Li-hormone tsa pancreatic

Li-hormone tsa pancreatic. Mochine oa ketso oa insulin. Matšoao a biochemical a lefu la tsoekere

Insulin e hlophisitsoe ke lisele tsa β-lisele tsa li-isanc tsa li-pancreas tsa Langerhans ka mokhoa oa mothehi - preroinsulin. Ho hlophisoa ha tatellano ea matšoao ho tsoa ho eona ho lebisa ho bopeng proinsulin, e nang le liketane tsa A le B le C peptide e li hokahanyang. Mofuta oa prohormone o hlahisoa ke "excision" ea C-peptide ke liprotheine. Insulin e holileng tsebong e na le liketane tsa A le B tse hokahantsoeng ke marokho a mabeli. Khoele e na le masalela a 21 a amino acid mme e na le borokho bo le bong. Chaena ea B e na le masala a 30 a amino acid. Ho fetohela insulin ho qala ka insulin ho qala lisebelisoa tsa Golgi mme e ntse e tsoela pele ho granule ea sephiri e butsoitseng ea lisele tsa β.

Ho ba hormone ea ketso e potlakileng, insulin e etsoa ka potlako (ka nako ea hora) mme e bolokoa ka tekanyo ea li-unit tsa 40 / ka letsatsi. Khothatso e ka sehloohong ea 'mele bakeng sa secretion ea insulin ke keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali. Insulin ha e na protheine e tsamaisang mali ka plasma ea mali, ka hona, halofo ea bophelo ba eona ha e feta metsotso e 3-5. Kakaretso ea 'mele ea "insulin" maling ke 10 -12 - 10 -9 mol / L.

Lithane tsa sepheo sa insulin ke li-adipose, mesifa le lisele tsa sebete.

Li-receptor tsa insulin li teng kahara membrane ea sele, ke li-glycoprotein, tse nang le likarolo tse peli tsa α- le tse peli tse amanang le li-amana tsa disulfide, li na le ts'ebetso ea tyrosine kinase.

Sub -itunit e ka ntle ho sele 'me e sebeletsa ho amohela ho tlama insulin. Li-subnits tse peli li hokahane e mong le e mong ka litlamo tsa disulfide. Β-subunit e tšela membrane ea plasma mme e na le sebaka se seholo sa cytoplasmic se nang le ts'ebetso ea tyrosine kinase, i.e. bokhoni ba liprotheine tsa phosphorylate ho tyrosine.

Mochine oa ketso oa insulin. Insulin ke e 'ngoe ea liprotheine tse ithutoang haholo: lihormone tsa eona tsa pele tse fumanoeng ka sebopeho se hloekisitsoeng, se etsang kristale ebile se entsoe ka lik'hemik'hale le ka boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso. Katleho ea bo-ramahlale lefapheng lena e fuoa Likhau tsa Nobel. Leha ho le joalo, tsela eo e sebetsang ka eona ho boemo ba limolek'hule ha e utloisisoe ka botlalo ho feta lihormone tse ngata. Mokhoa oa tšebetso oa insulin hajoale o fanoa ka tsela e latelang. Ka ho tlama ho α-subunits ea receptor, insulin e kenya ts'ebetso ea tyrosine kinase ea β-subunits. Seketsoana sa pele bakeng sa eona ke β-subunit ka boeona, i.e. Autophosphorylation ea receptor e bonoa ha e tlama le insulin. Ho feta moo, lets'oao la lihormone le kena ka seleng ka mahlakore a mabeli:

