Mefuta ea tlhahlobo ea biochemical ea mali, decoding, mabaka a ho eketseha le ho fokotseha hoa matšoao tafoleng

Palo e felletseng ea mali (KLA) ke thuto ea pele ea ho qala ts'oaetso ea mafu kapa tlhahlobo e thibeloang ke ngaka e le karolo ea tlhatlhobo ea bongaka ea selemo le selemo. Ntle le tlhahlobo ena e bonolo empa e le ea bohlokoa, ho ka se khonehe ho lekola hantle bophelo ba motho. KLA ka tsela e ngoe e bitsoa tlhahlobo ea mali ka kakaretso kapa feela tlhahlobo ea mali, empa ho boetse ho na le mofuta o qaqileng, o kenyelletsang thuto e qaqileng ea foromo ea leukocyte mme e sebelisoa ha mokuli a e-na le matšoao a lefu lena.

E le karolo ea KLA, ho hlahlojoa lisele tsohle tse tharo tsa mali: lisele tse khubelu tsa mali tse ikarabellang bakeng sa litho tsa ho phefumoloha le lisele, lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali - ba loantšang sesole sa 'mele, le liplatelete - ba sirelletsang mali ho tsoa mali. Leha ho le joalo, laboratori ha e lekanye palo ea lisele tsena feela. Mofuta o mong le o mong oa sele ea mali o na le matšoao a mang a mangata ao ho tsona ngaka e ka ahlolang likarolo tse fapaneng tsa bophelo ba setho se itseng. Ho fumana sephetho sa tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea mali ke mosebetsi oa ngaka e nang le bokhoni, setsebi sa bongaka kapa ngaka ea bana, hobane ha se linomoro tse foromong feela, empa le motsoako oa phokotso ho tsoa ho tloaelo le e ngoe, hammoho le tlhaiso-leseling e fumanoeng nakong ea tlhatlhobo, tlhahlobo le mehato e meng ea tlhahlobo ea mali.

Mali bakeng sa tlhahlobo e akaretsang ho bakuli ba baholo a nkuoa ho tloha monwaneng o sebelisoa leqheka, kapa molapong o nang le syringe. Ho masea, ka linako tse ling KLA e tlameha ho nkuoa ho tloha letsohong kapa serethe, hobane menoana e nyane haholo 'me ho thata ho kena methapong. Ho lumeloa hore mali a venous a loketse ho etsa lipatlisiso - a na le lisele tse khubelu tsa mali le hemoglobin ho feta mali a capillary. Ntle le moo, ho a khonahala ho nka thepa e ngata ho tsoa mothapong ka nako e le ngoe, e le hore haeba ho hlokahala tlhahlobo e eketsehileng, motho eo ha a lokela ho romeloa laboratoring hape.

Hajoale, lipetlele tse ngata le litleliniki li na le mochini o itlhommeng pele. Bakeng sa hae, mali a nkiloeng ho mokuli hang-hang a tšeloa ka sejaneng se ikhethileng se nang le anticoagulant - vacutainer. Mohlahlobisisi o nolofatsa haholo ebile o potlakisa ts'ebetso ea ho fumana liphetho tsa tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea mali, leha ho le joalo, haeba mekhoa e khelohileng ea tloaelo e fumaneha ho letšoao, esita le mochini oa boraro o bohlale ka ho fetisisa o ka etsa phoso lipalo. Ka hona, sampole e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nkuoeng e ntse e sebetsa tlasa ts'ebetso ea khalase, lits'oants'o le tlhahlobo ea pono tlasa microscope.

Lintlha tse fumanoeng li kenngoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng 'me li romelloa ho ngaka e eang kapa e fuoa mokuli. Haeba thuto e ne e etsoa "ka mokhoa oa khale", ho ke ke ha ba thata ho utloisisa litlaleho tsa mothusi oa laboratori, hobane mabitso a felletseng a matšoao 'ohle le maemo a bona a tla bontšoa moo. Empa haeba tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea mali e entsoe ho tlhahlobo e iketsang, tokomane ea ho qetela e tla ba sengoloang se nang le lintlha tse sa hlaka tse nang le litlhaku tse 'maloa tsa Selatine. Mona o tla hloka ho hlahlobisisa sephetho, 'me re tla fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e hlokahalang: tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea mali bakeng sa basali, banna le bana ba lilemo tse fapaneng ka mokhoa oa litafole le lenane la mabaka a ka' nang a etsa hore lipontšo li eketsehe kapa li fokotsehe.

Libakeng tse bulehileng tsa marang-rang u ka fumana litafole tse ngata tse tšoanang tsa maemo a fapaneng, 'me lintlha tse ho tsona li ka fapana hanyane. Sena ha se tšoaneloe ke ho tšoenyeha ka hona, hobane boleng ba tlhahlobo bo hlalosoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho tloha lipalo tse tloaelehileng. Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea mali ka kakaretso li ka ahloloa feela hammoho le liphetho tsa litlhahlobo tse ling - ho ke ke ha khoneha ho theha tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea ts'ebeliso e sebelisa KLA feela, mme ha ho na lebaka la ho leka ho e etsa.

U ka itokisetsa joang pele ho sampole ea mali bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea biochemical?

Mooki o hula mali ho mokuli metsotsoana e seng mekae, ts'ebetso ena ha e bake pherekano e khethehileng. Tlhahlobo ea biochemical, joalo ka tse ling, e hloka boitokisetso le ho latela litlhoko tse 'maloa tse bonolo:

• mali a tlameha ho nkuoa feela ka mpeng e se nang letho,
• Lijo tsa mantsiboea ha lia lokela ho ba le tee le kofi e ngata, 'me ho molemo hore u se ke ua noa lijo tse mafura le joala matsatsi a 2-3.
• Lihora tse 24 li lokela ho hana mekhoa efe kapa efe ea ho futhumatsa (ho hlapa, sauna) le ho ikoetlisa ka matla,
• Liteko li etsoa hoseng haholo, pele ho tsohle, pele ho mekhoa ea bongaka (li-droppers, liente, radiology),
• Ha mokuli a tla laboratoring, ho bohlokoa hore a lule metsotso e 10- 10 pele a nka mali, ho tsitsisa moea le ho khoba matšoafo.
• Ho tseba boemo ba tsoekere ea mali hantle, ha ho hlokahale hore mokuli a hlatsoe meno, a noe tee kapa kofi hoseng pele ho ho hlahlojoa, le haeba "hoseng ho hong ho qala ka kofi", o lokela ho e hana,
• le pele u nka mali, ha ho khothaletsoe ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tsa lihormone, lithibela-mafu, li-diuretics le lithethefatsi tse ling,
• Libeke tse peli pele ho tlhahlobo, o hloka ho emisa meriana e fokotsang khatello ea lipids maling (bona lipalo-palo ho theola cholesterol),
• ha ho hlokahala, ho hlahlojoa bocha ho hlahlojoa ho tlameha ho nkuoa ka nako e tšoanang ea letsatsi, ka laboratoring e le 'ngoe.

