li-confectionery, li-pastries tse tsoekere, ice cream, mahe a linotsi, jeme, jeme, lino tsohle tsa litholoana (esita le ntle le tsoekere e eketsoeng), lihlahisoa tsa lebese tse nang le tsoekere (li-yogurts tsa litholoana, kefir, jj, li-curds tse halikiloeng, li-curds), libanana , morara, litholoana tse omisitsoeng, matsatsi, lifeiga, likhomphutha, jelly, soda, mayonnaise, ketchup, fructose, xylitol le lihlahisoa tsa sorbite, lijo-thollo tse amoheloang mocheso (hang-hang) kapa raese e tsamaisitsoeng. Nama e mafura, lisosa tse mafura, soseji, pastes ...
Mayonesiise, botoro, chisi e tšehla (45-50%)

Lihlahisoa tse hlokang ho haelloa ke phepo e nepahetseng, empa li sa qheleloe ka thoko:

Liapole, lilamunu, kiwi le litholoana tse ling (tholoana e le 'ngoe ea lijo tsa mots'eare le lijo tse bobebe tsa mantsiboea) Litholoana li molemo ho ja hoseng.

durum koro khekhe (karolelano ea letsatsi le letsatsi).

litapole (jeoang a le 1 a letsatsi le letsatsi, ho molemo ho sebelisa litapole tse halikiloeng, ho e-na le litapole tse halikiloeng, tse phehiloeng kapa tse halikiloeng),

bohobe (ha e na taba e ntšo kapa e tšoeu, liseke tse 3 ka letsatsi), ka ho khetheha ka lijo-thollo kapa korong)

lijo-thollo (oat, buckwheat, millet porridge, ka metsing kapa lebese le seng mafura, ntle le botoro), raese e sootho. (Lijo tse le 'ngoe ka letsatsi).

Mahe (omelet, mahe a phehiloeng) a ka sebelisoa makhetlo a 1-2 ka beke.

Lebese 1-2% (hang ka letsatsi) ha ho na khalase e fetang e le 'ngoe.

Lijo tseo u ka li jang ntle le meeli.

Meroho eohle (ntle le litapole) - (likomkomere, tamati, k'habeche, li-salads, radash, litlama, zucchini, li-eggplant, linaoa)

Li-mushroom, lijo tsa leoatleng (ha li khethoe)

Lihlahisoa tsa nama (ho kenyeletsoa khoho le mohatla) le lihlahisoa tsa lihlapi,

Chese e nang le mafura a tlase, e halikiloeng ntle le Whey (2-5%), chisi (10-17%), lihlahisoa tsa lebese (ntle le tsoekere e eketsoeng), eseng linoko, eseng mafura le sose e sa tsubeloang, soseji, soseji, lino-meroho (tamati, ntle le letsoai, le lino tse tsoakiloeng tsa meroho).

Boteng ba botenya - thibelo ea mafura lijong (lijo tsohle tse nang le mafura a fokolang, empa li se na mafura ka botlalo). Ka ho eketseha ha khatello ea mali - fokotsa tšebeliso ea letsoai ha u pheha, u se ke ua eketsa lijong. Sebelisa letsoai le iodized.

Lijo tse hlano ka letsatsi - lijo tse tharo tse ka sehloohong le lino tse peli. Bosiu ho hlokahala khalase ea kefir kapa yoghur e mafura a tlase (empa eseng litholoana!) E ea hlokahala. Kenyelletsa lijo tsa protheine le meroho bakeng sa lijo tsohle. Taba ea pele, ho molemo ho ja liprotheine le meroho ebe u ja lik'habohaedreite. Ela hloko palo ea lik'habohaedreite (lihlahisoa tse lekantsoeng, empa li sa qheleloe ka thoko) lijong tsohle. 100-150 g ea lik'habohaedreite tse telele (likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa 10-12) li ka nooa ka letsatsi, li li aba ka ho lekana letsatsi lohle. Sebelisa ho pheha, ho pheha, ho baka, empa eseng ho halika ho pheha.

1 Ho sebeletsa = 1 selae sa bohobe = 1 litholoana tse bohareng = supuni tse 2 tse nang le slide ea pashele e lokisitsoeng, paseka, litapole = kopi e 1 ea sehlahisoa sa lebese se metsi

ho ajoa hantle letsatsi lohle:


Lijoa tsa hoseng - 2 servings
Lijo tsa mots'eare - e 1 ea sebeletsang
Lijo tsa motšehare - li-servings tse 2-3
Snack - 1 ea sebeletsang
Lijo tsa mantsiboea - 2-3 servings
Lijo tsa bobeli tsa mantsiboea - 1 ea sebeletsang

Lijoa tsa hoseng ha li na ho ba le metsi a fetang 35- g ya lik'habohaedreite (eseng tse fetang 3 XE). Lijo tsa mots'eare le lijo tsa mantsiboea ha ho feta 3-4 XE, litekanyetso tsa 1 XE. Lik'habohaedreite li mamelloa ka ho fetisisa hoseng.

Libukeng tsa lijo, ho a hlokahala ho supa nako ea lijo tseo u li jang le bongata bo jeoang, ka ligrag, likhaba, linoelo, jj. Kapa bala lik'habohaedreite ho latela tafole ea likarolo tsa bohobe.

Phaello e sebetsang nakong ea kemolo

BMI pele ho ima

OPV ea boimana (kg)

OPV ho 2 le 3rd tr. ka kg / beke

Khaello ea boima ba 'mele (BMI 11, 5-16

Ho feta boima (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg / m²)

Ho nona haholo (BMI≥30.0 ​​kg / m²)

Ho ikoetlisa nakong ea kemolo

· Aerobic - ho tsamaea, ho tsamaea ka maoto ke Nordic, ho sesa ka letamong, ho thellelisa le naha, ho ikoetlisa.

Yoga kapa Pilates ka sebopeho se fetotsoeng (ntle le ho ikoetlisa tse sitisang pelo hore e khutlele pelong)

· Koetliso ea matla e etselitsoeng ho matlafatsa mesifa ea 'mele le maoto le matsoho.

E khothalelitsoebophahamo ba modumo: Metsotso e 150-270 ka beke. Ka mokhoa o loketseng, ketsahalo ena e tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o lekanang ka matsatsi a beke (ke hore, letsatsi le letsatsi bonyane metsotso e 25-25).

E khothalelitsoematla: 65-75% ea sekhahla sa pelo max . Tekanyo ea pelo max e baloa ka tsela e latelang: sekhahla sa pelo max = 220 - lilemo. Hape, botebo bo ka hakantsoe ke tlhahlobo ea "colloquial": ha mosali oa moimana a khona ho etsa moqoqo nakong ea boikoetliso, mohlomong, ha a imme.

Ha e khothalletsoe nakong ea kemaro: mesebetsi e sithabetsang (ho thellisa, ho thellisa ka lehloa, ho theosa ka maoto, ho thelella ka metsing, ho palama maqhubu, ho palama baesekele tseleng, boikoetliso ba 'mele le ho palama lipere), puisano le lipapali tsa papali (mohlala, hockey, litebele, bonono bolo ea maoto le basketball, tennis), ho tlola, scuba diving.

Ho ikoetlisa ho lokela E khaotsoeka matšoao a latelang:

Ponahalo ea ho tsoa mali ho tsoa mokokotlong oa botšehali

Matšoao a bohloko a popelo

Amniotic fluid e tsoang

Ho ikutloa o khathetse haholo

Dyspnea pele o qala ts'ebetso

Lits'itiso tse nepahetseng Ho ikoetlisa nakong ea bokhachane:

· Lefu la pelo le bohlokoa haholo (ho nyekeloa ke pelo 2 funkts. Class le ka holimo)

Isthmic-cervical insufficiency kapa cervical sutures

Ho ima hangata ho na le kotsi ea ho tsoaloa pele ho nako

· Mananeo a ho bonoa ka koteng ea bobeli kapa ea boraro

Placenta previa kamora libeke tse 26 tsa ho emara

Amniotic fluid e tsoang

Preeclampsia kapa gestational arterial hypertension

Sefuoa se matla (Hb

Maemo ao ho tsona potso ea ho khethoa ha boikoetliso ba 'mele, sebopeho sa eona le bophahamo ba eona li rarolloe ka bonngoe:

· Anemia e leka-lekaneng

Pherekano e tebileng ea morethetho oa pelo

Lefu le sa foleng la pulmonary lefu

· Ho ba le moriana o phahameng oa moriana (pregravid BMI> 50).

Boima bo tlase haholo (BMI ka tlase ho 12)

Mokhoa oa bophelo oa ho lula fatše haholo

Ho holisa bokhachane nakong ea bokhachane bo fanoeng

Ha e laolehe hantle khatello ea mali e sa foleng

Lefu la sethoathoa le laolehileng hantle

· Ho tsuba lisakerete tse fetang 20 ka letsatsi.

1. Hod, M., Kapur, A., Sacks, D.A., Hadar, E., Agarwal, M., Di Renzo, G.C. et al, Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa ts'ebetso ea gynecology le obstetrics (FIGO) mabapi le lefu la lefu la tsoekere la sethoathoa: tataiso ea tlhaiso-leseling bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea mafu, taolo le tlhokomelo. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015, 131: S173-211.

Litlhahiso tsa "Clinic" (protocol ea kalafo) "Mellitus ea lefu la tsoekere: ho hlahloba lefu lena, kalafo, ho beha leihlo" MH RF 15-4 / 10 / 2-9478 ho tloha 12/17/2013).

3. Tlhophiso ea Lekala la Bophelo la Russian Federation No. 475 e ngotsoe la 12/28/2000 "Ha ho ntlafatsoa tlhaiso ea bokhachane ho thibela mafu a bana le a bana"

4. Tlhophiso ea Lekala la Bophelo la Russian Federation ka la 1 Pulungoana, 2012 No. 572n "Ts'ebetso ea ho fana ka tlhokomelo ea bongaka profilse ea" li-uzazi tsa basali (ntle le ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a morao-rao a ho ba le bana) "

5. Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation ea la 10 Pherekhong 2003. No. 50 "Ho ntlafatseng tlhokomelo ea bakhachane le bongaka bo botle litsing tsa kokelo tsa bophelo"

6. Sklempe Kokic I, Ivanisevic M, Biolo G, Simunic B, Kokic T, Pisot R. Ho kopantsoe le boikoetliso bo hlophisitsoeng ba aerobic le bohanyetsi bo ntlafatsa taolo ea glycemic ho basali ba bakhachane ba fumanoeng ba na le lefu la tsoekere la lefu la sethoathoa. Teko e laoloang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng. Tsoalo ea Basali. 2018 Aug, 31 (4): e232-e238. doi: 10.1016 / j.wombi.2017.10.10.004. Epub 2017 Oct 18.