Li-receptor kinase li kenyelletsa cascade ea phosphorylation ea li-enzyme tse ngata tsa cellular. Sena se baka pherekano ka molek'huleng ea "receptor" le "membrane" ea sele. Ka lebaka leo, boteng ba sele bakeng sa K +, Ca 2+, amino acid ea glucose e eketseha. Kahoo, liprotheine tsa "insulin receptor substrate" (IRS) ke phosphorylated le activated, e leng ts'ebetso ea protheine ea serine le threonine, eo phosphorylate (e seng e le ka hara masalla a Ser kapa Tre). phosphatases i.e. Li-enzyme tse hlakolang masala a phosphate ho phosphoprotein. Kahoo, ketso ea insulin e lebisa ho phosphorylation e itseng ea liprotheine le ho theoha ha liprotheine tse ling.Protheine e hlahisang phosphorylate ha e arabela insulin mme e etsoa: PDE, cAMP, 6S ribosomal protein, li-protein tsa cytoskeleton (MAP-2, actin, tubulin, fodrin le tse ling). Phosphorylation ea liprotheine tsa cytoskeletal hang kamora ho tlangoa ha insulin seleng e thusa phetiso e potlakileng ea phetisetso ea liprotheine tsa "glucose transporter" (li-glucose) tse tsoang liprotheine tsa "intracellular depot" (EPR vesicles) ho ea membrane ea plasma. Tekanyo ea tsoekere ea tsoekere seleng e eketseha ka makhetlo a 30 ho isa ho 40. Bonyane ho na le mefuta ea 6 ea ba tsamaisang tsoekere - GLUT-1, GLUT-2 le pele ho GLUT-6. kaofela ke li-glycoprotein.

Le ha ho le joalo, insulin hangata e baka prothosphorylation ea protheine. Ts'ebetso ea enzyme e ka:

keketseho - glycogen synthetase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, α-glycerol phosphate acyltransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase,

fokotseha - phosphorylase A, phosphorylase B kinase, lipase ea tishu, phosphoenopyruvate carboxylase le li-enzyme tse ling tsa GNG.

Tataiso e 'ngoe ea phetisetso ea pontso ea matla ho tloha ho insulin ho ea seleng e amana le tyrosine kinase phosphorylation ea "protein" e itseng ea protheine e ka hlahisoang e le li-Gins. Sena se lebisa ts'ebetsong ea phospholipase e ikhethang C. Bohlokoa ba phospholipase ke hore e kenngoa ha insulin feela e tlama ho receptor mme e sa sebetse ka phospholipid e tloaelehileng, empa feela ho phospholipidylinositol glyan. Ho fapana le phosphatylylinositol, sebaka sena sa pele sa glycolipid se na le masalela a mafura a acid feela, mme tatellano ea carbohydrate e eketsoa ho inositol, e kenyeletsang galactose, galactosamine. Insulin, phospholipase C e khethehileng, e tiisa ho theoa ha babuelli ba babeli: sebopeho se sa tloaelehang sa DAG se nang le mafura a acid le GIF feela. Lipophilic DAG e sala kahara membrane ea plasma mme e ntlafatsa ho tsamaisoa ha tsoekere, amino acid le ions (K +, Ca 2+) ka seleng. Hydrophilic GIFF e tsamaea ka bolokolohi ho cytoplasm mme e fetola tšebetso ea li-enzyme tse 'maloa. Kahoo, ts'ebetso ea hexakinase, phosphofructokinase, glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transase, Na + / K + -ATPase ea eketseha, ts'ebetso ea adenylate cyclase, PK A, FEP-carboxylase le li-enzyme tse ling tsa GNG lia fokotseha.

Motsoako oa "insulin" le "receptor" metsotsoana e 30 kamora ho tlama tlholeho ea endocytosis (ho kenella kahare) le ho ikarola ka seleng, boholo ba lihormone li senngoa ke liprotheine tsa lysosomal, mme "cell" ea "insulin" e fumanehang habonolo e khutlela holim'a sele (se bitsoang receptor recycling).

Liphello tsa likokoana-hloko tsa insulin

Ho fihlela joale, ho batlana le ba buellang insulin ea bobeli ho ntse ho tsoela pele. Karolo ea bona e ile ea boleloa lithutong tsa pele tsa thuto ea insulin: cGMP, Ca 2+, NO, H₂O₂lipid intermediates tse fetotsoeng (DAG, GIF), li-peptide, jj. Leha ho le joalo, taba ena ha e e-so rarolloe (sebopeho sa bona ha se so ka se hlakisoa).