Lethathamo la biochemical analysis ea mali le decoding

Letšoao	Moo
Kakaretso ea protheine	63-87 g / l
Likaroloana tsa liprotheine:

• albin
• li-globulins (α₁, α₂, β, γ)

• 35-45 g / l
• 21.2-34.9 g / l

Urea2.5-8.3 mmol / LCreatinine

• basali 44-97 li-micromoles ka litha e le ngoe
• banna 62-124

Uric acid

• Ho banna - 0.12-0.43 mmol / l
• Ho basali - 0.24-0.54 mmol / l

Glucose3.5-6.2 mmol ka litha e le ngoeKakaretso ea k'holeseterole3.3-5.8 mmol / LLDLka tlase ho 3mmol ka litha e le ngoeHDL

• basali ba baholo ho feta kapa ba lekana le 1,2 mmol ka litha
• banna 1 mmol ka litha e le ngoe

Khaledka tlase ho 1,7 mmol ka litha e le ngoeKakaretso ea bilirubin8.49-20.58 μmol / LDirect bilirubin2.2-5.1 μmol / LAlanine aminotransferase (ALT)Ho fihla ho 38 unit / lAspartate aminotransferase (AST)Ho fihlela ho 42 U / LAlkaline phosphatase (alkaline phosphatase)Ho fihlela li-unit tsa 260 / lGamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

• Ho banna - ho fihlela ho 33,5 U / L
• Ho basali - ho fihlela 48.6 U / L

Phahameng Kinase (QC)Ho fihla ho li-unit tsa 180 / lΑ-amylaseho fihlela ho 110 E ka litha e le ngoeSodium130-155 mmol / lPotasiamo3.35-5.35 mmol / L

Protheine e felletseng le likaroloana tsa eona

Protein e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa haholo 'meleng, e ameha ho aheng lisele tse ncha, ho etsoa ha boits'ireletso ba mmele le ho fetisoa ha lintho. Liprotheine hangata li na le li-amino acid tsa mantlha tse 20, leha li ka kenyelletsa livithamini, lintho tse hlophiloeng (tšepe) le lik'habohaedreite tse nang le lik'habohaedreite le lipid.

Karolo ea metsi e na le liprotheine tse fapaneng tse 165, tse fapaneng ka sebopeho le karolo ea tsona 'meleng. Liprotheine tsohle li arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro kapa likaroloana: albin, globulin (α₁, α₂, β, γ) le fibrinogen. Kaha liprotheine li hlahisoa haholo sebeteng, litaba tsa tsona li bontša tšebetso ea setho sena.

Phokotseho ea protheine e felletseng e bitsoa hypoproteinemia (bona liprotheine tse ngata maling). Boemo bona bo etsahala ha:

• tlala ea protheine (meroho, lijo tse se nang liprotheine),
• e eketsehile ka bongata ka har'a moroto (lefu la liphio, protheine ea basali baimana),
• tahlehelo ea mali (linako tse boima, nosebleeds),
• Ho chesa, haholoholoholo
• ho bokella hoa plasma ka mpeng ea mpa (ascites), pleural cavity (exudative pleurisy), pericardium (pericardial effusion),
• malakabe a neoplasms (mofets'e oa mala, mofetše oa senya),
• tlolo ea sebopeho sa protheine (hepatitis, cirrhosis),
• kalafo ea nako e telele ka li-glucocorticosteroids,
• ho fokotsa ho kenngoa ha lintho (enteritis, colitis, lefu la celiac, pancreatitis).

Keketseho ea protheine e felletseng e bitsoa hyperproteinemia, boemo bona bo ka lekana ebile bo felletse. Keketseho e nyane ea liprotheine e etsahala ka tahlehelo ea karolo ea mokelikeli ea plasma (k'holera, ho hlatsa hangata). Keketseho e phethahetseng ea protheine e etsahala lits'ebetsong tsa ho ruruha (ka lebaka la li-globulins), myeloma. Ts'ebetso ea 'mele le phetoho ea boemo ba' mele e fetola khatello ea ntho ena ka 10%.

Mabaka a ka sehloohong a phetoho ea bongata ba likarolo tsa liprotheine

Likaroloana tsa liprotheine ke tsena: albin, globulin le fibrinogen. Fibrinogen ha e fumanoe tlhahlobisong ea biochemical. Protheine ena e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea ho fetoha ha mali. E ikemiselitsoe ho tlhahlobo e joalo ka coagulogram.

Palo e eketsehang

• tahlehelo ea metsi ho mafu a tšoaetsanoang (ho omella)
• lefu le tukang

Nitrogen metabolism

Ntle le kaho ea lisele, 'mele o tsoela pele ho bola, o tsamaisana le ho bokella metheo ea naetrojene. Lintho tsena tse nang le chefo li theha ka har'a sebete 'me li utloisoa bohloko ke liphio. Ka hona, keketseho ea chefo ea mali e ka supa ho fokotseha hoa tšebetso ea liphio le sebete, le ho phatloha ho hoholo ha liprotheine. Matšoao a sehlooho a metabolism ea naetrojene a kenyelletsa:

• urea le creatinine
• ha e sa tloaela ho feta, naetrojene e setseng, creatine, uric acid, ammonia, Symban le tse ling li ikemiselitse.

Hobaneng ha chefo ea mali e fetoha?

Albumin	Li-globulins
Li-globulins: ts'ebetso ea methapo e matla ea ho ruruha mafu a methapo ea methapo e sebetsanang (scleroderma, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis), ho chesa karolong ea ho hlaphoheloa, nephrotic syndrome e nang le glomerulonephritis. Β- li-globulins: hyperlipoproteinemia (atherosclerosis, lefu la tsoekere), nephrotic syndrome seso ka mpeng le mala a tsoang, hypothyroidism. Γ- li-globulin: tšoaetso ea vaerase le baktheria, mafu a methapo ea methapo e sebetsanang (scleroderma, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis), chesa allergy tlhaselo ea helminthic.

• glomerulonephritis e hlobaetsang le e sa foleng
• nephrosermosis,
• chefo e nang le letsoai la mercury, dichloroethane, ethylene glycol,
• lefu la ho ferekana (lefu la khatello e telele la nako e telele),
• khatello ea kelello ea methapo
• lefu la polycystic,
• lefuba la liphio,
• a hlobaetsang le a reetsang a a sa foleng a a sa sebetseng hantle

Mabaka a keketseho	Mabaka a ho theoha
kamora tsamaiso ea tsoekere tlhahiso ea moroto e eketsehileng (polyuria), kamora hemodialysis, ho hloleha ha sebete ho itima lijo metabolism ea theoha hypothyroidism
	ho hloleha le ho phekola ha methapo e sa foleng, hyperthyroidism acromegaly "mellitus" mala, mesifa ea methapo ho chesa haholo
	Uric acid gout leukemia B-12 khaello ea mali Lefu la Wakez tšoaetso ea methapo lefu la sebete lefu la tsoekere le matla matšoao a letlalo (dermatitis, pemphigus), chefo ka li-barbiturates, carbon monoxide

Glucose ea mali

Glucose ke sesupo se seholo sa metabolism ea carbohydrate. Ntho ena ke sehlahisoa se ka sehloohong sa matla se kenang ka seleng, ho tsoa ho glucose le oksijene moo sele e fumanang mafura bakeng sa bophelo bo eketsehileng.