7. Harrison AL, Shields N, Taylor NF, Frawley HC. Ho ikoetlisa ho ntlafatsa taolo ea glycemic ho basali ba fumanoeng ba na le lefu la tsoekere la mali: J Physiother. 2016.62: 188-96.

8. Radzinsky V.E., Knyazev S.A., Kostin I.N. Kotsi ea bokhachane. Tlhahisoleseling e phahameng - kotsi e fokolang ho mme le lesea. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2009 .-- 288 leq.

9. Lintho tse thibelang masea. Boetapele ba naha. E hlophisitsoe ke G. M. Savelieva, V. N. Serov, G. T. Sukhikh, GEOTAR-Media. 2015.S. 814-821.

Lisosa tsa lefu la tsoekere nakong ea kemolo

Lefu la tsoekere la moimana, kapa lefu la tsoekere la gestagen, ke tlolo ea mamello ea tsoekere (NTG) e etsahalang nakong ea kemero ebe e nyamela kamora ho beleha. Mohloli oa tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere ke ho fetisa hoa matšoao a mabeli a glycemia maling a capillary ho tsoa lintlheng tse tharo tse latelang, mmol / l: ka mpeng e se nang letho - 4,8, kamora 1 h - 9.6, mme kamora lihora tse 2 - 8 kamora mojaro oa molomo oa 75 g ea glucose.

Mamello ea tsoekere e sa senyehang nakong ea kemolo e bontša phello ea 'mele ea li-hormone tsa placental tse arohaneng, hammoho le ho hanyetsa insulin, le ho hola hoo e ka bang 2% ea basali baimana. Ho lemoha esale pele ts'ebetso ea mamello ea tsoekere e sa sebetseng hantle ho bohlokoa ka mabaka a mabeli: pele, basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba 40% ba nang le nalane ea boimana ba tsoala lefu la tsoekere nakong ea lilemo tse 6-8, ka hona, ba hloka ho lateloa, 'me ea bobeli, khahlano le semelo sa tlolo ea molao. mamello ea tsoekere e eketsa menyetla ea ho shoa ha perinatal le fetopathy ka tsela e ts'oanang le ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere le thellisitsoeng la tsoekere.

Lintho tse kotsi

Ketelong ea pele ea mosali oa moimana ho ngaka, ho hlokahala hore ho hlahlojoe kotsi ea ho ba le lefu la tsoekere la botaki, hobane maqheka a mang a tlhahlobo ea lefu a ipapisitse le sena. Sehlopha sa menyetla e tlase ea ho ba le lefu la tsoekere la sethoathoa se kenyelletsa basali ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 25, ka boima ba 'mele bo tloaelehileng pele ho kemaro, ba se nang nalane ea lefu la tsoekere har'a ba leloko la degree ea kinship, ba e-s’o ka ba e-ba le mathata a nakong e fetileng a metabolism ea carbohydrate (ho kenyeletsa le glucosuria), nalane e sa thibeleng. Ho abela mosali sehlopheng se nang le kotsi e tlase ea ho ba le lefu la tsoekere, matšoao ana kaofela aa hlokahala. Sehlopheng sena sa basali, ho etsa liteko tse bontšang khatello ea maikutlo ha ho etsoe ebile ho na le moeli bakeng sa ho lekola tloaelo ea ho itima lijo glycemia.

Ho ea ka maikutlo a sa lumellaneng a litsebi tsa malapeng le tsa kantle ho naha, basali ba nang le botenya bo boholo (BMI ≥30 kg / m 2), lefu la tsoekere ho beng ka motho oa bongaka ba pele ba kinship, nalane ea lefu la tsoekere kapa lefutso la metabolism efe kapa efe ea carbohydrate e kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le lefu la tsoekere. ntle le moimana. Ho abela mosali sehlopheng se kotsing e kholo, e 'ngoe ea matšoao a thathamisitsoeng a lekane.Basali bana ba lekoa leetong la pele ho ngaka (ho khothalletsoa ho tseba hore na tsoekere e maling e maling le eng ka mpeng le tlhahlobo e nang le 100 g ea glucose, bona ts'ebetso e ka tlase).

Sehlopha se nang le monyetla oa ho ba le lefu la tsoekere la sethoathoa se kenyelletsa basali ba seng maemong a tlase le a kotsi: mohlala, ka boima bo feteletseng ba 'mele pele ho bokhachane, le nalane e boima ea bokhachane (pōpelo e kholo, polyhydramnios, ho ntšoa ha mpa ka mpa, gestosis) ) le ba bang. Sehlopheng sena, tlhahlobo e etsoa ka nako ea bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere la botšehali - libeke tse 24-27 tsa boimana (tlhahlobo e qala ka tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo).

Lefu la tsoekere

Matšoao ho basali ba baimana ba nang le mofuta oa 1 le mofuta oa 2 mellitus a itšetlehile ka tekanyo ea matseliso le nako ea lefu lena mme haholo-holo ho khetholloa ke ho ba teng le sethala sa mathata a methapo a methapo a lefu la tsoekere (methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo, lefu la tsoekere, lefu la tsoekere, lefu la tsoekere, lefu la tsoekere, jj.

Lefu la tsoekere

Matšoao a lefu la tsoekere la letsoalo a itšetleha ka mofuta oa hyperglycemia. E ka iponahatsa e na le "hyperglycemia" e potlakileng ea ho itima lijo, kapa setšoantšo sa bongaka ba lefu la tsoekere le maemo a phahameng a glycemic. Maemong a mangata, lipontšo tsa kliniki ha li eo kapa ha li na kutloisiso. Ha e le molao, ho na le botenya ba li-degrees tse fapaneng, hangata - phaello e potlakileng ea boima nakong ea kemolo. Ka glycemia e phahameng, litletlebo li hlaha ka polyuria, lenyora, takatso e eketsehileng ea lijo, jj. Mathata a maholo ka ho fetisisa a fumanoeng ke lefu la tsoekere la letsoalo la mmele le nang le hyperglycemia e itekanetseng, ha glucoseuria le hyperglycemia e atisang ho fumanoa hangata.

Naheng ea rona, ha ho na mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho fumana lefu la lefu la tsoekere. Ho latela likhothaletso tsa hajoale, ts'oaetso ea lefu la tsoekere la gestational e lokela ho thehiloe boikhethong ba mabaka a kotsi bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea ona le ts'ebeliso ea liteko tsa ho laolla glucose lihlopheng tse mahareng le tse phahameng.

Har'a mathata a metabolism ea carbohydrate ho basali baimana, ho bohlokoa ho khetholla:

  1. Lefu la tsoekere le neng le le teng ho mosali pele ho kemaro (lefu la tsoekere) - mofuta 1 lefu la tsoekere, mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere, mefuta e meng ea lefu la tsoekere.
  2. Gestational kapa lefu la tsoekere - mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa metabolism e holofatsang ea mmele (ho tloha ho itima lijo ho ea ho itima lijo ho ea ho lefu la tsoekere) ka ho qaleha le tšoaetso ea pele nakong ea kemero.

Tlhophiso ea lefu la tsoekere

Ho na le lefu la tsoekere la letsoalo, ho latela mokhoa oa kalafo o sebelisitsoeng:

  • e buselitsoe ke kalafo ea ho ja,
  • e buselitsoe ke kalafo ea insulin.

Ho latela boemo ba puseletso ea lefu lena:

  • puseletso
  • puseletso.
  • Mellitus ea lefu la tsoekere e itšetlehileng ka E10 "
  • Mellitus ea lefu la tsoekere e sa itšetleheng ka insulin (lefu la tsoekere la 2 ho sehlopha sa hajoale)
    • E10 (E11) .0 - e na le komisi
    • E10 (E11) .1 - e nang le ketoacidosis
    • E10 (E11) .2 - ka tšenyo ea menoana
    • E10 (E11) .3 - ka tšenyo ea mahlo
    • E10 (E11) .4 - ka mathata a methapo
    • E10 (E11) .5 - e na le mathata a potoloha a potoloha
    • E10 (E11) .6 - ka mathata a mang a boletsweng
    • E10 (E11) .7 - e nang le mathata a mangata
    • E10 (E11) .8 - e na le mathata a sa hlalosoang
    • E10 (E11) .9 - ntle le mathata
  • 024.4 Lefu la tsoekere la basali baimana.

Mathata le litlamorao

Ntle le lefu la tsoekere la moimana, moimana o khetholloa khahlanong le semelo sa lefu la tsoekere la II kapa II. Ho fokotsa mathata a hlahang kahare ho 'm'a le lesea, sehlopha sena sa bakuli ho tloha nakong ea bokhachane ba pelehi se hloka matšeliso a mangata bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere. Ho fihlela sena, bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba tšoeroe ke lefu la tsoekere ba lokela ho kena sepetlele ha ba bona moimana ho tiisa lefu la tsoekere, ba hlahloba le ho felisa mafu a tšoaetsanoang.Nakong ea sepetlele sa pele le se phetoang, ho hlokahala hore ho hlahlojoe litho tsa moroto bakeng sa ho fumana kalafo le kalafo ka nako e le teng ka lebaka la pyelonephritis, hammoho le ho lekola ts'ebetso ea liphio ho bona lefu la lefu la tsoekere, ho ela hloko ka ho khetheha ho lekola ho hlatsuoa ha glomerular, proteinuria ea letsatsi le letsatsi le serum. Basali baimana ba lokela ho hlahlojoa ke setsebi sa mahlo ho hlahloba boemo ba fundus le ho bona lefu la retinopathy. Ho ba teng ha khatello ea methapo ea methapo, haholo keketseho ea khatello ea diastoli ka 90 mm Hg. Art., Ke sesupo sa kalafo ea antihypertensive. Ts'ebeliso ea li-diuretics ho basali ba baimana ba nang le khatello ea mali ea methapo ha e bontšoe. Kamora tlhahlobo, ba nka qeto ea hore na ho na le monyetla oa ho ima. Matšoao a ho felisoa ha lefu la tsoekere mellitus, le bileng teng pele ho kemaro, a bakiloe ke liperesente tse ngata tsa batho ba shoang le baimana ka popelong, e tsamaellanang le nako le mathata a lefu la tsoekere. Ho eketseha ha masea ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ho eketseha ka lebaka la lefu le sa tsitsang ka lebaka la ho ba le letšoao la ho hloleha ho phefumoloha le ho senyeha hoa tlhaho.

Tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere nakong ea kemolo

Litsebi tsa malapeng le tsa kantle ho naha li fana ka mekhoa e latelang bakeng sa ho fumana lefu la lefu la tsoekere. Mokhoa o le mong o sebetsa hantle ho basali ba kotsing e kholo ea lefu la tsoekere. E kenyelletsa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea ho hlahloba lefu le 100 g ya tsoekere. Ho khothalletsoa mokhoa oa mehato e 'meli bakeng sa sehlopha sa batho ba kotsing e mahareng. Ka mokhoa ona, tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea pele e etsoa ka 50 g ea tsoekere, 'me haeba e ka tlosoa, ho etsoa tlhahlobo ea 100 gram.

Mokhoa oa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea boikoetliso o ka tsela e latelang: mosali o nooa 50 g ea tsoekere e qhibilihile ka khalase ea metsi (ka nako efe kapa efe, eseng ka mpeng e se nang letho), 'me kamora hora, tsoalo ea glucose ho plasma ea venous e ikemiselitsoe. Haeba kamora hora, tsoekere ea plasma e ka tlase ho 7.2 mmol / L, tlhahlobo e nkuoa e se mpe mme tlhahlobo e felisoa. (Litataiso tse ling li hlahisa boemo ba glycemic ba 7.8 mmol / L e le mokhoa oa tlhahlobo e ntle ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo, empa bo bontša hore boemo ba glycemic ba 7.2 mmol / L ke sesupo se tebileng sa kotsi e eketsehang ea lefu la tsoekere.) Haeba lero la "plasma glucose" kapa ho feta 7.2 mmol / l, ho bontšitsoe tlhahlobo ea glucose e 100.

Ts'ebetso ea liteko ka 100 g ea tsoekere e fana ka protocol e thata le ho feta. Teko e etsoa hoseng ka mpeng e se nang letho, kamora ho itima lijo bosiu ka lihora tse 8-14, khahlano le sejo se tloaelehileng (bonyane 150 g ea lik'habohaedreite ka letsatsi) le boikoetliso bo sa lekanyetsoang ba mmele, bonyane matsatsi a 3 pele ho thuto. Nakong ea tlhahlobo, u lokela ho lula, ho tsuba ho thibetsoe. Nakong ea tlhahlobo, gouscemia ea venous ea plasma e ikemiselitse, kamora hora e le 'ngoe, lihora tse 2 le lihora tse 3 kamora ho ikoetlisa. Ts'oaetso ea lefu la tsoekere la letsoalo e thehiloe haeba litekanyetso tse peli kapa ho feta tsa glycemic li lekana kapa li feta lipalo tse latelang: ka mpeng e se nang letho - 5.3 mmol / l, kamora lihora tse 2 - 8,6 mmol / l, kamora lihora tse 3 - 7.8 mmol / L. Mokhoa o mong e ka ba ho sebelisa teko ea lihora tse peli ka ligrose tse 75 (protocol e ts'oanang). Ho theha tlhaiso ea lefu la tsoekere la letsoalo molemong ona, ho hlokahala hore maemo a venous plasma glycemia ka litlhaloso tse peli kapa ho feta a lekane kapa a fetise lintlha tse latelang: ka mpeng e se nang letho - 5.3 mmol / l, kamora lihora tse 2 - 10 mmol / l, kamora lihora tse 2 - 8,6 mmol / l. Leha ho le joalo, ho latela litsebi tse tsoang Mokhatlong oa Lefu la Tsoekere oa Amerika, mokhoa ona ha o na bonnete ba sampole ea 100 ea gram. Ho sebelisa boikemisetso ba bone (lihora tse tharo) tsa glycemia tlhahlobisong ha u etsa liteko ka 100 g ea tsoekere eu lumella hore u leke ka ts'epahalo boemo ba metabolism ea carbohydrate ho mosali oa moimana.Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore ho lekola tloaelo ea ho itima lijo ha glycemia ho basali ba kotsing ea lefu la tsoekere maemong a mang ho ke ke ha khetholla lefu la tsoekere ka botlalo, hobane ho itima lijo ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho basali ba baimana ho tlase haholo ho basali ba seng moimana. Kahoo, ho itima lijo ka tloaelo ha ho khetholle boteng ba postprandial glycemia, e leng pontšo ea lefu la tsoekere mme e ka fumanoa feela ka lebaka la liteko tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Haeba mosali oa moimana a senola lipalo tse phahameng tsa glycemic ka plasma ea venous: ka mpeng e se nang letho ho feta 7 mmol / l le sampole e sa sebetseng ea mali - ho feta 11.1 le netefatso ea lintlha tsena ka letsatsi le hlahlamang la tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea mali ha e hlokehe, 'me ho fumanoe tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere.

Letsoalo la lefu la tsoekere moimana

Hoo e ka bang karolo ea 7% ea bokhachane bohle e thatafalloa ke lefu la tsoekere la makhopho a lefu la tsoekere (GDM), e leng maemo a fetang likete tse 200 lefatšeng ka bophara. Hammoho le khatello ea mali ea methapo le ho tsoaloa pele ho nako, GDM ke e 'ngoe ea mathata a tloaelehileng a bokhachane.

  • Ho nona haholo ho eketsa menyetla ea ho ba le lefu la tsoekere la letsoele nakong ea kemolo bonyane habeli.
  • Teko ea ho mamella tsoekere e lokela ho etsoa ho basali bohle ba bakhachane libekeng tse 24 ho isa ho tse 28 tsa boimana.
  • Haeba boemo ba tsoekere ea plasma ka mpeng e se nang letho e feta 7 mmol / l, ba bua ka nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere le hlahang.
  • Lithethefatsi tsa molomo tsa hypoglycemic tsa GDM li-contraindified.
  • GDM ha e nkoe e le sesupo sa karolo e hlophisitsoeng ea maiketsetso, haholo ha e tsamaisoa pele.

Pathophysiology ea litlamorao tsa lefu la tsoekere le phello ea bokhachane

Ho qala mehatong ea pelehi ea bokhachane, lese le fetela ka popelong li hloka karolo e kholo ea tsoekere, e ntseng e fanoa ka popelong ho ngoana e sebelisa liprotheine tsa transporter. Ntlheng ena, ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere nakong ea kemolo e potlakile haholo, e thusang ho fokotsa boemo ba eona maling. Basali baimana ba tloaetse ho ba le hypoglycemia lipakeng tsa lijo le nakong ea boroko, ha lesea le ntse le amohela glucose ka linako tsohle.

Kotsi ea lefu la tsoekere nakong ea bokhachane ho lesea le mme ke eng?

Ha bokhachane bo ntse bo tsoela pele, kutloelo-bohloko ea lisele tsa ho kenella ka insulin e ea fokotseha, 'me khatello ea "insulin" e eketsa mats'eliso. Mabapi le sena, boemo ba insulin ba 'mele (ka mpeng e se nang letho) boa phahama, hammoho le khatello ea insulin e khothalletsoang ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea mamello ea glucose (mekhahlelo ea pele le ea bobeli ea karabo ea insulin). Ka keketseho ea lilemo tsa boikoetliso, ho felisoa ha insulin maling le hona hoa phahama.

Ka tlhahiso e sa lekaneng ea insulin, basali ba baimana ba ntshetsa pele lefu la tsoekere la mokhachane, le khetholloang ka ho eketseha ha insulin. Ntle le moo, keketseho ea proinsulin maling e bonahala ka GDM, e bonts'ang ho senyeha ha ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa pancreatic beta.

Tlhahlobo ea lefu la lefu la tsoekere la sethoathoa: matšoao le tloaelo

Ka 2012, litsebi tse tsoang Mokhatlong oa Russia oa Endocrinologists le litsebi tse tsoang Mokheng oa Russia oa Baloi le Gynecologists ba amohetse "National National Consensus" Gestational Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatment, Postpartum Monitoring "(eo ho thoeng e bitsoa Consensus ea Naha ea Russia). Ho ea ka tokomane ena, GDS e khetholloa ka tsela e latelang:

Kalafo ea pele ea moimana

  • ho itima lijo ka lero la plasma, kapa
  • glycated hemoglobin (mokhoa o netefalitsoeng ho latela Lenaneo la Sechaba la Glycohemoglobin Standartization NGSP mme o eme hantle ho latela boleng ba boits'itiso bo amohetsoeng ho DCCT - Taolo ea Taolo ea Ts'oaetso le Ts'oaetso ea lefu la tsoekere), kapa
      glucose ea plasma ka nako efe kapa efe ea letsatsi, ho sa tsotelehe lijo tse ngata.

Ka beke ea 24-31 ea moimana

  • Basali bohle ba baimana, ho kenyelletsa le ba neng ba se na khaello ea phepo ea mmele ea methapo methapong ea pele, ba fuoa tlhahlobo ea mamello ea glucose (PHGT) libekeng tse 24 ho isa ho tse 28 tsa boimana.Nako e nepahetseng ke libeke tse 24-25, empa HRTT e ka etsoa ho fihlela libeke tse 32 tsa gestation.

Linaheng tse fapaneng, PGTT e etsoa ka mojaro o fapaneng oa tsoekere. Tlhaloso ea sephetho le eona e ka fapana hanyane.

Russia, PGTT e etsoa ka 75 g ea tsoekere, mme USA le linaha tse ngata tsa EU, tlhahlobo e nang le 100 g ea glucose e amoheloa e le tekanyetso ea tlhahlobo. American Diabetes Association e tiisa hore mefuta ea bobeli le ea bobeli ea PHTT e na le boleng bo lekanang ba tlhahlobo.

Tlhaloso ea PGTT e ka etsoa ke li-endocrinologists, litsebi tsa basali tsa bongaka le lingaka tsa bongaka. Haeba sephetho sa tlhahlobo se bontša nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere le hlahelletseng, mosali oa moimana hang-hang o romeloa ho endocrinologist.

Tsamaiso ea bakuli ba nang le GDM

Kamora libeke tse 1-2 kamora ho fumanoa, mokuli o bontšoa a hlokometsoe ke lingaka tsa mafu a basali, lingaka, lingaka tse akaretsang.