Mokhoa oa ho eketsa pherekano ea membrane:

Liphetoho tse feto-fetohang liprotheine tsa membrane ea plasma nakong ea li-receptor autophosphorylation,

Ts'ebetso ea mekhoa e ikhethileng ea Na + / K + -ATPase, potasiamo. glucose transporter kenella le phapanyetsano,

Liphetoho ho sebopeho sa PL ea membrane (inhibition ea PLdmethyltransferase).

Kameho ea insulin ho nama ea nama ea 'mele le metabolism ea lipid e bakoa haholo ke ho fokotseha hoa boemo ba c AMP ka lebaka la thibelo ea cymbase ea adenylate le ts'ebetso ea PDE c AMP.

Insulin e fokotsa tsoekere ea mali ka:

Ho ntlafatsa sephethephethe sa tsoekere ho pholletsa le membrane ea plasma ea lisele tse shebiloeng.

Ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere e ntlafalitsoeng. Ka seleng, hoo e ka bang halofo ea eona e robeha glycolysis e le tlasa tšusumetso ea li-enzyme tsa bohlokoa - HA, FFK, PK. 30-40% ea tsoekere e ea ho lipid synthesis, haholo litoneng tsa adipose, hoo e ka bang 10% e ea ho glycogen synthesis (activation of glycogen synthase),

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho phatloha ha glycogen ho thibeloe (ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea phosphorylase A) mme GNG e sa thibeloe (ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme tsa eona tsa bohlokoa - phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, fructose bisphosphatase le glucose-6-phosphatase le ho se sebetse ha GNG + aminocolots ea li-ligrate tsa gouta. . Glucose GKoy le joalokaha eka o "notletsoe" ka seleng,

Ho matlafatsa motsoako oa li-acid tse mafura (activation of acetyl CoA carboxylase)

Ho matlafatsa motsoako oa TAG (activation of glycerolphosphate acyltransferase)

Thibelo ea lipolysis (ho fokotseha hoa tšebetso ea litho tsa lipase)

Thibelo ea ho thehoa ha 'mele oa ketone (e thehiloeng haholo-holo ho tsoa ho glucose, acetyl-CoA e ea ho CC le lipid synthesis)

Meleng, ts'ebetso ea lipoprotein lipase e bonoa, e sebetsang ho TAG e le karolo ea lipoprotein (chylomicrons, VLDL), ka tsela eo e laola boemo ba lipemia.

Tsamaiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea li-amino acid ka seleng

Thibelo ea ho phatloha ha protheine ka lebaka la thibelo ea li-protein protein

Ts'ebetso ea protheine synthesis. Tšusumetso e potlakileng ea li-hormone ho synthesis ea protheine (ho fihlela hora e le 'ngoe) e khethoa haholo ke molao oa phetisetso le phetolelo: ho qala le ho phahama ha liketane tsa peptide ho potlakisitsoe, palo le ts'ebetso ea li-ribosomes lia eketseha, phosphorylation ea ribosomal S6 protheine e sebetsoa, e lateloe ke ho etsoa ha polysomes. Haeba ketso ea "insulin" seleng e nka nako e fetang hora e le 'ngoe, motsoako oa li-acid tsa acid o eketseha, o tsamaeang le karohano ea lisele, kholo le nts'etsopele ea eona kaofela.

Kahoo, phello ea insulin ho metabolism e ka khetholloa e le anabolic, e tsamaisana le tekanyo e ntle ea naetrojene.

Ts'ebetso e holofatsang ea li-manyeme

Haholoanyane ke hypersecretion ea insulin (sengoloa), khaello ea lihormone e shejoa khafetsa. Ka khaello ea insulin kapa ho hanyetsa insulin (ho hanyetsa ketso ea eona), lefu la tsoekere lea hlaha. Russia, lefu la tsoekere le ama batho ba ka bang limilione tse 1 900 kapa batho ba 1,2% ea baahi bohle. Ho feta moo, ho 16% ea bakuli, lefu la tsoekere le lahleloang ke lefu la tsoekere (IDDM) kapa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1. Li-84% tsa bakuli li na le lefu la tsoekere le sa tsitsang "insulin" kapa "lefu la tsoekere" la mofuta oa 2.