Glucose e kena maling ka mor'a ho ja, ebe e kena ka har'a sebete, moo e sebelisoang e le glycogen. Ts'ebetso tsena li laoloa ke lihormone tsa "pancreatic" - insulin le glucagon (bona tloaelo ea glucose ea mali).

• Khaello ea glucose ea mali e bitsoa hypoglycemia.
• Ho fetella - hyperglycemia.

Ke eng e bakang ho feto-fetoha ha mahlaseli a mali maling?

Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycemia

ho itima lijo nako e telele malabsorption ea lik'habohaedreite (colitis, enteritis, dumping syndrome), Rhepatic pathology, hypothyroidism khaello e sa lekanyetsoang ea adrenal cortex, hypopituitarism, lithethefatsi tse ngata tsa "insulin" kapa "drug" hypoglycemic (lefu la tsoekere, glibenclamide, jj.), meningitis (lefuba, purulent, cryptococcal), encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, insuloma sarcoidosis

DIABETE tsa SUGAR 1 le 2 thyrotooticosis, hlahala neoplasms ea adrenal cortex, pheochromocytoma, kalafo ea glucocorticoid lefu la sethoathoa likotsi tsa boko le maqeba, chefo ea khase ea carbon monoxide, psychoemotional arousal

Pherekano ea Pigment Metabolism

Mmeleng oa motho ho na le liprotheine tse khethehileng tsa mebala. Hangata tsena ke li-peptide tse nang le tšepe efe kapa efe (tšepe, koporo). Tsena li kenyelletsa: hemoglobin, cerulloplasmin, myoglobin, cytochrome le tse ling. Sehlahisoa sa ho qetela sa ho phatloha ha liprotheine tse joalo ke bilirubin le likaroloana tsa eona. Ho etsahalang ka bilirubin mmeleng?

Ha sele e khubelu ea mali e fela mokokotlong, mahakoe a eona aa putlama. Ka lebaka la biliverdin reductase, bilirubin e thehiloe, e bitsoang indirect kapa free. Ho fapana hona ha bilirubin ho na le chefo ho 'mele kaofela, haholo-holo bokong. Empa ka lebaka la hore e amana ka potlako le albin ea mali, 'mele ha o chefo. Empa ka hepatitis, cirrhosis, e phahame, hobane ha e amane le acid e glucuronic.

Ho feta moo, liseleng tsa sebete, li-bilirubin tse sa amaneng li tlama ho glucuronic acid (ho fetoha kapa ho toba, e seng chefo), ts'ebetso ea eona e phahame feela ka dyskinesia ea biliary, ka lefu la Gilbert (bona lisosa tsa bilirubin e ngata maling). Ha ho hlahlojoa, bilirubin e tobileng e hola ka tšenyo ea lisele tsa sebete (mohlala, le hepatitis).

Ebe bilirubin e kena ka har'a bile, e tsamaisoang ho tloha ducts ea hepatic ho ea molomong oa nyooko, ebe e kenella tsebong ea duodenum. Mona urobilinogen e thehoa ho tsoa ho bilirubin, e kenngoeng ka popelong e nyane ho kena maling mme ha e kena liphihlelong, e fumana lekoala la urine. Karolo e setseng, e fihlang koloneng, ka tlas'a ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme tsa baktheria e fetoha stercobilin mme e hlahisa lits'oants'o.

Hobaneng lefu la sethoathoa le hlaha?

Ho na le mekhoa e meraro:

• ho phatloha ho hoholo ha hemoglobin le liprotheine tse ling tsa pigment (hemolytic anemia, snakebites, pathological spleen hyperfunction) - bilirubin e sa tobang e thehoa ka bongata bo boholo hoo sebete se sa nang nako ea ho e bala le ho e pepesa,
• mafu a sebete (hepatitis, cirrhosis, neoplasms) - pigment e thehiloe ka bongata, empa lisele tsa sebete tse anngoeng ke lefu li ke ke tsa phetha mosebetsi oa tsona,
• tlolo ea ho tsoa hoa bile (cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, acute cholangitis, leqeba la hlooho ea manyeme) - ka lebaka la khatello ea methapo ea bile, bile ha e kene ka popelong, empa e bokellana sebeteng, e baka tšenyo ea lisele tsa eona le ho khutla ha bilirubin maling.

Maemo ohle a mararo a kotsi haholo bakeng sa bophelo ba motho, a hloka tlhokomelo ea bongaka hanghang.

Lipid metabolism kapa cholesterol

Lipids li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa bophelong ba sele. Ba nka karolo ho aheng ha lebota la sele, sebopeho sa bile, lihormone tse ngata (li-hormone tsa botona le botšehali tsa banna le basali, li-corticosteroids) le vithamini ea D. Fatty acid ke mohloli oa matla bakeng sa litho le lisele.

Mafura ohle 'meleng oa motho a arotsoe ka likarolo tse 3:

• triglycerides kapa mafura a sa jeleng paate,
• k'holeseterole e felletseng le likaroloana tsa eona,
• phospholipids.

Maling, lipids li ka sebopeho sa metsoako e latelang:

• Chylomicrons - e na le li-triglycerides haholo,
• high density lipoproteins (HDL) - e kenyelletsa liprotheine tsa 50% ¸ 30% phospholipids le 20% cholesterol,
• density lipoproteins (LDL) - e na le liprotheine tse 20%, 20% phospholipids, 10% triglycerides le 50% cholesterol,
• li-lipoprotein tse fokolang haholo (VLDL) - li thehiloe nakong ea ho phatloha ha LDL, ho kenyelletsa cholesterol e ngata.

Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tlhatlhobong ke tlhahlobo ea cholesterol e felletseng, LDL, HDL le triglycerides (bona tloaelo ea cholesterol ea mali). Ha u nka mali, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore ho tlola melao ea boitokiso le tšebeliso ea lijo tse mafura ho ka lebisa ho liphoso tse kholo litlamorao tsa tlhahlobo.