  1. Teko e etsoa khahlano le semelo sa phepo e tloaelehileng. Bonyane matsatsi a mararo pele ho tlhahlobo, bonyane 150 g ea lik'habohaedreite li lokela ho tsamaisoa ka letsatsi.
  2. Lijo tsa ho qetela pele thuto e lokela ho ba le bonyane 30-50 g ea lik'habohaedreite.
  3. Teko e etsoa ka mpeng e se nang letho (lihora tse 8-14 ka mor'a ho ja).
  4. Ho noa metsi pele ho tlhahlobo ha ho thibetsoe.
  5. Nakong ea thuto, u ke ke ua tsuba.
  6. Nakong ea tlhahlobo, mokuli o lokela ho lula.
  7. Haeba ho khonahala, letsatsi pele le nakong ea thuto, ho hlokahala hore ho kenyele tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse ka fetolang boemo ba tsoekere maling. Tsena li kenyelletsa li-multivitamine le litokisetso tsa tšepe, tse kenyelletsang lik'habohaedreite hammoho le corticosteroids, beta-blockers, agaists ea beta-adrenergic.
  8. Se ke oa sebelisa PGTT:
    • le chefo ea kapele ea basali baimana,
    • ha ho hlokahala phomolong e matla ea bethe,
    • khahlanong le semolao sa lefu le bohloko la ho ruruha,
    • ka ho eketsoa ke pancreatitis e sa foleng kapa syndrome ea mala.

Malebela bakeng sa mosali oa moimana ea nang le GDS e senotsoeng ho latela tumellano ea naha ea Russia:

Khalemelo e nepahetseng ea motho ka mong ho latela boima ba 'mele le bolelele ba mosali. Ho khothalletsoa ho felisa ka ho phethahetseng limatlafatsi tse nang le lik'habohaedreite le ho fokotsa palo ea mafura. Lijo li lokela ho ajoa ka ho lekana lijalong tse 4-6. Li-sweeteners tse se nang phepo li ka sebelisoa ka teka-tekano.

Bakeng sa basali ba nang le BMI> 30 kg / m2, tekanyo e tloaelehileng ea khalori ea letsatsi le letsatsi e lokela ho fokotsoa ka 30- 33% (e ka bang 25 kcal / kg ka letsatsi). Ho pakoa hore tekanyo e joalo e ka fokotsa hyperglycemia le plasma triglycerides.

  • Boikoetliso ba aerobic: Ho tsamaea bonyane metsotso e 150 ka beke, ho sesa.
  • Ho itlhahloba matšoao a bohlokoa:
    • ho pepela glucose maling a capillary, pele ho lijo le hora e le 1 ka mor'a lijo,
    • boemo ba 'mele oa ketone ka har'a moroto hoseng ka mpeng e se nang letho (pele o robala kapa bosiu, ho khothalletsoa ho eketsa li-carbohydrate tse ka bang 15 g bakeng sa ketonuria kapa ketonemia),
    • khatello ea mali
    • metsamao ea fetal,
    • boima ba mmele.

    Ntle le moo, mokuli o khothalletsoa ho boloka bukana ea ho itlhahloba le lethathamo la lijo.

    Matšoao a kalafo ea insulin, likhothaletso tsa tumellano ea naha ea Russia

    • Ho se khone ho fihlela boemo ba glucose ba sepheo
    • Matšoao a fetopathy ea lefu la tsoekere ka ultrasound (bopaki bo sa tobang ba hyperglycemia e sa foleng)
    • Matšoao a Ultrasound a fetal diabetesic fetopathy:
    • litholoana tse kholo (bophara ba mpa e kholo ho feta kapa e lekana le 75 percentile),
    • hepatosplenomegaly,
    • cardiomegaly le / kapa lefu la pelo,
    • pela hlooho,
    • Ho ruruha le ho fifala hoa sekhahla sa mafura a subcutaneous,
    • Ho fifala ha lesapo la mokokotlo,
    • polyhydramnios ea pele e fumanoeng kapa e na le ts'oaetso ea GDM (maemong a mang ha e qheleloe ka thoko).

    Ha a fana ka kalafo ea insulin, mosali oa moimana o tsamaisoa hammoho ke endocrinologist (psychapist) le ngaka ea thobalano.

    Phekolo ea lefu la tsoekere la letsoalo ho basali ba baimana: khetho ea pharmacotherapy

    Litlhare tsa molomo tsa hypoglycemic nakong ea kemaro le lactation li khahlanong le molao!

    Lihlahisoa tsohle tsa insulin li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli ho latela likhothaletso tsa American Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

    • sehlopha B (litla-morao tse bohloko ka ho fetesisa ha lia ka tsa fumanoa lithutong tsa liphoofolo, lithuto tse lekaneng le tse laoloang hantle ho basali ba baimana ha li ea etsoa),
    • mofuta C (litla-morao tse bohloko ka ho fetesisa li bontšitsoe lithutong tsa liphoofolo, lithuto ho basali baimana ha li e-so tšoaroe).

    Ho latela litlhahiso tsa tumellano ea naha ea Russia:

    • litokisetso tsohle tsa insulin bakeng sa basali ba baimana li lokela ho beoa le pontšo ea bohlokoa ea lebitso la khoebo,
    • ho kena sepetlele bakeng sa ho fumanoa ha GDM ha ho hlokahale ebile ho ipapisitse le mathata a thibeloang,
    • GDM ha e nkoe e le sesupo sa karolo e reriloeng ea Caesarean kapa pelehi.

    Tlhaloso e khutšoane

    Lefu la tsoekere (lefu la tsoekere) Na sehlopha sa maloetse a metabolic (metabolic) a tšoauoa ke hyperglycemia e sa foleng, e leng sephetho sa tlolo ea molao ea insulin, litlamorao tsa insulin, kapa lintlha tsena ka bobeli. Hyperglycemia e sa foleng ea lefu la tsoekere e tsamaisana le tšenyo, ho se sebetse hantle le ho se lekane ha litho tse fapaneng, haholo mahlo, meno, methapo, methapo ea mali le methapo ea mali (WHO, 1999, 2006 ka kenyelletso) 1, 2, 3.

    Gestationalabetes mellitus (GDM) - sena ke lefu le tšoauoang ke hyperglycemia, le fumanoeng pele ho nako ea bokhachane, empa le sa fihlelle litekanyetso tsa "lefu la tsoekere" la 2, 5. GDM ke tlolo ea ts'ebetso ea glucose ea ho feto-fetoha ho matla ho fapaneng, ho hlahang kapa ho fumanoeng pele nakong ea kemaro.

    I. SELELEKELE

    Lebitso la Protocol: Lefu la tsoekere nakong ea kemolo
    Khoutu ea Protocol:

    Khoutu (dikhoutu) ho latela ICD-10:
    E 10 Mellitus e itšetlehileng ka lefu la tsoekere
    E 11 mellitus e sa itšetleheng ka insulin
    Lefu la tsoekere la lefu la tsoekere la O24 nakong ea kemolo
    O24.0 Ho hlahisa tsoekere e itšetlehileng ka lefu la tsoekere le lefu la tsoekere
    O24.1 Preexisting lefu la tsoekere le holima insulin
    O24.3 Mellitus ea lefu la tsoekere e sa boleloang
    O24.4 Lefu la tsoekere nakong ea kemolo
    O24.9 Mellitus ea lefu la tsoekere moimana, ha e hlalosoe

    Maele a sebelisitsoeng ho protocol:
    AH - khatello ea mali ea methapo
    HELL - khatello ea mali
    GDM - lefu la tsoekere
    DKA - lefu la tsoekere ketoacidosis
    IIT - Insulin e matlafalitsoeng ea Insulin
    IR - ho hanyetsa insulin
    IRI - insulin e sa sebetseng
    BMI - index ea boima ba 'mele
    UIA - microalbuminuria
    NTG - mamello ea tsoekere e sa sebetseng hantle
    NGN - ho sitisoa ke ho itima lijo glycemia
    NMH - tlhahlobo ea tsoekere e tsoelang pele
    NPII - inf insaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump)
    PGTT - tlhahlobo ea mamello ea glucose ea molomo
    PSD - lefu la tsoekere la pele ho monyako
    Lefu la tsoekere
    Mofuta oa 2 oa lefu la tsoekere - lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2
    Mofuta oa 1 oa lefu la tsoekere - mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere
    SST - kalafo e fokotsang tsoekere
    FA - Boikoetliso ba 'mele
    XE - likotoana tsa bohobe
    ECG - electrocardiogram
    HbAlc - hemoglobin ea glycosylated (glycated)

    Letsatsi la Ntlafatso ea Protocol: 2014 selemo.

    Sehlopha sa Bakuli: basali baimana ba nang le lefu la tsoekere mellitus (DM) mofuta oa 1 le 2, ba nang le GDM.

    Basebelisi ba Protocol: lingaka tsa endocrinologists, lingaka tse akaretsang, lingaka tse akaretsang, lingaka tsa bongaka ba basali, lingaka tsa bongaka tsa tšohanyetso.

    Tlhahlobo e fapaneng

    Tlhahlobo e fapaneng

    Lethathamo la 7 Tlhahlobo e fapaneng ea lefu la tsoekere ho basali baimana

    Lefu la tsoekere le ratehang Ho bonahatsa lefu la tsoekere nakong ea kemolo GDM (Sehlomathiso 6)
    Anamnesis
    Tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere e thehiloe pele ho bokhachaneE supiloe nakong ea kemaroE supiloe nakong ea kemaro
    Glucose ea venous ea plasma le HbA1c bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere
    Ho fihlela lipheoGlucose e potlakileng ≥7.0 mmol / L HbA1c ≥6.5%
    Glucose, ho sa tsotelehe nako ea letsatsi ≥11.1 mmol / l
    Ho pepela glucose e potlakileng ≥5.1
    Lintlha tsa tlhahlobo-leseling
    Pele ho imaNako efe kapa efe ea boitšisinyoBekeng ea 24-28 ea bokhachane
    E tsamaisa PGT
    Ha e etsoeE etsoa kalafo ea pele ea mosali oa moimana ea kotsingE etsoa libeke tse 24-28 ho basali bohle ba baimana ba neng ba se na tlolo ea metabolism ea carbohydrate moimana oa pele.
    Phekolo
    Insulinotera pium ka liente tse tsoang khafetsa tsa insulin kapa infusionane e kenang e sa sebetseng (pomp)Phekolo ea insulin kapa kalafo ea lijo (ka T2DM)Pheko ea lijo, haeba ho hlokahala kalafo ea insulin

    Puisano ea mahala mabapi le kalafo kantle ho naha! Siea kopo ka tlase

    Fumana likeletso tsa bongaka

    Lipheo tsa kalafo:
    Morero oa ho phekola lefu la tsoekere ho basali baimana ke ho fihlella tloaelo ea mali, ho fokotsa khatello ea mali, ho thibela mathata a lefu la tsoekere, ho fokotsa mathata a bokhachane, ho beleha le pelehi le ho ntlafatsa litlamorao tsa pelehi.