Ka IDDM kapa lefu la tsoekere la 1, ho fokotseha ha maemo a insulin ea mali ho bonoa ka lebaka la tšenyo ea li-pancreatic β-cell, kapa ho potlakisa ts'ebetso ea insulin ho sebete le mali. Ka lefu la tsoekere la NIDDM kapa mofuta oa 2, "insulin" e tloaelehile kapa ebile e phahame, empa lisele tsa sepheo li lahleheloa ke kutlo ea eona.

Mabaka a ho hanyetsa insulin e ka ba:

Tlolo ea ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a hormone le tšebetso ea eona ka ponahalo ea limolek'hule tse fetotsoeng le tlolo ea mesebetsi ea tsona ea tlhaho.

boteng ba li-antibodies ho li-insulin receptor tse sitisang ho tlangoa ha insulin ho receptor,

tlolo ea endocytosis (hare-hare) ea ramatiki ea "insulin" le "receptor", ts'oenyeho e nyonyehang ea li-insulin receptors,

bofokoli bo kapele ba IR-ra,

ho fokotseha ha autophosphorylation ea receptor, ho lateloe ke sebopeho se senyehileng sa babuelli ba insulin, jj.

Ho feta moo, lithibelo leha e le life tse tseleng ea phetiso ea li-hormone ho tloha seleng li ka lebisa tahlehelong e felletseng kapa e sa lekanyetsoang ea ketso ea insulin ho feta tekanyo e kholo ea 'mele.

Matšoao a biochemical a lefu la tsoekere

Liphetoho tsa lefu la tsoekere la Pir ho metabolism li batla li fapane haholo le tse bakoang ke insulin. Ho tsamaisoa ha lintho ka lisele ho fokotseha, litaba tsa c AMP lia eketseha, i.e. ho li-tishu, phello ea li-hormone tse bitsoang li-contra-hormonal, haholo-holo glucagon, e qala ho ata, ka liphetoho tse tsamaeang le metabolism. Letšoao le ka sehloohong la lefu la tsoekere ke hyperglycemia, e hlahang ka lebaka la:

Phokotso ea phallo ea tsoekere ho lisele,

Ts'ebeliso ea glucose e theotsoeng (ka IDDM, ke glucose feela ea 5% e fetoloang ho mafura, glycolysis le glycogen synthesis li sa thibeloe)

Ho eketsa tlhahiso ea tsoekere (glycogenolysis le GNG ho tsoa ho amino acid).

Glucose ea mahala e ka tsoa liseleng e ea maling. Ha litaba tsa eona ea plasma e feta monyako oa renal (10 mmol / L), glucosuria e bonoa. Maemong ana, bophahamo ba urine bo eketseha ka lebaka la osmotic diuresis, i.e. polyuria, ho omella le polydipsia (tšebeliso e ngata ea metsi) li bonoa. Glucosuria e baka tahlehelo e kholo ea likhalori (4.1 kcal ka 1 g ea glucose e hlahisitsoeng), eo, hammoho le ts'ebetso ea protheine le lipolysis, li lebisang tahlehelo e matla ea boima ba 'mele, leha ho e-na le takatso ea lijo (polyphagy).