Kakaretso ea k'holeseterole

• Myxedema,
• lefu la tsoekere
• boimana
• Hyperlipidemia ea lelapa
• cholelithiasis
• pancreatitis e bohloko le e sa foleng
• makhopho a pancreatic le a senya
• glomerulonephritis,
• bokhoba ba joala
• khatello ea mali
• myocardial infarction
• lefu la pelo

• bohloko bo bobe ba sebete,
• lefu la sebete la sebete,
• rheumatoid arthritis,
• Hyperfunction ea tšoelesa ea qoqotho le ea parathyroid,
• ho itima lijo
• malabsorption ea dintho
• lefu le sa foleng la pulmonary lefu

Khaled

• viral hepatitis,
• bokhoba ba joala
• cirrhosis ea joala,
• biliary (biliary) cirrhosis ea sebete,
• cholelithiasis
• pancreatitis e bohloko le e sa foleng
• ho se sebetse hantle hantle ha renal
• khatello ea mali
• myocardial infarction
• lefu la pelo
• boimana
• cerebral thrombosis,
• hypothyroidism
• lefu la tsoekere
• gout
• Down Down
• porphyria e hlobaetsang

• Boloetse bo sa foleng ba 'mele oa pulmonary,
• Hyperfunction ea tšoelesa ea qoqotho le ea parathyroid,
• khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng
• malabsorption

Tekanyo ea keketseho ea cholesterol ea mali:

• 5.2-6.5 mmol / L - tekanyo e nyane ea keketseho ea ntho, sebaka sa kotsi sa atherosulinosis,
• 6.5-8.0 mmol / L - keketseho e leka-lekaneng, e fetotsoeng ke lijo,
• ho feta 8,0 mmol / l - boemo bo phahameng ba ntho e hlokang ho kenella ha lithethefatsi.

Li-syndromes tse hlano tsa kliniki, tseo ho thoeng ke dyslipoproteinemias, li khetholloa ho latela liphetoho tse teng lenaneng la lipid metabolism (1,2,3,4,5). Maemo ana a methapo ea kutlo ke mafu a tšoaetsanoang a maloetse a tebileng, a kang cerese ea methapo ea methapo, lefu la tsoekere le a mang.

Alanine aminotransferase le ampartate aminotransferase

Li-enzyme tsena li fana ka phetiso ea li-amino acid tse peli ka ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale: aspartate le alanine. AST le ALT li fumanoa ka bongata liseleng tsa sebete, mesifa ea pelo le mesifa ea marapo. Ho li eketsa maling ho bontša ho timetsoa ha lisele tsa litho tsena, 'me ha li-enzymes li le ngata haholo, lisele tse eketsehileng li ile tsa shoa.

Liphetoho tsa En Entso ea Enzyme:	Ke mafu afe a eketsang AST le ALT?
lebone - makhetlo a 1.5-5, ka karolelano - makhetlo a 6-10, phahameng - makhetlo a 10 kapa ho feta.	myocardial infarction (more AST), viral hepatitis (more ALT), kotsi ea sebete, Ho hlahala le maloetse a mabe ka har'a sebete, Tšenyo ea mesifa ea marapo (masapo a senya).

Alkaline phosphatase

Enzyme ena e ikarabella bakeng sa ho tlosa phosphoric acid metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale le ho tsamaisa phosphorus ka seleng. Alkaline phosphatase e na le mefuta e 'meli: hepatic le bone. Mabaka a ho eketseha ha enke:

• osteogenic sarcoma,
• bone metastasis
• myeloma
• lymphogranulomatosis,
• hepatitis
• ho senya le chefo ea lithethefatsi ho sebete (aspirin, cytostatics, lithibela-pelehi tsa molomo, tetracycline),
• Ha u folisa,
• ts'oaetso ea cytomegalovirus,
• osteoporosis le osteomalacia (tšenyo ea masapo).

Γ-glutamyl phetisetso

GGT e kenella ho metabolism ea mafura, e fetisetsa k'holeseterole le triglycerides ka har'a sele. Karolo e kholo ea enzyme e fumanoa ka har'a sebete, tšoelesa ea senya, liphio, manyeme. Ts'ebetso ea eona maling e eketseha ka:

• mafu a boletsoeng ka holimo a sebete,
• botaoa,
• lefu la tsoekere
• tšoaetso ea mononucleosis,
• ho nyekeloa ke pelo.

U ka etsa kinine

CC e nka karolo phetolelong ea "creatine" le ho boloka metabolism ea matla seleng. E na le litlatsetso tse 3:

• MM (enzyme e fumanehang liseleng tsa mesifa)
• MV (e teng mosikong oa pelo)
• BB (bokong).

Keketseho ea mali a ntho ena hangata e bakoa ke ho senngoa hoa lisele tsa litho tse kaholimo. Ke mafu afe a tobileng a eketsang boemo ba QC?

Alpha amylase e eketsehileng	Ho fokotsa alylase
pancreatitis e hlobaetsang mofetše wa pancreatic viral hepatitis, mumps (bathong - mumps), ho hloleha ha renal renal tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea joala, tetracycline, glucocorticosteroids	thyrotooticosis, myocardial infarction Pancreatic necrosis e felletseng, toxicosis ea moimana

Lielektrone tsa mali

Potasiamo le sodium ke li-electrolyte tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa maling. Ho ka bonahala eka tsena ke likarolo feela tsa mohlala, mme se ka hare ho 'mele sea fokola. Ebile, ho thata ho nahana ka bonyane sebopeho se le seng kapa ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e neng e ka etsa ntle le tsona.

Karolo ea trace e bapala karolo e kholo lits'ebetsong tsa enzyme le metabolism. Mosebetsi oa eona o ka sehloohong ke ho tsamaisa litšusumetso tsa motlakase ka pelong. Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo maemong a potasiamo ho na le phello e mpe haholo myocardium.

Boemo ha potasiamo e phahamisitsoe e bitsoa hyperkalemia, 'me ha e fokotseha - hypokalemia. Ke eng e sokelang keketseho ea potasiamo?

• tlolo ea kutlo ea kutlo
• arrhythmias (sebopeho sa fibrillation, sekhahla sa intracardiac)
• pulse fokotsa
• theoha khatello ea mali
• pherekano.

Maemo a joalo a tšosang a ka hlaha ka keketseho ea karolo ea trace ho feta 7.15 mmol / L.

Ho theoha ha maemo a potasiamo ka tlase ho 3.05 mmol / L le hona ke tšitiso 'meleng. Matšoao a mantlha a khaello ea ntho e kenyelletsa:

• ho nyekeloa
• ho hlatsa
• bofokoli ba mesifa
• ho hema ka thata
• Ho tsoa ka mokhoa o itjarileng oa moroto le makhopho,
• bofokoli ba pelo.

Sodium ha e amehe ka ho toba metabolism. E tletse mokelikeli oa kantle ho lisele. Mosebetsi oa eona o ka sehloohong ke ho boloka khatello ea osmotic le pH. Excretion ea sodium e hlaha ka har'a moroto mme e laoloa ke lihormone tsa adrenal cortex - aldosterone.

Keketseho ea karolo ea lesela e bitsoa hypernatremia, 'me ho fokotseha ho bitsoa hyponatremia.

Tšitiso ea sodium metabolic e bontšoa joang?