    Lethathamo la 8 Litefiso tsa sepheo sa lik'habohaedreite nakong ea bokhachane 2, 5

    Nako ea ho ithutaGlycemia
    Ka mpeng e se nang letho / pele ho lijo / ka nako ea ho robala / 03,00ho fihla ho 5.1 mmol / l
    Hora e le 'ngoe ka mor'a lijoho fihla ho 7.0 mmol / l
    Hba1c≤6,0%
    Hypoglycemiache
    'Mele oa ketone oa urineche
    HELL

    Mekhoa ea phekolo 2, 5, 11, 12:
    • kalafo ea ho ja
    • Ho ikoetlisa
    • Koetliso le boitšoaro
    • lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere.

    Phekolo eo eseng ea lithethefatsi

    Pheko ea lijo
    Ka lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1, ho khothalletsoa ho ja lijo tse lekaneng: phepo e nepahetseng e nang le lik'habohaedreite ho thibela tlala ea sekhahla ea tlala.
    Ka GDM le mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere, kalafo ea ho ja e etsoa ntle le mefuta e felletseng ea lik'habohaedreite tse bonolo le thibelo ea mafura, kabo e tšoanang ea lijo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa li-receptions tsa 4-6. Lik'habohaedreite tse nang le dikahare tse phahameng tsa fiber ea phepo ha lia lokela ho feta 38-45% ea khalori ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea khalori, liprotheine - 20-25% (1,3 g / kg), mafura - ho fihla ho 30%. Basali ba nang le BMI e tloaelehileng (18-25 kg / m2) ba khothaletsoa ho ja likhalase tsa 30 kcal / kg letsatsi ka leng, ka bongata (BMI 25-30 kg / m2) 25 kcal / kg, le botenya (BMI ity30 kg / m2) - 12-15 kcal / kg.

    Ho ikoetlisa
    Ka lefu la tsoekere le GDM, ho khothaletsoa boikoetliso bo matlafatsang ba 'mele ka mokhoa oa ho tsamaea bonyane metsotso e 150 ka beke, ho sesa ka letamong, ho itlhahloba ho etsoa ke mokuli, liphetho li fuoa ngaka. Hoa hlokahala ho qoba boikoetliso bo ka bakang keketseho ea khatello ea mali le hypertonicity ea uterine.

    Ho ithuta ka mamello le boitšoaro
    • Ho ithuta ka mamello ho lokela ho fa bakuli tsebo le bokhoni bo loketseng ho fihlella lipheo tse khethehileng tsa kalafo.
    • Basali ba rerileng ho ima le basali ba bakhachane ba neng ba sa koetlisoa (potoloho ea mantlha), kapa bakuli ba seng ba koetlisitsoe (bakeng sa potoloho ea khafetsa) ba romelloa sekolong sa lefu la tsoekere ho boloka tsebo ea bona le sepheo kapa ha lipheo tse ncha tsa kalafo li hlaha, ba fetisetsa kalafong ea insulin.
    Ho itaolal e kenyelletsa boikemisetso ba glycemia ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tse nkehang (glucometer) ka mpeng e se nang letho, pele le hora e le 1 kamora lijo tse ka sehloohong, ketonuria kapa ketonemia hoseng ka mpeng e se nang letho, khatello ea mali, ho sisinyeha hoa mpa, boima ba 'mele, ho boloka bukana ea ho itlhahloba le lengolo la lijo.
    Sistimi ea NMG e sebelisoa e le keketso ea ho itlhahloba molemong oa hypently hypemlycemia kapa liketsahalo tse etsahalang khafetsa (Sehlomathiso 3).

    Phekolo ea lithethefatsi

    Phekolo ea basali ba baimana ba nang le lefu la tsoekere
    • Ketsahalong ea kemolo ka tšebeliso ea metformin, glibenclamide, ho lelefatsa nako ea bokhachane hoa khoneha. Lithethefatsi tse ling tsohle tse fokotsang tsoekere li lokela ho emisoa pele ho ima ebe li nkeloa sebaka ke insulin.

    • Ho sebelisoa feela litokisetso tsa insulin tsa nako e khuts'oane le e bohareng, li-insulin tse khutšoane le tse telele, tse lumelletsoeng tlasa sehlopha sa B

    Lethathamo la 9 Makhoba a insulin a makhopho (Lethathamo B)

    Ho hlophisoa ha insulin Tsela ea tsamaiso
    Ka tlhaho ho entsoe li insulin tsa batho ba sebetsang kapeleSyringe, syringe, pompo
    Syringe, syringe, pompo
    Syringe, syringe, pompo
    Ka tlhaho ho entsoe insulin ea motho ea nako e maharengSyringe
    Syringe
    Syringe
    Ultrashort Insulin AnalogsSyringe, syringe, pompo
    Syringe, syringe, pompo
    Nako e telele ea ho sebetsa ka insulinSyringe


    • Nakong ea kemolo, ho thibetsoe ho sebelisa litokisetso tsa insulin tsa biosimilar tse sa feteleng ts'ebetso e felletseng ea ho ngolisa lithethefatsi le ho ingolisa pele ho nako. liteko tsa tliliniki ho basali baimana.

    • Litokisetso tsohle tsa insulin li lokela ho fuoa basali ba baimana ka sesupo sa tlamo ea lebitso la machaba le sa lebitso la khoebo.

    Mekhoa e metle ea ho tsamaisa insulin ke lipompo tsa insulin ka ho beha leihlo tsoekere ka botlalo.

    • Tlhokahalo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea insulin ka halofo ea bobeli ea boimana e ka eketseha haholo, ho fihlela makhetlo a 2-3, ha e bapisoa le tlhoko ea pele pele ho ima.

    • Folic acid 500 mcg ka letsatsi ho fihlela beke ea 12, e kenyelelitsoeng, potasiamo iodide 250 mcg ka letsatsi nakong eohle ea kemolo - ha ho se na li-contraindication.

    • Phekolo ea antibiotic ea ho fumana tšoaetso ea ts'ebetso ea urinary (penicillin ka har'a trimester ea pele, penicillin kapa cephalosporins ho II kapa III trimesters).

    Likarolo tsa kalafo ea insulin ho basali baimana ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1 8, 9
    Libeke tse 12 tsa pele ho basali, mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere ka lebaka la phello ea "hypoglycemic" (ke hore, ka lebaka la phetoho ea tsoekere maling ho tsoa maling a mme ho fetela maling a "fetus") e tsamaeang le "ntlafatso" nakong ea lefu la tsoekere, tlhokeho ea ts'ebeliso ea insulin ea letsatsi le letsatsi e fokotseha, e ka iponahatsang e le maemo a hypoglycemic ka Somoji ketsahalo le ho khutla ho latelang.
    Basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ho kalafo ea insulin ba lokela ho lemosoa ka kotsi e eketsehang ea hypoglycemia le ho lemohuoa ha eona ka thata nakong ea kemolo, haholoholo ho trimester ea pele. Bakhachane ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1 ba lokela ho fuoa li-glucagon.

    Ho qala ka beke ea 13 hyperglycemia le glucosuria e eketseha, tlhoko ea insulin e eketseha (ka karolelano ke 30-100% ea boemo ba pele ho boikoetliso) le kotsi ea ho ba le ketoacidosis, haholoholo nakong ea libeke tsa 28-30. Sena se bakoa ke ts'ebetso e phahameng ea lihormone ea placenta, e hlahisang li-agents tse khahlano le chorionic somatomammatropin, progesterone, estrogens.
    Ho fetella hoa tsona ho lebisa ho:
    • Ho hanyetsa insulin,
    • ho fokotseha ha kutloisiso ea 'mele oa mokuli ho zcogenic insulin,
    • eketsa tlhokahalo ea tekanyetso ea insulin ea letsatsi le letsatsi,
    • Syndrome e bitsoang "mafube a hoseng" ka keketseho e phahameng ea tsoekere matsatsing a hoseng.

    Ka hyperglycemia ea hoseng, keketseho ea tekanyetso ea mantsiboea ea insulin ea nako e telele ha e lakatsehe, ka lebaka la kotsi e kholo ea hypoglycemia ea bosiu. Ka hona, ho basali bana ba nang le hyperglycemia ea hoseng, ho kgothaletsoa ho fana ka tekanyetso ea hoseng ea insulin ea nako e telele le tekanyetso e eketsehileng ea khato e khuts'oanyane / ea morao-rao ea insulin kapa phetisetso ea ho pompa kalafo ea insulin.

    Likarolo tsa kalafo ea "insulin" nakong ea thibelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ea ho hema: ha ho fanoa ka dexamethasone 6 mg makhetlo a 2 ka letsatsi bakeng sa matsatsi a mabeli, tekanyetso ea insulin e atolositsoeng e imena habeli bakeng sa nako ea tsamaiso ea dexamethasone. Taolo ea Glycemia e laetsoe ka 06.00, pele le ka mor'a lijo, pele ho robala le ka 03.00. bakeng sa tokiso ea tekanyetso ea "insulin" e khuts'oane. Khalemelo ea metabolism ea metsi a letsoai.

    Kamora libeke tse 37 Boimana, tlhoko ea insulin e ka fokotseha hape, e lebisang ho fokotseha ho lekaneng ha tekanyetso ea insulin ea li-unit tsa 4-8 / ka letsatsi. Ho lumeloa hore ketsahalo ea "insulin-synthesizing" ea lisebelisoa tsa "cell" tsa pancreas ea "fetus" e phahameng haholo hoo e fanang ka tšebeliso e kholo ea tsoekere maling a 'm'ae. Ka ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha glycemia, ho hlokahala hore ho matlafatsoe taolo holima boemo ba lesea ka popelong mabapi le tšitiso ea pheoplacental tataisanong le semelo sa ho se lekane hoa placental.

    Boemong ba ho tsoala ngoana ho fokotseha hoa bohlokoa maemong a tsoekere ea mali ho etsahala, hyperglycemia le acidosis li ka hlaha tlasa khatello ea maikutlo kapa hypoglycemia, ka lebaka la mosebetsi oa 'mele o entsoeng, mokhathala oa mosali.