Bohlokoa ba lipolysis ka holim'a lipogenesis bo lebisa ho keketseho ea litaba tsa mafura acid ho plasma. Ha e feta matla a sebete a ho hlahisa li-acid tse mafura ho carbon dioxide le metsi, sebopeho sa 'mele oa ketone sea kenngoa' me ketonemia le ketonuria, phetoho ea mali pH le nts'etsopele ea metabolic acidosis, ea bonoa. Ho tsoa ho bakuli ho tsoa monko oa acetone, e utloang leha e le hole. Haeba u sa kenye insulin, mokuli o tla bolaoa ke lefu la tsoekere. Ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea lipoprotein lipase ho fetola karo-karolelano ea likarolo tsa LP, joalo ka molao, boemo ba VLDL le LDL bo eketseha, bo lebisang kholisong ea atherosclerosis. Ka lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1, likepe tse nyane li ameha khafetsa, i.e. li-microangiopathies li nts'etsopele, tse ka iponahatsang, joalo ka molao, ka sebopeho sa lefu la methapo ea methapo, le hangata ka mokhoa oa lefu la pelo la ischemic. Ha ho iketsahalle feela hore lefu la tsoekere hajoale le bitsoa feela bothata ba endocrinology, empa le lefu la pelo.

Keketseho ea protheine e theotsoeng, ts'ebetso ea ho bola, le ho fokotseha ha lipalangoang tsa amino acid ho lisele ho fella ka hyperaminoacidemia le aminoaciduria (i., Tahlehelo ea naetrojene ka moriting). Keketseho ea amino acid e eketsehang e lebisa ho nyoloheng ha boemo ba urea maling le keketseho ea phello ea eona ka har'a moroto. Kahoo, khaello ea insulin ho batho e tsamaisana le tekanyo e mpe ea naetrojene.

Kahoo, matšoao a sehlooho a lefu la tsoekere a thathamisitsoe. Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea lefu la tsoekere, e fapaneng ka ho teba le ka tatellano ea matšoao. Kahoo, mefuta e bonolo ka ho fetisisa ea lefu lena (eo ho thoeng ke lefu la tsoekere la morao-rao, latent, prediabetes) e bonts'oa feela ke kholo ho feta e tloaelehileng ea hyperglycemia kamora ho ja, i.e. phokotso ea mamello ea tsoekere.

Mefuta e mengata ea lefu la tsoekere e ka khethoa ke secretion e sa senyeheng ea lihormone tse ling, mohlala, li-thyroid (hypothyroidism li atile haholo, e leng se lumellanang le nako ea lefu la tsoekere, hyperfunction ea thyroid ho lefu la tsoekere ha e sa tloaeleha ebile e baka mathata a fokolang).

Biochemistry ea mathata a lefu la tsoekere

Ntle le liphetoho tsa metabolism ea lipid, hyperglycemia e bapala karolo e kholo kholong ea bona. Lisele tseo lia ameha moo tsoekere e kenang ka mokhoa o ikemetseng oa insulin: liphio, retina le lense ea leihlo, methapo le methapo ea kutlo. Ho tsona, khatello ea tsoekere e tsoana le ho mali, i.e. kaholimo ho tloaelehileng. Sena se lebisa ho glycosylation e ngata ea nonenzymatic ea liprotheine, mohlala, collagen le liprotheine tse ling tsa membrane e ka tlase. Glycosylation e fetola thepa ea liprotheine ebile e senya ts'ebetso ea eona, mohlala, glycosylation ea hemoglobin e eketsa kamano ea eona bakeng sa oksijene, lisele li fuoa moea o mobe le ho feta. HDL glycosylation e lebisa ho potlakelo ea bo-demabolism ea bona, mme glycosylation ea LDL e liehisa ho tlosoa hoa bona maling le ho bola, i.e. boemo ba HDL bo fokotseha, 'me LDL ea phahama, e thusang tlhabollo ea atherosulinosis. Liseleng tse ling (lisele tsa lebota la arterial, lisele tsa Schwann, erythrocyte, lens le retina, testes), tsoekere e pepesetsoa aldzo e thehiloeng ke NADP e thehiloeng ke 6-atom alcohol - sorbitol. Sorbitol e kenella hampe ka har'a li-membrane tsa lisele; ho bokellana ha eona ho lebisa ho ruruhileng ha lisele le ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng. Ho ruruha ha lense le ho bokellana ha liprotheine tse ngata tsa glycosylated ho eona ho lebisa ho tsubeng le nts'etsopele ea lera. Manonyeletso a angoa ke capillaries ea liphio, retina (ho fihlela bofofu), jj. Ke kahoo, kalafong ea lefu la tsoekere, ba loanelang ho boloka maemo a tsoekere a haufi haholo le a tloaelehileng.