Hyponatremia	Hypernatremia
ho hloka thahasello tahlehelo ea takatso ea lijo ho nyekeloa ho hlatsa hlooho e bohloko ho otsela cramps coma	lenyora ho thothomela hoa mesifa ho se khonehe mesifa e sotheha cramps coma

Qetellong, ke rata ho fa babali ba sengoloa sena sengoloa: laboratori ka 'ngoe, ekaba ea boinotšing kapa ea sechaba, e na le sete ea eona ea li-reagents, lisebelisoa tsa eona tsa komporo. Ka hona, maemo a matšoao a ka fapana haholo. Ha mothusi oa laboratori a u fa liphetho tsa tlhahlobo, etsa bonnete ba ho netefatsa hore litekanyetso li ngotsoe foromong. Ke ka tsela ena feela u tla tseba ho utloisisa hore na ho na le liphetoho ho bohlahlobisiso ba hau kapa che.

Ho ka ithutoa eng tlhahlobong ea tsoekere ea mali?

Tsoekere ea mali e bitsoa glucose, e tsamaeang methapong ea mali, e kenella ka har'a litho tsohle le lisele tsa 'mele. E tsamaisoa ka har'a lijana ke mala (ho tloha lijo) le sebete (tse kopantsoeng ho tsoa ho amino acid, glycerol le lactate), hape e ka fumanoa ka ho petsola mabenkele a glycogen ka har'a mesifa le sebete.

'Mele o ke ke oa sebetsa ntle le glucose, kaha matla a tsoa ho ona, lisele tse khubelu tsa mali, mesifa ea mesifa e fuoa glucose. Insulin e thusa ho sila tsoekere. Motsoako oa eona o ka sehloohong oa hlaha ha o ja. Hormone ena e tsamaisa tsoekere ho lisele hore li e sebelise ho methapo ea tlhaho ea ATP mme karolo e behiloe ka har'a sebete e le glycogen.

Kahoo, boemo bo eketsehang ba tsoekere (tsoekere) bo khutlela ho boleng ba eona ba pele. Ka tloaelo, mosebetsi oa manyeme, litšoelesa tsa adrenal, tsamaiso ea hypothalamic-pituitary e reretsoe ho netefatsa hore glycemia e maemong a ts'oanang. Ho boleng ba ho tloha 3.3 ho isa ho 5.5 mmol / L, tsoekere e fumaneha bakeng sa lisele, empa ha e fuputsoe ka har'a moroto.

Ho kheloha eng kapa eng ho tsoa ho matšoao a tloaelehileng ke 'mele ho thata ho a mamella. Tsoekere e eketsehileng ea mali e ka ba maemong a joalo a bophelo:

1. Lefu la tsoekere.
2. Li-antibodies ho insulin maemong a autoimmune.
3. Mathata a tsamaiso ea endocrine: litšoelesa tsa adrenal, tšoelesa ea qoqotho, litho tsa tsona tse laolang - hypothalamus le gland ea pituitary.
4. Pancreatitis, tumello ea pancreatic.
5. Lefu la sebete kapa lefu la liphio le sa foleng.

Teko ea mali bakeng sa tsoekere e ka bonts'a sephetho se kaholimo ho khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, ho ikoetlisa ka ho leka-lekana, ho tsuba, ho sebelisa meriana ea lihormone, k'hafeine, li-estrogens le lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang.

Ka keketseho e kholo ea litekanyo tsa tsoekere, lenyora le hlaha, takatso e eketsehileng ea lijo, ho senyeha ha bophelo bohle bo botle, ho ntša metsi ho fetoha khafetsa. Hyperglycemia e matla e lebisa ho komeng, e etelletsoeng pele ke ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho hlatsa, ponahalo ea acetone moeeng o tsoang.

Keketseho e sa feleng ea tsoekere maling maling a potolohang e lebisa ho fokotseheng ha phepelo ea mali, ts'ireletso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, nts'etsopele ea ts'oaetso le tšenyo ea methapo ea methapo.

Ha ho kotsi e ka bang kotsi bokong le tlhaselong ea tsoekere e tlaase maling. Sena se etsahala ha ho thehoa insulin e ngata (haholoholo ka marang-rang), mafu a liphio kapa a sebete, mosebetsi o fokotsehileng oa adrenal, hypothyroidism. Sesosa se tloaelehileng ke ts'ebeliso e ngata ea insulin ho lefu la tsoekere.

Matšoao a ho oa ha tsoekere a bonahala ka mokhoa oa ho fufuleloa, bofokoli, ho thothomela 'meleng, ho teneha ho hoholo, ebe ho ferekana hoa tšosa,' me haeba thuso e sa fanoe, mokuli o oela letsoakeng.

Karolo ea mali 'meleng oa motho

Mesebetsi ea mantlha ea mali:

- E fana ka lisele tse nang le lintho tse jang tse fumanoeng matšoafong le mochini oa tšilo ho tsoa ka ntle.

-O tlosa lintho tse lehlakoreng tse etsahalang mokhatlong oa bophelo.

1. Thermoregulatory. E boloka mocheso o lekana le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa 'mele.
2. Sethoto. E fetisetsa lihormone tse entsoeng ke lisele tse ikhethileng ho tloha sebakeng sa tlhahiso ea tsona ho ea sebakeng sa tšebeliso.
3. Homeostatic. E thusa ho boloka letsoai la metsi-acid, acid-base.
4. Immunological e hlahisitsoeng ka:

-Hemostasis - ho boloka boemo ba mali ba 'mele ka boeona, sebopeho sa makatse (likhechana tsa mali) le ho phatloha ha tsona ka morao ho moo (fibrinolysis).

-Group ikhethang ea mali.

- Mofuta oa ketsahalo ea lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali.

Ho ka khethoa eng ka ho sekaseka sebopeho sa mali?

Karabo e akaretsang e akaretsang: tlolo ea lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa 'mele. Ha ngaka e phatlalatsa mantsoe "tlhahlobo ea mali", "ho bala" "ho batho ba baholo tloaelo", "tafole", mokuli oa utloisisa hore mohato oa pele oa ho hlaphoheloa o nkile - litsebi li fetolela tlhaiso-leseling. Kamora ho tseba sesosa, ho laetsoe tsela ea kalafo.

Mapa ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo e hlalosoa ke phetoho ea hanghang ea palo ea likarolo tse itseng tse tsamaisitsoeng molatong oa mali.