    Kamora ho beleha glucose ea mali e fokotseha ka potlako (khahlano le sekhahla sa ho theoha hoa boemo ba lihormone tsa placental kamora ho tsoaloa). Ka nako e ts'oanang, tlhoko ea insulin ka nako e khuts'oane (matsatsi a 2-4) e ba tlase ho feta pele ho ima. Ebe butle butle tsoekere ea mali e nyoloha.Ka letsatsi la 7-21 la nako ea pelehi, e fihla boemong bo bonoang pele ho kemaro.

    Toxicosis ea pele-pele ea basali baimana ba nang le ketoacidosis
    Basali ba baimana ba hloka phepelo ea metsi hape ka litharollo tsa saline ka bongata ba 1.5-2.5 l / letsatsi, hammoho le ka molomo 2-4 l / letsatsi ka metsi a se nang khase (butle, ka sips e nyane). Lijong tsa mosali oa moimana bakeng sa nako eohle ea kalafo, lijo tse halikiloeng, haholo-holo lik'habohaedreite (lijo-thollo, lino, jelly), ka salting e eketsehileng, ntle le mafura a bonahalang. Ka glycemia e ka tlase ho 14,0 mmol / L, insulin e tsamaisoa khahlanong le semelo sa tharollo ea tsoekere ea 5%.

    Tsamaiso ea tlhaho 8, 9
    Sepetlele se reriloeng:
    • Nako e nepahetseng ea ho pepa ke libeke tse 38 ho isa ho 40,
    • Mokhoa o nepahetseng oa nehelano - ho tsamaisoa ka sethala sa tlhaho sa tlhaho ka ho beha leihlo glycemia nakong (ka hora) le kamora ho pepa.

    Matšoao a karolo ea cesarean:
    • matšoao a thibelo ea litsamaiso tsa ts'ebeletso (e reriloeng / ea tšohanyetso),
    • ho ba teng ha mathata a tebileng a lefu la tsoekere.
    Nako ea pelehi ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere e khethoa ka bonngoe, ho latela botebo ba lefu lena, tekanyo ea matšeliso, boemo bo sebetsang ba mpa ea masea le ho ba teng ha mathata a ho beleha.

    Ha u rera ho beleha bana ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1, ho hlokahala hore ho hlahlojoe tekanyo ea kholo ea lesea, hobane ts'ebetso ea morao ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea eona e ka khoneha.
    Bakhachane ba nang le lefu la tsoekere le macrosomia ea bokhachane ba lokela ho tsebisoa ka likotsi tsa mathata a ho pepa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho pepa, ho pepa ha litho le karolo ea cesarean.
    Ka mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa "fetopathy", litekanyetso tsa tsoekere tse sa tsitsang, tsoelo-pele ea mathata a morao-rao a lefu la tsoekere, haholo-holo ho basali baimana ba "sehlopha se phahameng sa" "bakhachane" ho bohlokoa ho rarolla bothata ba pelehi.

    Phepelo ea insulin 8, 9

    Ka tlhaho ea tlhaho ea bana:
    • maemo a glycemia a tlameha ho bolokoa lipakeng tsa 4.0-7.0 mmol / L. Tsoela-pele tsamaiso ea insulin e atolositsoeng.
    • Ha o ja nakong ea mosebetsi, tsamaiso ea insulin e khutšoane e lokela ho koahela palo ea XE e jeoang (Sehlomathiso 5).
    • Taolo ea glycemic ka mor'a lihora tse ling le tse ling tse peli.
    • Ka glycemia e ka tlase ho 3.5 mmol / L, tsamaiso ea methapo ea tharollo ea glucose ea 5% ea 200 ml e bontšitsoe. Ka glycemia ka tlase ho 5.0 mmol / L, tsoekere e eketsehileng ea 10 g (qhala kahare ea molomo). Ka glycemia e kholo ho feta 8.0-9.0 mmol / L, ente ea methapo ea yuniti e le 'ngoe ea insulin e bonolo, li-unit tsa 10.0-12.0 mmol / L 2, ka li-unit tsa 13.0-15.0 mmol / L -3. , ka glycemia e fetang 16,0 mmol / l - 4 unit.
    • Ka matšoao a ho felloa ke metsi 'meleng, tsamaiso e kenelletseng ea saline,
    • Ho basali baimana ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ba nang le tlhoko e tlase ea insulin (ho fihla ho liuniti tse 14 / ka letsatsi), insulin ha e hlokehe nakong ea mosebetsi.

    Mosebetsing:
    • ka letsatsi la ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso, ho fanoa ka tekanyetso ea hoseng ea insulin e atolositsoeng (ka standardoglycemia, lethal dose le fokotseha ka 10-20%, ka hyperglycemia, tekanyo ea insulin e atolositsoeng e fanoa ntle le khalemelo, hammoho le likarolo tse ling tsa 1-4 tsa insulin e khutšoane.
    • maemong a ts'ebeliso ea meriana e thibelang mafu ka kakaretso nakong ea tlhaho ea masea ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, ho beha leihlo khafetsa litekanyetso tsa tsoekere ea mali (metsotso e meng le e meng e 30) ho lokela ho etsoa ho tloha nakong ea ho kenella ho fihlela ngoana a hlaha le mosali a hlaphohetsoe ka botlalo ho tloha ho amanang le ts'oaetso ka kakaretso.
    • Mekhoa e meng ea kalafo ea hypoglycemic e tšoana le eo ho tsamaisoang tlhaho.
    • Ka letsatsi la bobeli ka mor'a ho buuoa, ka lijo tse haelloang, lijo tsa insulin tse atolositsoeng li fokotsehile ka 50% (hangata e tsamaisoa hoseng) le likarolo tse khutšoane tsa insulin 2-4 pele ho lijo tse nang le glycemia e fetang 6,0 mmol / L.

    Likarolo tsa taolo ea mesebetsi e amanang le lefu la tsoekere
    • taolo e tsoelang pele ea pelo,
    • Phokotso ea bohloko.

    Tsamaiso ea nako ea kamora lefu la tsoekere
    Ho basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1 kamora ho beleha le ho ba le pelehi ea lebelo, tekanyetso ea insulin ea nako e telele e ka fokotsoa ka 80-90%, tekanyetso ea insulin e khuts'oane hangata ha e fetelle likarolo tsa 2-4 pele ho lijo ho ea ka glycemia (nako ea matsatsi a 1-3 kamora ho beleha). Butle-butle, nakong ea libeke tse 1-3, tlhoko ea insulin e eketseha mme tekanyetso ea insulin e fihla boemong ba pele ho boikoetliso. Ka hona:
    • feto-fetoha le lethaliti la insulin, o nahanela ho fokotseha ha sekhahla sa tlhokahalo e seng e bile ka letsatsi la pele kamora tsoalo ea placenta (ka 50% kapa ho feta, khutlela ho tekanyetso ea pele pele ho ima),
    • khothaletsa ho anyesa (ho hlokomelisa ka nts'etsopele ea hypoglycemia ho 'm'a!),
    • thibelo ea bokhachane e sebetsang bonyane lilemo tse 1.5.

    Melemo ea kalafo ea pompo ea insulin ho basali baimana ba nang le lefu la tsoekere
    • Basali ba sebelisang li-NPIs (pompo ea insulin) ba na le monyetla o moholo oa ho fihla maemong a bona a HbAlc. Matšoao a laboratori Khafetsa maqhubu Ho itaolaBonyane makhetlo a 4 ka letsatsi HbalcNako e 1 ho likhoeli tse 3 Teko ea mali a biochemical (proteni e felletseng, bilirubin, AST, ALT, creatinine, lipalo tsa GFR, li-electrolyte K, Na,)Hang ka selemo (ho sa etsoe liphetoho) Palo e felletseng ea maliHang ka selemo UrinalysisHang ka selemo Boikemisetso ka moroto oa karolelano ea albinine ho creatinineNako e le 'ngoe ka selemo ka mor'a lilemo tse 5 ho tloha nakong ea ho hlahlojoa ha lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1 Boikemisetso ba 'mele ea ketone ka har'a moroto le maliHo latela lipontšo

    * Ha ho na le matšoao a mathata a sa foleng a lefu la tsoekere, ho eketsoa ha maloetse a kopaneng, ponahalo ea lintlha tse eketsehileng tsa kotsi, potso ea khafetsa ea litlhahlobo e etsoa qeto ka bonngoe.

    Lethathamo 16 Lethathamo la litlhahlobo tse hlokahalang bakeng sa taolo e matla ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere mellitus * 3, 7

    Litlhahlobo tsa liletsa Khafetsa maqhubu
    Monitoring e Tsoelang Pele ea Glucose (LMWH)Nako e le 'ngoe ka kotara, ho ea ka lipontšo - khafetsa
    Taolo ea khatello ea maliNako le nako ha u etela ngaka
    Tlhahlobo ea maoto le leihloNako le nako ha u etela ngaka
    Litho tse tlaase tsa methapo ea letsohoHang ka selemo
    ECGHang ka selemo
    Tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa le tlhahlobo ea libaka tsa entetsoNako le nako ha u etela ngaka
    Se-x-rayHang ka selemo
    Ultrasound ea lijana tsa lipheletso tse tlase le liphioHang ka selemo
    Ultrasound ea mpa ea mpaHang ka selemo

    * Ha ho na le matšoao a mathata a sa foleng a lefu la tsoekere, ho eketsoa ha maloetse a kopaneng, ponahalo ea lintlha tse eketsehileng tsa kotsi, potso ea khafetsa ea litlhahlobo e etsoa qeto ka bonngoe.

    Libeke tse 6-12 kamora ho hlaha Basali bohle ba nang le GDM ba feteloa ke PHT ba nang le 75 g ea tsoekere ho khutlisetsa boemo ba "metabolite" ea "carbohydrate metabolism" (Sehlomathiso 2),

    • Ho hlokahala ho tsebisa lingaka tsa bana le li-GPs ka tlhoko ea ho lekola boemo ba metabolism ea carbohydrate le thibelo ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ho ngoana eo 'm'ae a fetang GDM (Sehlomathiso 6).

    Matšoao a katleho ea kalafo le polokeho ea mekhoa ea ho hlahloba le kalafo e hlalositsoeng ho protocol:
    • phihlello ea boemo ba methapo ea lik'habohaedreite le lipid haufi haholo le boemo bo tloaelehileng kamoo ho ka khonehang, ho tloaeleha ha khatello ea mali ho mosali oa moimana,
    • Nts'etsopele ea boitšusumetso,
    • Thibelo ea mathata a amanang le lefu la tsoekere,
    • ho ba sieo ha mathata nakong ea kemolo le pelehi, tsoalo ea lesea le phetseng hantle le phetseng hantle.