Mokhoa oa ketso ea insulin

Biochemistry ea insulin ke ho ntlafatsa le ho potlakisa ho kenella ha tsoekere ka har'a li-membrane tsa sele. Ho hlohlelletsa ho eketsehileng ha insulin ho potlakisa linako tsa ho tsamaisa tsoekere ka makhetlo a mashome.

Moetso oa ts'ebetso ea insulin le biochemistry ea ts'ebetso li latelang:

Kamora ho tsamaisoa ha insulin, keketseho ea palo ea liprotheine tse khethehileng tsa liprotheine tse tsoang kahare ea lisele li etsahala. Sena se o lumella ho tlosa tsoekere maling maling kapele le ka tahlehelo e nyane ea matla le ho sebetsa ka bongata liseleng tsa mafura. Ka bofokoli ba tlhahiso ea insulin ea eona, ho hlohlelletsa ho eketsehileng ke insulin ho hlokahala ho ts'ehetsa palo e hlokahalang ea liprotheine tsa tsamaiso.
Insulin e eketsa ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme tse amehang ho kopaneng ha glycogen ka ketane e rarahaneng ea tšebelisano 'me e thibela ts'ebetso ea eona e bolileng.

Biochemistry ea insulin ha e kenyeletse feela ho nka karolo ho matlafing ea tsoekere. Insulin e kenella ka mafolofolo ho metabolism ea mafura, li-amino acid le protheine ea tlhaho. Insulin hape e ama hantle lits'ebetso tsa bongaka ba liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho pheta-pheta. Ka pelong ea motho, mesifa ea marapo, insulin e sebelisetsoa ho ngola mefuta e fetang 100

Sebeteng le litekeng tsa adipose ka boeona, insulin e thibela ho phatloha ha mafura, ka lebaka leo, ho kenella ha mafura a mangata ka kotloloho maling ho fokotseha. Ka hona, kotsi ea li-cholesterol depositi ka likepeng e ea fokotseha le ho kenella ha mabota a likepe ho khutlisoa.

Tsela eo mafura a tsoang ka har'a sebete a susumetsoang ke insulin e susumetsoa ke acetylCoA-carboxylase le lipoprotein lipase enzymes. Sena se hloekisa mali, mafura a tlosoa mohloling o akaretsang oa mali.

Ho nka karolo ha lipid metabolism ho na le lintlha tse latelang:

Mekhoa ea acid e mafura e ntlafatsoa holim'a ts'ebetso ea carboxylase ea acetyl CoA,
Ts'ebetso ea lipase tsa tishu e fokotseha, ts'ebetso ea lipolysis e thibetsoe,
Ho thibela sebopeho sa 'mele oa ketone ho etsoa, hobane matla ohle a fetisetsoa ho lipid synthesis.

Tlholeho ea tlhaho le sebopeho sa insulin

Hormone e nang le sebopeho sa preproinsulin e entsoe ka lisele tse khethehileng tsa beta tsa lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans tse fumanehang manyeme. Boholo ba lihlekehleke tsena ke hoo e ka bang 2% ea boima ba tšoelesa. Ka ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso ea li-islets, ho haella ha lihomone tsa maiketsetso hoa hlaha, hyperglycemia, nts'etsopele ea maloetse a endocrine.

Kamora ho hlaka ka liketane tse khethehileng tsa lets'oao tse tsoang ho li-prroinsulin, ho thehiloe proinsulin, e nang le liketane tsa A le B tse nang le C-petid e hokahanyang. Ha li-hormone li ntse li hola, protheine e hapa k'holeseterole ea peptide, e nkeloang sebaka ke marokho a mabeli. Ho tsofala ho etsahala ka lisebelisoa tsa Golgi le ka pokellong ea sephiri ea lisele tsa beta.