Mehlala:

1. Aspartate aminotransferase. Enzyme e hlahisoa ka har'a lisele. Ketsahalo e bontšoa mokokotlong oa pelo, sebete, mesifa ea masapo, mesifa ea methapo, liphio (ho theoha). Sephetho: Lits'ebetso tsa necrotic liseleng tsa myocardium le sebete li lebisa ho lokolloe ha protheine le ho kenella ha eona ka har'a plasma ea mali, e bonts'itsoeng tlhahlobisong e le ponts'oa e fetang ea letšoao le bonts'a ntho e boletsoeng.
2. Bilirubin. E thehoa nakong ea ho robeha ha lisele tse khubelu tsa mali (lisele tse khubelu tsa mali), e kenang ka har'a sebete, 'me e hloekisoa. Haeba ho na le litšitiso ho phatloheng ha lisele tse khubelu tsa mali, kapa ts'ebetso ea ho pepeseha ha eona e hloleha (lesapo la mokokotlo le nyooko li lula libakeng tse bohlokoa lenaneng la litho tse ikarabellang bakeng sa sena), joale sena se hlahisoa e le mokhoa o fetelletseng oa ntho ena.

Ngaka e etsa setšoantšo sa kliniki se thehiloeng ho lipontšo tsa li-enzyme, liprotheine le lintho tse ling, butle-butle li alima mokokotlo oa lisosa tsa lefu lena.

Decryption ea tlhahlobo e hlakileng ea tlhahlobo ea mali

Ngaka e beha tlhahiso ea tlhahlobo ena ho fumana lintlha tse ngata ho feta tsa KLA. Lintlha tse ling li u lumella ho hlakisa lefu lena. Lethathamo la lintho tse utloisisoang li kenyelletsa lintho tse ka bang 30. Tlhahiso-leseling e fumanoeng e bontša sebopeho sa sele ea mali, pono e atolositsoeng ea foromo e felletseng ea leukocyte.

Matšoao a tloaelehileng a tlhahlobo ea kliniki le lisosa tsa ho kheloha

Methati ea mantlha e ithutoang ha ho fetisoa tlhahlobo ea mali, ka litekanyetso tse fanoeng, e fanoa ka har'a tafole (moralo o latelang):

Tloaelo ho batho ba baholo	Mo baneng
Litekanyetso tse batlisisitsoeng	Banna	Basali	Ho tloha ho 1 ho isa ho 6 lilemo tse	Lilemo tse 6 ho isa ho tse 12	Le lilemo li 13 ho isa ho 16
Hemoglobin (g / l)	125-165	120-140	112-135	112-140	112-145
Erythrocyte (ppm)	4,1-5,2	3,7-4,9	3,5-4,5	3,8-4,9	3,7-5,1
Hematocrit (%)	39-49	35-45	35	37	39
Lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali (Yuniti / L)	4.1-9x109	3.9-10.2x109	5-14.5x109	4,5-12x109	4.3-9.8x109
ESR (mm / h)	1-12	2-15	4-12	4-12	4-15
Letšoao la mmala	0,85-1,15

Mathata a ka 'nang a bontšoa ka ho fetela ka tlase ho matšoao a thathamisitsoeng:

- Ka holim'a se tloaelehileng:

Hemoglobin - mathata a ho pelo le methapo, ho hloleha ho phefumoloha.

Ho pheta ho baloa ha hemoglobin, protheine ea bohlokoa 'meleng oa rona, ho ka etsahala tlhahlobisong ea mali ea kliniki

Lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali - boteng ba lintho tse kantle (ho overstrain, ho pepesetsoa nako e telele ho khanya ea letsatsi), kapa sephetho sa ho bokella mekhoa ea boits'ireletso ba mmele.

ESR - tšoaetso e sa foleng, metastases, infraction ea myocardial.

Lisele tse khubelu tsa mali - ho omella, ho ba teng ha tlala ea oksijene, lefu la tsoekere.

Hematocrit - ho fokola hoa mmele, peritonitis, ts'ebetso e sa foleng ea ts'ebetso ea pulmonary.

Letšoao la mmala - Hyperchromic anemia, khaello ea Vitamin B ea nako e telele

Ka tlase ho se tloaelehileng:

• Hemoglobin - autoimmune pathologies, ho tsoa mali ka hare, phokolo ea mali le phetisetso ea bongoana ka jaundice.
• Lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali - khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng, lits'ebetso tsa oncological, ho taoa.
• ESR - myodystrophy e tsoelang pele, tlala ea sekoboto, ho leka-lekana ha metsi le letsoai.
• Lisele tse khubelu tsa mali - anemia.
• Hematocrit - anemia.
• Letšoao la mmala ke anemia ea microcytic.

Ho nchafatsa tlhahlobo ea mali a biochemical

Netefatsa tlhahlobo e fapa-fapaneng ka thuso ea tlhahlobo e boletsoeng ea mali (transcript). Ho batho ba baholo, tafole e tloaelehileng e latela lilemo, nako ea ho ikatisa ka bongata le lijo. Sena se sebetsa le ho bana. Ka hona, mokuli o lokela ho latela litlhoko tse ikemiselitseng ha a itokisetsa tlhahlobo.

Patlisiso ea laboratori e senola:

1. Phokotso ea lintho tse senotsoeng tsa micro le macro.
2. Mehato ea bokuli bo hlahisoang ke litho tsa ka hare.
3. Liphetoho tsa phetoho ea metabolism.
4. Boteng ba neoplasms.

Matšoao a tloaelehileng a biochemistry ea mali le lisosa tsa ho kheloha

Tafole e na le litekanyetso tsa maemo a mantlha a ithutileng ho batho ba baholo le bana nakong ea phano ea mali bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea biochemical.

Ka mokhoa o latelang oa ho fetolela:

Lebitso	Batho ba baholo	Bana
Kakaretso ea protheine (g / l)	63-85	58-78
Hemoglobin (g / l)	125-165	112-145
Albumin (g / l)	35-49	38-53
Kakaretso ea bilirubin (μmol / L)	22,-17,5	8,5-21
Aspartate aminotransferase (Yuniti / L)	Ho fihla ho 35	Ho fihla ho 40
Alanine aminotransferase (Yuniti / L)	Ho fihla ho 42	Ho fihla ho 39
Kakaretso ea k'holeseterole ea 1	Ho fihla ho 5	3,3-6,1
Urea 1	2,5-7,1	4,2-6,6
Khaled 1	0,55-1,65	0,41-1,85
Glucose 1	3,30-5,75	3,30-5,9
Sodium 1	130-150	133-157
Potasiamo 1	3,45-5,35	3,7-5,1
Iron 1	11-30	9,1-31,7

1 Yuniti ea litekanyo - mmol / L.

Tlolo ea molao e ka hlahisoang ke litekanyetso tse ngata tse boletsoeng:

1. Kakaretso ea protheine - lits'oaetso tsa ts'oaetso, mofets'e.
2. Hemoglobin - ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo ea pelo, ho hloleha ha pulmonary.
3. Albumin - ho omella, ho se sebetse hantle ha sebete.
4. Kakaretso ea Bilirubin - tšenyo ho sebete, pampitšana ea biliary.
5. Aspartate aminotransferase - myocardial infarction, hepatitis ea sebete.
6. K'holeseterole e felletseng - ntho ea lefutso, lefu la pelo, lefu la liphio, lefu la Werner.
7. Urea - mafu a tsamaiso ea moroto.
8. Triglycerides - kalafo ea lihormone, ho nona ho feta tekano, tšebeliso e ngata ea joala.
9. Glucose - mathata a manyeme, sebete, liphio, pelo. Lefu la tsoekere.
10. Sodium - Ho ja ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng oa lijo tse letsoai, jade.
11. Potasiamo - mathata a lihomone, ts'ebetso e holofatsang ea liphio le litšoelesa tsa adrenal.
12. Iron - joala, joala bo sa laoleheng ba litlatsetso tsa tšepe.