    Lethathamo 17 Target glycemia ho bakuli ba nang le GDM 2, 5

    Letšoao (tsoekere) Boleng ba sepheo (sephetho sa calcasma ea plasma)
    Ka mpeng e se nang letho
    Pele ho lijo
    Pele o robala
    Ka 03.00
    Hora e le 'ngoe ka mor'a lijo

    Sepetlele

    Matšoao a ho pepetoa ha bakuli ba nang le PSD 1, 4 *

    Matšoao a ho pepesoa sepetlele ka tšohanyetso:
    - maloetse a lefu la tsoekere nakong ea kemolo,
    - hyper / hypoglycemic precoma / coma
    - ketoacidotic precoma le komisi,
    - tsoelo-pele ea mathata a methapo ea lefu la tsoekere (retinopathy, nephropathy),
    - tšoaetso, joala,
    - Ho kena lipakeng tsa mathata a amanang le kalafo tse hlokang thuso mehato ea tšohanyetso.

    Matšoao a ho pepesoa sepetlele*:
    - Basali bohle ba baimana ba pepesetsoa sepetlele haeba ba na le lefu la tsoekere.
    - Basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere pele ho boitšisinyo ba kena sepetlele joalo ka ha ho reriloe nakong tse latelang tsa kemaro:

    Sepetlele sa pele e etsoa ka moimana ho fihlela libeke tse 12 sepetlele endocrinological / kalafo mabapi le ho fokotseha ha tlhoko ea insulin le kotsi ea maemo a hypoglycemic.
    Morero oa ho kena sepetlele:
    - Ho rarolla bothata ba monyetla oa ho lelefatsa nako ea bokhachane,
    - boits'oaro le tokiso ea mathata a metabolic le a microcirculatory a lefu la tsoekere le psychecitant extgenital pathology, Koetliso Sekolong sa Lefu la tsoekere (nakong ea nako ea kemaro).

    Sepetlele sa bobeli nakong ea libeke tse 24-28 tsa kemaro inpatient endocrinological / prapeutic profil.
    Morero oa ho kena sepetlele: khalemelo le taolo ea methapo ea mafu a amanang le lefu la tsoekere.

    Sepetlele sa boraro e etselitsoe lefapheng la lefu la thuto ea mekhatlo ea bakhachane le baimana ka makhetlo a 2-3 maemong a tlhokomelo ea lehae:
    - ka mofuta oa 1 le lefu la tsoekere la 2 nakong ea libeke tse 36-38,
    - le GDM - nakong ea libeke tse 38-39 tsaimana.
    Morero oa ho kena sepetlele ke tlhahlobo ea bokhachane, khalemelo ea kalafo ea "insulin", khetho ea mokhoa le nako ea ho pepela.

    * Ho a khonahala ho hlokomela basali ba bakhachane ba nang le lefu la tsoekere maemong a khotsofatsang motheong oa kantle ho lefu la tsoekere, haeba lefu la tsoekere le patiloe 'me liteko tsohle tse hlokahalang li entsoe

    Mehloli le lingoliloeng

    1. Metsotso ea liboka tsa Khomishene ea Litsebi mabapi le Nts'etsopele ea Bophelo bo Botle ea Lekala la Bophelo la Rephabliki ea Kazakhstan, 2014
      1. 1. Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. Tlhaloso, Tlhahlobo, le Karolo ea Lefu la tsoekere le Liphetoho tsa lona: Tlaleho ea tlhahlobo ea WHO. Karolo ea 1: Botsoako le ho khetholla lefu la tsoekere. Geneva, Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 1999 (WHO / NCD / NCS / 99.2). 2 Tlhatlhobo ea lefu la tsoekere la Amerika. Melao ea tlhokomelo ea bongaka ho lefu la tsoekere-2014. Tlhokomelo ea lefu la tsoekere, 2014, 37 (1). 3. Li-algorithms bakeng sa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ea bongaka bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere. Ed. I.I. Dedova, M.V. Shestakova. Taba ea 6. M., 2013. 4. Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. Ts'ebeliso ea Glycated Hemoglobin (HbAlc) ho Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. Tlaleho e Qotsitsoeng ea Kopano ea WHO. Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2011 (WHO / NMH / CHP / CPM / 11.1). 5. Khokahano ea naha ea Russia "Mestitusus lefu la tsoekere:" tlhahlobo ea kalafo, kalafo, ho beha leihlo "/ Dedov II, Krasnopolsky VI, Sukhikh G.T. Lebitsong la sehlopha se sebetsang // Lefu la tsoekere. - 2012. - Che. 4. - S. 4-10. 6. Nurbekova A.A. Lefu la tsoekere la mokokotlo (bohlola, mathata, kalafo). Sengoloa - Almaty. - 2011 .-- 80 s. 7. Bazarbekova RB, Zeltser M.E., Abubakirova Sh.S. Tumellano mabapi le tlhahlobo le kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere. Almaty, 2011. 8. Likhatiso tse khethiloeng tsa perinatology. E hlophisitsoe ke Prof. R.Y. Nadisauskene. Mohatisi Lithuania. 2012 652 leq. 9. National Obstetrics Management, e hlophisitsoeng ke E.K. Aylamazyan, M., 2009. 10. Protocol ea Nice mabapi le Lefu la tsoekere nakong ea Boimana, 2008. 11. Pilisi ea insulin e thehiloeng ho pump le tlhahlobo ea tsoekere e tsoelang pele. E hlophisitsoe ke John Pickup. OXFORD, UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2009. 12.I. Blumer, E. Hadar, D. Hadden, L. Jovanovic, J. Mestman, M. Hass Murad, Y. Yogev. Lefu la tsoekere le Boimana: Tataiso ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea endocrine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, la 2 Phato, 98 (11): 4227-4249.

    Tlhahisoleseling

    III. LITLHOHONOLOFATSO TSA MOKHATLO OA HO TS'ELISOSA LITLHAKISO

    Lethathamo la batho ba ntlafatsang protocol ba nang le data ea tlhahlobo
    1. Nurbekova AA, MD, moprofesa oa Lefapha la Endocrinology ea KazNMU
    2. Doschanova A.M. - MD, moprofesa, ngaka ea sehlopha se phahameng ka ho fetisisa, hlooho ea lefapha la thibelo ea mafu a basali le lefu la bongaka bakeng sa koetliso ea JSC "MIA",
    3. Sadybekova G.T-- mokhethoa oa mahlale a tsa bongaka, moprofesa ea amanang le eena, ngaka ea sehlopha se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sa endocrinologist, moprofesa ea amanang le Lefapha la Maloetse a kahare bakeng sa ho kopanya JSC "MIA".
    4. Ahmadyar N.S., MD, Setsebi sa Tleliniki e Phahameng, JSC "NNCMD"

    Pontšo ea ho se lumellane ha lithahasello: che.

    Maikutlo:
    Kosenko Tatyana Frantsevna, moemeli oa saense ea bongaka, moprofesa ea amanang le Lefapha la Endocrinology, AGIUV

    Pontšo ea maemo a ho ntlafatsa protocol: Nchafatso ea protocol kamora lilemo tse 3 le / kapa ha ho hlaha mekhoa e mecha ea tlhahlobo ea kalafo / kalafo ka bopaki bo phahameng.

    Sehlomathiso 1

    Ho basali ba baimana, tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere e etsoa motheong oa qeto ea laboratori ea boemo ba tsoekere ea venous plasma feela.
    Tlhaloso ea sephetho sa liteko e etsoa ke lingaka tsa mafu a basali, lingaka tse akaretsang, lingaka tse akaretsang. Kopano e khethehileng ea setsebi sa endocrinologist ho theha 'nete ea tlolo ea metabolism ea carbohydrate nakong ea kemolo ha e hlokahale.

    Tlhahlobo ea mathata a amanang le metabolism ea carbohydrate nakong ea kemolo e etsoa ka methati e 2.

    KHOTSO 1. Ha mosali oa moimana a qala ho etela ngaka ea bongaka leha e le bofe bo khethehileng ho fihlela libeke tse 24, e 'ngoe ea lithuto tse latelang e ea tlameha:
    - glucose e bitsoang "venous plasma glucose" e nang le "glucose" ea venous plasma e ikemiselitsoe ka mor'a ho itima lijo ka nako e telele bakeng sa bonyane lihora tse 8 le eseng tse fetang lihora tse 14),
    - HbA1c e sebelisa mokhoa oa ho ikemisetsa e netefalitsoeng ho ea ka National Glycohemoglobin Standartization Program (NGSP) mme e eme hantle ho latela boleng ba boits'itiso bo amohetsoeng ho DCCT (Taolo ea Taolo ea Ts'oaetso le Ts'ireletso ea Diabetes),
    - glucose ea venous ea plasma ka nako efe kapa efe ea letsatsi, ho sa tsotelehe lijo tse ngata.

    Lethathamo la 2 Metsoako ea tsoekere ea plasma ea lefu la tsoekere bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere le hlahang nakong ea bokhachane 2, 5

    Seswantšho (sa pele se fumanoeng) lefu la tsoekere ho basali baimana 1
    Ho potlakisa tsoekere ea plasma ea "venous"≥7.0 mmol / L
    HbA1c 2≥6,5%
    Glucose ea venous ea plasma, ho sa tsotelehe nako ea letsatsi kapa ho ja lijo ka boteng ba matšoao a hyperglycemia≥11.1 mmol / L

    1 Haeba litekanyetso tse sa tloaelehang li fumanoe ka lekhetlo la pele 'me ho se na matšoao a hyperglycemia, joale tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere e hlahang nakong ea kemolo e lokela ho netefatsoa ka ho potlaka ha venous plasma glucose kapa HbA1c e sebelisang liteko tse emeng. Haeba ho na le matšoao a hyperglycemia, boikemisetso bo le bong mokhatlong oa lefu la tsoekere (glycemia kapa HbA1c) bo lekane ho theha tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere. Haeba lefu la tsoekere le bonahetse, le lokela ho tšoaneleha kapele ka ho fetisisa mokhahlelong oa tlhahlobo ho latela tlhahlobo ea hona joale ea WHO, mohlala, mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere, mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere, jj.
    2 HbA1c e sebelisa mokhoa oa ho ikemisetsa e netefalitsoeng ho ea ka National Glycohemoglobin Standartization Program (NGSP) mme e behiloe maemong ho latela boleng ba boits'oaro bo amoheloang ho DCCT (Taolo ea Taolo ea Lefu la Ts'oaetso le Ts'oaetso).