Lihormone tse holileng li na le li-amino acid tse 21 ka har'a ketane ea A le liamino tse 30 ka har'a ketane ea bobeli. Synthesis e nka karolelano ea nako e ka bang hora, joalo ka lihormone tse ngata tse sebetsang kapele. Molek'hule e tsitsitse, li-amino acid li nkela likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa ketane ea polypeptide.

Li-receptors tse ikarabellang bakeng sa metabolism ea insulin ke li-glycoprotein tse fumanehang ka kotloloho ho membrane ea sele. Kamora lits'ebetso tsa ho hapa le tsa metabolic, sebopeho sa "insulin" se senngoe, li-receptor li khutlela holim'a sele.

Khothatso e bakang ho lokolloa ha insulin ke keketseho ea tsoekere. Ha ho se na protheine e khethehileng - transporter ho plasma ea mali, halofo ea bophelo e fihlile ho metsotso e 5. Ha ho hlokahale hore ho be le protheine e eketsehileng bakeng sa lipalangoang, kaha lihormone li kena ka kotloloho mothapong oa pancreatic ebe ho tloha moo li kena mothapong oa portal. Sebete ke sona sepheo se ka sehloohong sa li-hormone. Ha e kena ka har'a sebete, sesebelisoa sa eona se hlahisa ho fihla ho 50% ea lihormone.

Leha taba ea hore melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso e nang le sesupo sa bopaki - ntja e nang le lefu la tsoekere la maiketsetso ha e tlosa manyeme, e hlahisitsoe qetellong ea lekholo la bo 19 la lilemo, ka molek'hule, mochine oa tšebelisano o ntse o tsoela pele ho baka ngangisano e matla mme ha o utloisisoa ka botlalo. Sena se sebetsa ho mefuta eohle e amanang le liphatsa tsa lefutso le metabolism ea lihormone. Bakeng sa kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere, porcine le namane ea namane e qalile ho sebelisoa lilemong tsa bo-20 tsa lekholo lena la bo20 la lilemo.

Kotsi ea ho haelloa ke insulin 'meleng ke eng

Ka lebaka la ho haella ha tlhahiso ea tlhaho ea insulin kapa ho na le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata tse tsoang lijong, litokisetso tsa tsoelo-pele ea lefu la tsoekere mellitus, e leng lefu la metabolic system.

Matšoao a latelang a fetoha matšoao a tloaelo ea mokhahlelo oa pele oa meferefere ea metabolic:

Lenyora la kamehla, ho omella. Litsebi tsa phepo e ntle li rorisa boholo ba metsi a nooang. Ebile, boemo bona bo etella pele lefu la tsoekere 'me le ka nka likhoeli tse' maloa kapa lilemo. Boemo bona bo tsebahala haholo ho batho ba hlekefetsang tsoekere, batho ba ratang ho ikoetlisa ka matla, baemeli ba mosebetsi oa kelello ba sebetsang le ho ikoetlisa le ho sebetsa ka bokong.
Khafetsa ho ntša. Batho ba ratang 'mele baa thaba - boima ba bona bo tloaelehileng,' mele o tlosa chefo. Basebetsi ba boikhutso ba lumela hore batho ba baholo ba sebelitse. Haeba molumo o felletseng oa mokelikeli o kentsoeng o feta lilithara tse 4-5, ke lets'oao le bohloko.
Bofokoli ba mesifa, boemo ba ho tepella maikutlo ka linako tsohle, mokhathala.
Ketonemia, bohloko bo ka liphi, sebete, monko oa acetone o tsoang molomong kapa molomong.
Karabelo e potlakileng ea 'mele ho lipompong - bokhoni ba ho sebetsa boa khutlisoa, mabotho le mehopolo e mecha ea hlaha.
Teko ea mali e tla bonts'a ho kenyelletsa tsoekere e phahameng ea mali, keketseho ea mafura acid, haholo k'holeseterole. A urinalysis e tla bontša ho ba teng ha acetone ka har'a moroto.