Haeba sehlahisoa sa liteko se le ka tlase ho boleng bo amohelehang:

1. Protheine e tloaelehileng - pancreatic, sebete le dysfunctions.
2. Hemoglobin - li-hemorrhages tse ka hare, kankere ea mali.
3. Albumin - pneumonia, ts'ebetso ea liphio le lefu la ho senyeha, lefu la ho bola.
4. Kakaretso ea bilirubin - lefuba, ho theoha hoa mmele ka kakaretso, ho se sebetse hantle ke lefutso.
5. Aspartate aminotransferase - a pancreatitis e hlobaetsang, e sithabetsang maikutlo.
6. K'holeseterole e felletseng - hyperactivity ea tšoelesa ea qoqotho.
7. Urea - liphetoho tsa pathological ka har'a sebete, ho hlobaela ha qoqotho.
8. Triglycerides - tlolo ea mokhoa oa gastrointestinal, tšoelesa ea qoqotho.
9. Glucose - ho hlohlona ha manyeme, liphio, hypothalamus, tšenyo ea sebete, khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng.
10. Sodium - lijo tse se nang litekanyetso, mafu a sebete, liphio, pelo.
11. Potasiamo - ho nka diuretics, lets'ollo.
12. Iron - khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng, tahlehelo ea mali a mangata, phokotso ea lijo hantle.

Matšoao a tloaelehileng le lisosa tsa ho kheloha

Boleng bo latela lilemo, le hore na mali a fumanoa joang - capillary kapa venous.

Mekhoa e karolelano (mmol / l):

1. Ho fihla ho 3.3. Hypoglycemia Ho se sebetse ha manyeme, sebete, liphio.
2. Ho tloha 3,4 ho isa 5.5. Ho ba sieo ha litlolo.
3. Ho tloha ho 5.6 ho isa ho 7. Pabetes. Ha ho se na phekolo e nepahetseng e lebisa ho hyperglycemia.
4. Ho tloha ho 7 ho ea holimo. Lefu la tsoekere.

Bophahamo ba glucose	Batho ba baholo (mmol / L)	Bana (mmol / L)
E tloaelehileng	3,30-5,75	3,30-5,9
E theotsoe:	a) Lijo tsa nako e telele c) maloetse a tsamaiso ea tšilo ea lijo, d) keketseho ea insulin.
E holile:	a) ho se sebetse ha manyeme le tšoelesa ea qoqotho. b) Ho nona ho feta tekano.

Decryption ea HIV le liteko tsa lefu la sethoathoa

Ngaka e romela mokuli hore a e hlahlojoe le ho bona ts'oaetso ea vaerase e nang le livaerase tsa mmele tsa ho itšireletsa mafung, kapa ka baktheria ea paleponema e boreleli, haeba ho na le mabaka a sena:

HIV e belaelloang:

• Ka mokhoa o fokolang o hlalositse karabelo ea 'mele kalafong e telele ea kalafo bakeng sa lefu le "bonolo" - ntaramane, SARS.
• Lemo tse holisitsoeng.
• Mpa.
• Ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka potlako.
• Matšoao a kopaneng a lirapa tse fetileng ka litletlebo tsa ho hlatsa le lets'ollo.

Syphilis e belaelloang:

• Tlhahlobo ea chancre.
• Bald.
• Mpa.

Lefu la tsoekere le kenyelletsa sampole ea mali.

Bathusi ba laboratori ba hlahloba lisebelisoa tse fumanoeng tse ngata ka tsela e 'ngoe e meraro:

1. Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). E bontša boteng ba (le palo ea bona) ea li-antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA) ho li-antigen. Maraka a phoso a ka tlase ho karolo ea 2 lekholong.
2. Ho fifala ka 'mele. Ke ELISA e tsoetseng pele. Sephetho se fana ka ts'epo e kholo le ho feta (> 99.3%), hobane nakong ea ketso ea pele, liprotheine tsa vaerase li aroloa ke li-electrophoresis ka boima ba molek'hule.
3. Polymerase ketane reaction (PCR). Ho latela eona, palo ea likopi tsa RNA tse fumanoeng, le likopi tsa DNA, tsa pathogen li baloa.

Ts'ebetsong, ELISA e sebelisoa, kamora ho fumana liphetho tsa eona, cheke e etsoa ka bobeli ba ELISA, le ho thibela 'mele le PRC. Ho hlahloba habeli ho tlosa kotsi ea ho fumana tlhaloso e fosahetseng ea tlhaiso-leseling e fumanoeng. Liphetho tsa ho qetela li fumanoa ke ngaka feela.

Decryption ea liteko tsa tšoaetso ea TORCH

Ts'oaetso e etsoa ho tsebahatsa ho basali ba rerileng ho ima:

1. toxoplasmosis, rubella, ts'oaetso ea cytomegalovirus, herpes (mafu a maholo).
2. hepatitis B le C, syphilis, HIV, khoho, tšoaetso ea gonococcal (e eketsehileng).

Ho hlokomoloha tlhatlhobo ho na le monyetla oa ho ba le mathata a ho hlaha ka leseeng, ho senyeheloa ke mpa le ho holofala ha ngoana.

Enzyme immunoassay

Mokhoa oa sejoale-joale oa ho tsebahatsa:

1. likokoana-hloko
2. mafu a oncological
3. mathata a lihormone.

Melemo ea ona:

• Ho khetholla bothata maemong a pele.
• Ho eketseha ho tobileng ho fokotsang monyetla oa phoso ho latela matšoao a sefapano.

Litekanyetso tsa tsoekere ea mali li fanoa ke WHO

Tsena ke litekanyetso tse amohelehang tsa tsoekere, ka mantsoe a mang, tsoekere ea tsoekere e lokela ho ba maling a nkiloeng mothapong kapa monwaneng o leholo.

Mongoaha	Boemo ba tsoekere
Matsatsi a 2 - khoeli e le 'ngoe	2,8 - 4.4 mmol / L
Khoeli e 1 - lilemo tse 14	3,3 - 5.5 mmol / L
Batho ba baholo	3.5 - 5.5 mmol / L

Haeba matšoao a le manyane, joale hona ho supa boteng ba hypoglycemia, haeba matšoao a feta, ebe motho o na le hyperglycemia. Ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng ho kotsi ho 'mele, ho bua ka tlolo e ke keng ea fetoloa. Ho feta moo, ka lilemo, maikutlo a insulin a fokotseha ka lebaka la lefu la li-receptors le ho eketseha ha boima ba 'mele.