    Ketsahalong eo sephetho sa thuto se tsamaellanang le lefu la lefu la tsoekere le bonahetseng (mofuta oa pele oa lefu la tsoekere), mofuta oa lona o hlalositsoe mme mokuli o fetisetsoa hang hang bakeng sa botsamaisi bo eketsehileng ho endocrinologist.
    Haeba boemo ba HbA1c GDM ea nako ea pele Tsoekere ea plasma ea gluous 1, 2mmol / l Ka mpeng e se nang letho≥ 5.1, empa

    1 Ke glucose ea venous ea plasma feela e lekiloeng. Ho khothaletsoa tšebeliso ea lisampole tsa mali a capillary kaofela.
    2 Nako efe kapa efe ea bokhachane (boleng bo sa tloaelehang ba ho lekanya tsoekere ea plasma ea venous e lekane).

    Ha e sebelisoa ke basali ba baimana pele le BMI ≥25 kg / m2 le ho ba le tse latelang mabaka a kotsi 2, 5 e ts'oereng HRT ho fumana lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 le ipatileng (tafole 2):
    • Ho lula u lutse fatše
    • Beng ka motho oa pele ea nang le lefu la tsoekere
    • Basali ba nang le nalane ea ho beleha lesea le leholo (ho feta 4000 g), ba belehileng kapa lefu la tsoekere la mmele
    • khatello ea mali (≥140 / 90 mm Hg kapa kalafo ea antihypertensive)
    • Bolelele ba HDL 0,9 mmol / L (kapa 35 mg / dl) le / kapa boemo ba triglyceride 2.82 mmol / L (250 mg / dl)
    • boteng ba HbAlc ≥ 5.7% mamello ea tsoekere e senyehileng kapa tsoekere e potlakileng ea ho itima lijo
    • nalane ea lefu la pelo le pelo
    • maemo a mang a kliniki a amanang le ho haelloa ke insulin (ho kenyelletsa botenya bo matla, acanthosis nigrikans)
    • polycystic ovary syndrome

    2 KHOTSO - E etsoa ka beke ea 24-28 ea boimana.
    Ho basali bohle, eo ho eona lefu la tsoekere le neng le sa fumanoe nakong ea bokhachane pele ho lefu la GDM, PGTT e etsoa ka 75 g ea glucose (Sehlomathiso 2).

    Lethathamo la 4 Mehato ea tsoekere ea lefu la plasma ea lefu la GDM 2, 5

    GDM, tlhahlobo ea mamello ea glucose ea molomo (PGTT) e nang le 75 g glucose
    Venous Plasma Glucose 1,2,3mmol / l
    Ka mpeng e se nang letho≥ 5.1, empa
    Kamora hora e le 'ngoe≥10,0
    Kamora lihora tse peli≥8,5

    1 Ke glucose ea venous ea plasma feela e lekiloeng. Ho khothaletsoa tšebeliso ea lisampole tsa mali a capillary kaofela.
    2 Nako efe kapa efe ea bokhachane (boleng bo sa tloaelehang ba ho lekanya tsoekere ea plasma ea venous e lekane).
    3 Ho latela liphetho tsa PHTT tse nang le 75 g ea glucose, bonyane boleng bo le bong ba "glucose" ea glucose ntle ho a mararo, e ka lekanang kapa e phahame ho feta monyako, e lekane ho tsebahatsa lefu la GDM. Kamora ho fumana boleng bo sa tloaelehang ka tekanyo ea pele, ho laolla tsoekere ha ho etsoe; ka mor'a ho fumana boleng bo sa tloaelehang ntlheng ea bobeli, tekanyetso ea boraro ha e hlokehe.

    Glucose e potlakileng, mitha ea tsoekere ea mali e sa tsoakoang le gluceter, le tsoekere ea moroto (tlhahlobo ea urmus ea morine) ha li khothalletsoe liteko tsa ho fumana GDM.

    Sehlomathiso 2

    Melao ea ho etsa PGTT
    PGTT e nang le 75 g ea glucose ke tlhahlobo e bolokehileng ea tlhahlobo ea ho fumana mathata a mmele nakong ea kemaro.
    Tlhaloso ea sephetho sa PHT e ka etsoa ke ngaka ea boemo bofe kapa bofe: ngaka ea bongaka, ngaka ea mafu a basali, ngaka e akaretsang, endocrinologist.
    Teko e etsoa khahlano le semelo sa lijo tse tloaelehileng (bonyane 150 g ea lik'habohaedreite ka letsatsi) bonyane matsatsi a 3 pele ho thuto. Teko e etsoa hoseng ka mpeng e se nang letho ka mor'a ho potlakisa hora ea 8-14 bosiu. Lijo tsa ho qetela li tlameha ho ba le 30-50 g ea lik'habohaedreite. Ho noa metsi ha ho thibetsoe. Nakong ea tlhahlobo, mokuli o lokela ho lula. Ho tsuba ho thibetsoe ho fihlela tlhahlobo e phethoa. Meriana e amang maemo a tsoekere ea mali (multivitamini le litokisetso tsa tšepe tse nang le lik'habohaedreite, glucocorticoids, β-blockers, β-adrenergic agonists) li lokela ho nkuoa kamora tlhahlobo.

    PGTT ha e etsoa:
    -e na le chefo ea kapele ea basali baimana (ho hlatsa, ho nyekeloa ke pelo),
    - haeba ho hlokahala, ho latela tumellano ea ho phomola betheng ka thata (tlhahlobo ha e etsoe ho fihlela ho hola hoa mmuso oa makoloi),
    - khahlano le semolao sa lefu le tšoaetsang kapa le tšoaetsanoang,
    - ka ho eketsoa ke pancreatitis e sa foleng kapa ho ba teng ha dumping syndrome (syndrome e kopantsoeng ea mala).

    Teko ea Glucose ea Venous e etsoa feela ka laboratoring ho bohlahlobi ba biochemical kapa ho bahlahlobisisi ba glucose.
    Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse nkehang tsa ho itlhahloba (glucometer) bakeng sa tlhahlobo e thibetsoe.
    Sampole ea mali e etsoa ka mothapo oa tlhahlobo ea metsi a batang (ka ho khetheha, vacuum) e nang le li-preservatives: sodium fluoride (6 mg ka 1 ml ea mali kaofela) e le inhibitor ea thibelo ea ho itšireletsa, hammoho le EDTA kapa sodium citrate joalo ka li-anticoagulants. Chubumu ea teko e tšeloa metsing a leqhoa. 'Me hang-hang (eseng kamora' metsotso e 30 e latelang) mali a khubung ho arohana le lero la mali le lintho tse thehiloeng. Plasma e fetisetsoa ho tube e 'ngoe ea polasetiki. Mohloling ona oa bioloji, tsoekere e lekantsoe.

    Mehato ea Teko
    Mokhahlelo oa pele. Kamora ho nka sampole ea pele ea phallo ea mali e potlakileng ea mali, boemo ba tsoekere bo lekanyetsoa hanghang, hobane ka mor'a ho fumana sephetho se bontshang lefu la tsoekere kapa "GDM" ha ho tsoaroa tsoekere e tsoelang pele ho etsoa mme tlhahlobo e emisa. Haeba ho sa khonehe ho supa ka ho hlaka boemo ba tsoekere, tlhahlobo e tsoela pele mme ea felisoa.

    Mothati oa bobeli. Ha a tsoela pele tlhahlobo, mokuli o lokela ho noa tharollo ea glucose bakeng sa metsotso e 5, e nang le ligrose tse 75 g tse omeletseng (anhydrite kapa anhydrous) tse qhibilihang ka 250-300 ml ea metsi a futhumetseng (37-40 ° C) a noang metsi a sa lomosoang (kapa a qhibilihisitsoeng). Haeba monohydrate ea glucose e sebelisoa, ho hlokahala karolo ea 82,5 g ea ntho eo bakeng sa tlhahlobo. Ho qala tharollo ea tsoekere ho nkuoa e le qalo ea tlhahlobo.

    Mothati oa 3. Lisampole tse latelang tsa mali ho fumana hore na boemo ba tsoekere ea plasma ea venous li nkuoa neng le lihora tse 1 kamora ho ts'oaroa ha glucose. Kamora ho fumana liphetho tse bonts'ang GDM kamora sampole ea bobeli ea mali, tlhahlobo e felisitsoe.

    Sehlomathiso sa 3

    Sisteme ea LMWH e sebelisoa e le mokhoa oa sejoale-joale sa ho hlahloba phetoho ho glycemia, ho khetholla lipaterone le mekhoa e pheta-phetoang, ho bona hypoglycemia, ho etsa litlatsetso tsa kalafo le ho khetha kalafo ea hypoglycemic, ho thusa ho ruta bakuli le ho nka karolo ha bona kalafong.

    NMH ke mokhoa oa sejoale-joale le o nepahetseng ha o bapisoa le ho itlhokomela hae. NMH eu lumella ho lekanya litekanyetso tsa tsoekere maling ka har'a mokelikeli o mong le o mong metsotso e 5 (mehato e 288 ka letsatsi), e fa ngaka le mokuli tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le litekanyetso tsa tsoekere le mekhoa ea khatello ea eona, hammoho le ho fana ka matšoao a tšosang bakeng sa hypo- le hyperglycemia.

    Matšoao a NMH:
    - bakuli ba boemo ba HbA1c kaholimo ho li-parameter tse boletsoeng,
    - bakuli ba nang le mismatch pakeng tsa boemo ba HbA1c le matšoao a tlalehiloeng ho daekare,
    - bakuli ba nang le hypoglycemia kapa maemong a belaello ea ho hloka botsitso ho qala ho hypoglycemia,
    - bakuli ba nang le tšabo ea hypoglycemia e kenellang khalemelo ea kalafo,
    - bana ba nang le phapang e ngata ea glycemia,
    - basali baimana
    - thuto ea mamello le ho nka karolo kalafong ea bona,
    - Liphetoho mekhoeng ea boitšoaro ho bakuli ba neng ba sa qhekelloe ke ho itlhahloba ha glycemia.

    Sehlomathiso 4

    Tlhokomelo e khethehileng ea bakhachane ba nang le lefu la tsoekere

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