Ho utloisisa mochine oa ts'ebetso ea insulin le biochemistry ka kakaretso ea lits'ebetso 'meleng ho thusa ho theha phepo e nepahetseng mme ha ho behe' mele kotsing ka ho sebelisa tekanyetso e phahameng ea tsoekere ka mokhoa o hloekileng, mohlala, joalo ka sebui se bobebe, kapa litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lik'habohaedreite tse potlakileng.

Kotsi ea ho eketseha ha insulin

Ka phepo e matlafatsang, lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata lijong, ho ikitlaetsa 'mele haholo, tlhahiso ea insulin ea eketseha. Litokisetso tsa insulin li sebelisoa lipapaling ho eketsa kholo ea mesifa, ho eketsa matla le ho fana ka mamello e ntlafalitsoeng ea boikoetliso.

Ha mojaro o emisa kapa mokhoa oa boikoetliso o fokola, mesifa e fetoha kapele, 'me ts'ebetso ea ho beoa hoa mafura e ba teng. Ho leka-lekana ha Hormonal hoa senyeha, e leng se lebisang ho lefu la tsoekere.

Mofuta oa 2 oa lefu la tsoekere, tlhahiso ea insulin 'meleng e lula e le maemong a tloaelehileng, empa lisele li hanyetsa litlamorao tsa eona. Ho fihlella phello e tloaelehileng, keketseho e kholo ea palo ea li-hormone ea hlokahala. Ka lebaka la khanyetso ea lisele, setšoantšo sa kliniki ka kakaretso se bonoa, se ts'oanang le khaello ea lihormone, empa ka tlhahiso ea sona e ngata.

Hobaneng, ho latela lits'ebetso tsa biochemical, ho hlokahala hore ho boloke litekanyetso tsa tsoekere ea mali maemong a tloaelehileng

Ho ka bonahala eka insulin e kopantsoeng e khona ho rarolla bothata ba lefu la tsoekere ka potlako, e tlosa tsoekere kapele, 'me e fetole metabolism. Ka hona, ha ho na kelello ho laola maemo a tsoekere. Empa ha ho joalo.

Hyperglycemia e ama lisele tse ho tsona tsoekere e kenang ka bolokolohi ntle le ho kenya letsoho insulin. Tsamaiso ea methapo, tsamaiso ea potoloho, liphio, le litho tsa pono ea senyeha. Keketseho ea litekanyetso tsa tsoekere e ama mesebetsi ea mantlha ea liprotheine tsa lisele, le phepelo ea oksijene liseleng e putlama ka lebaka la liphetoho hemoglobin.

Glycosylation e sitisa ts'ebetso ea collagen - fragility e eketsehileng le ho ba kotsing ea methapo ea mali, e lebisang kholisong ea atherosclerosis. Mathata a amanang le hyperglycemia a kenyelletsa ho ruruha ha leihlo la kristale, tšenyo ea morao le nts'etsopele ea lera. Lithapo le li-capillaries tsa liphio le tsona lia ameha. Ka lebaka la kotsi ea mathata, kalafong ea lefu la tsoekere, ho bohlokoa ho boloka sekhahla sa tsoekere se le maemong a tloaelehileng.

Hoo e ka bang 6% ea baahi ba linaha tse tsoetseng pele haholo ba na le lefu la tsoekere le itšetlehileng ka insulin 'me palo e lekanang e haufi le ts'enyo ea insulin. Hona ke lipalo tse kholo, tse netefatsoang ke tekanyo ea tšebeliso ea lihormone tsa maiketsetso.

Ts'ebeliso e ngata ea tsoekere, haholo-holo ka mokhoa oa lino-mapholi tse potlakileng tsa lik'habohaedreite, e hlokohla metabolism ea motho, e leng se bakang nts'etsopele ea bofokoli le maloetse. Selemo se seng le se seng, palo ea batho ba itšetlehileng ka insulin ba batlang mefuta e meng ea lihormone e ntse e eketseha ka lebaka la ho se sireletsehe ha bona ho tlhaho.