Chate ea kakaretso ea tlhahlobo ea mali

Lethathamo la litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea mali ea kliniki li tla thusa ho tseba ho kheloha ho le leng kapa ho le leng. Leha ho le joalo, ke papiso feela ea matšoao a 'maloa e tla thusa ho hlahloba ka botlalo boemo ba bophelo bo botle. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e atileng haholo ea tlhahlobo, e lumellang ngaka ho fumana lisosa tsa matšoao a itseng le ho tšoaea mafu a mang a mali le litho tse ling. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea mali, mali a capillary hangata a nkuoa ho tloha monoaneng kapa mali ho tsoa mothapong. Ho etsa tlhahlobo ea mali ka kakaretso ha ho hloke boitokiso bo khethehileng, empa ho khothalletsoa hore o fane ka mali bakeng sa tlhatlhobo ena hoseng ka mpeng e se nang letho. Se latelang ke tafole ea boemo bo tloaelehileng ba tlhahlobo ea mali ho motho e moholo ea nang le boima ba 'mele bo akaretsang.

Matšoao, diyuniti

Ho lekantsoe mamello ea glucose

Haeba mali a capillary kapa a venous a nkuoa bakeng sa thuto, litlamorao li fapane hanyane. Likahare tse tloaelehileng tsa tsoekere ka mor'a ho ja ho motho ea phetseng hantle li fapana hanyane.

Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lefu la tsoekere, lefu le lokela ho hlahlojoa khafetsa ho netefatsa ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng. Karolo ea matšoao e kopantsoe ho bapisa liphetho le lipontšo tsa lefu le lipontšo tsa lipatlisiso. Tlhahlobo ea tsoekere ea lefu la tsoekere e thehiloe ka litekanyetso tse tsoelang pele tsa glucose ho tloha ho 9 ho isa ho 16 ka ho feto-fetoha ho itseng ka har'a meeli ena.

Teko ea sephetho	Mali a capillary	Mali a venous
Sekhahla se tloaelehileng	Pele ho lijo, 3.5 - 5.5 mmol / L	3.5 - 6.1 mmol / L
Lihora tse 2 kamora ho ja	ho fihla ho 7.8 mmol / l
Sebaka sa lefu la tsoekere	Pele lijo 5.6 - 6.1 mmol / L	6.1 - 7 mmol / l
Lihora tse 2 kamora ho ja 7.8 - 11.1 mmol / L	7.8 - 11.1 mmol / L
Lefu la tsoekere	Pele ho lijo, ho tloha 6.1 mmol / L	ho tloha ho 7 mmol / l
Lihora tse 2 kamora ho ja ho tloha 11, 1 mmol / l	ho tloha 11, 1 mmol / l

Ntho ea bohlokoa haholo ke ho mamella tsoekere! Ha litekanyetso li fetisoa hanyane, litholoana tse joalo tsa liteko li hlahlojoa e le prediabetes, ke hore, mamello ea glucose e sa sebetseng. Sena e ka ba boemo ba 'mele, empa bo ka supa nts'etsopele ea psychology.

Basali, mabapi le boikoetliso ba bona ba mmele, ba lokela ho lula ba lekola se tsoekere. Ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko hore thobalano e loketseng ha ea lokela ho hlahlojoa tsoekere nakong ea ho ilela khoeli. Ka linako tse ling, matšoao a taolo a ka fapana. Nakong ea kemolo, 6.3 mmol / L e nkoa e le sesupo se tloaelehileng.

Ha matšoao a feta 7 mmol / l, o lokela ho lula a beiloe leihlo ke ngaka le ho feta litlhahlobong tse eketsehileng tse boletsoeng ke ngaka ea hau. Ho basali, keketseho ea data ha e bonts'e kamehla ho ba teng ha pathology. Basali kamora lilemo tse 60 ba eletsoa hore kamehla ba nke liteko tsa tsoekere ho lekola litaba tsa eona le hore ba se ke ba fetoa ke nako ea ho kheloha tloaelo.

Leha ho le joalo, kamora lilemo tse 60, banna ba lokela ho lekola tsoekere ea bona ea mali khafetsa. Bakeng sa banna ba baholo, litekanyetso tsa liteko tsa tsoekere ea mali li khethoa litafoleng tse arohaneng.

Matšoao a tsoekere e eketsehileng

Keketseho ea tsoekere e khethoa ke matšoao a ikhethang. Li ka hlaha ho batho ba baholo le ho bana.

Matšoao a latelang a nkoa a khethehile:

• ketsahalo ea mokhathala o matla,
• takatso e matlafatsang khahlanong le semelo sa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele,
• molomo o sa feleng o nyoriloeng, lenyora
• ho ruruha khafetsa le khafetsa,
• urination bosiu
• ponahalo ea abscesses, taba,
• ho hlohlona khafetsa merung
• fokolise matla a ho itšireletsa mafung,
• ho se sebetse hantle
• ho senyeha hoa pono ho batho ba baholo.

Ponahalo ea lipontšo tse joalo e bonts'a hore ke nako ea ho hlahloba mali bakeng sa litaba tsa tsoekere.

Ho ka etsahala hore ebe lipontšo li tla fetisoa, 'me ho tla hlokahala likeletso tse ikhethang ho fana ka kalafo e lebisitsoeng.

Phapang ea tlhahlobo bakeng sa sehlopha sa mali le Rh factor

Mabaka a ho khethoa:

1. Monehelo o hlophiloeng.
2. Kamohelo ts'ebetsong ea mesebetsi ea semmuso ea batho ba liprofesa tse itseng (sesole, mapolesa).
3. Morero oa kemolo.

E bontša mali a mokuli a sehlopha se itseng (Zero, A, B, AB).

E beha Rh ea batsoali ba ka moso, ka hona ba qoba menyetla ea khohlano ea Rh ea mme le ngoana ea e-so hlahe.

Qeto

E le hore tafole e nang le liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea mali e se na tlhaiso-leseling, mme ngaka e khona ho tseba sephetho le litekanyetso, batho ba baholo le bana ba bona ho hlokahala hore u nke ts'ebetso ea bongaka ka botebo:

1. Boloka nako e behiloeng ea ho se itime lijo le metsi.
2. Se ke oa tsuba.
3. Qoba ho fetella le khatello ea maikutlo.
4. Matsatsi a 'maloa pele u etela laboratoring, emisa ho ja lihlahisoa tsa lebese, joala.

Ho fumana sephetho se fetang se tloaelehileng ho hloka toloko e tlamang ho hlalosoa. Ho iphekola ho tšosa ka maemo a sa lebelloang, kaha ho haella ha tsebo e felletseng ho ka lebisa ho qeto e fosahetseng ea lisosa tsa lefu lena.