Amikacin: litaelo tsa tšebeliso, li-analogues le litlhahlobo, litheko tsa meriana ea litlama Russia

Amikacin ke moemeli oa antibacterial (lithibela-mafu) o tsoang sehlopheng sa aminoglycosides. E na le litlamorao tsa antibacterial, bactericidal le anti-lefuba, e sebelisoa kalafo ea mafu a fapaneng a tšoaetsanoang le a tšoaetsanoang.

Semi-synthetic antibiotic ea sehlopha sa aminoglycoside ea bongata bo bongata ba ketso. E na le litlamorao tsa bactericidal.

Ha e kenella kahare ho sebopeho sa lisele tsa baktheria, e kenella ka mokhoa o sa fetoheng mokokotlong oa 30S oa li-ribosomes tsa baktheria, ka hona, e thibela tlhahiso ea protheine ea pathogen.

E mafolofolo khahlano le libaktheria tsa aerobic gram-negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Providencia stuartii.

E boetse e sebetsa khahlano le libaktheria tse ling tse nang le gram: Staphylococcus spp. (ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e meng e sa sebetseng ho penicillin, methicillin, cephalosporins e itseng), mefuta e meng ea Streptococcus spp.

Ha e sebetse khahlanong le libaktheria tsa anaerobic.

Ntho e sebetsang e batla e sa amohuoa ho tsoa ho lijo tse silang lijo, ka hona, ho hlokahala hore tsamaiso ea methapo kapa ea methapo e hlokahalang. Setlhare sena se fetisa lithibelo tsa nalane ea "histo habonolo" mme se kenella liseleng tsohle tsa 'mele, moo se bokellanang kahare ho lisele.

Metsoako ea eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e litho tsa 'mele tse nang le phallo e ntle ea mali: mats'oafo, sebete, spleen, myocardium mme, haholo-holo, liphio, moo lithethefatsi li bokellanang ka har'a ntho ea cortical. E boetse e ajoa hantle ka mokelikeli oa intracellular, ho kenyelletsa serum ea mali le lymph. Ha e sebelisoe.

E pepisoa haholo ka sebopeho se sa fetoloang ke liphio, ho etsa hore ho be le lipalo tse phahameng ka har'a moroto.

Matšoao a ho sebelisoa

Amikacin e thusa eng? Ho latela litaelo, sethethefatsi se laeloa mafu a matla a tšoaetsanoang a bakoang ke libaktheria tse seng ntle le gram (haholoholo haeba li hanana le lithibela-mafu tse ling). Mafu a joalo a kenyelletsa:

Mekhoa ea tšoaetso e kahare ho litho tsa tsamaiso ea ho hema - pneumonia (pneumonia), bronchitis ea baktheria, lesapo la matšoafo (ho etsoa ha patsi e tlatsitsoeng ke pus lithong tsa matšoafo), pleural empyema (ho bokella ha pus ho mokokotlong oa mokokotlo).
Sepsis ke ts'oaetso e tšoaetsanoang ka ho ba teng ha libaktheria tsa pathogenic maling le kholo ea tsona e sebetsang le ho ikatisa.
Bacterial endocarditis ke ts'oaetso e tšoaetsanoang (hangata e hlatsoang) ea lehare le ka hare la pelo (endocardium).
Ts'ebetso ea tšoaetso bokong - encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, meningitis.
Ts'ebetso ea baktheria ea pathological ka hara litho tsa ka mpeng, ho kenyelletsa le peritonitis.
Tšoaetso ea letlalo, linama tse kenellang ka hare le lithane tse bonolo - li-abscesses, phlegmon, ts'ebetso ea likhukhuni, li-bedores tse nang le necrosis, li cha.
Pathology ea lesapo la mokokotlo le lefu la biliary - lekhopho la sebete, fiber, cholecystitis, empyma ea gallbladder.
Lits'oaetso tsa ts'oaetso ts'ebetsong ea moroto le ea ho ba le bana - pyelonephritis, urethritis, cystitis ka nts'etsopele ea mathata a purulent.
Maqeba le mathata a ts'oaetso a ts'oaetso.
Tšoaetso ea masapo (osteomyelitis) le manonyeletso (ramatiki ea purulent).

Pele o sebelisoa, boikemisetso ba laboratori ba kutloisiso ea pathogen ho lithibela-mafu boa hlokahala.

Litaelo tsa ho sebelisa litekanyetso tsa Amikacin

Setlhare sena se fanoa ka methapo kapa ka methapo, matlapa a le sieo. Tekanyetso e tloaelehileng, ho latela litaelo tsa tšebeliso ea Amikacin, ke 5 mg / kg nako le nako ka lihora tse 8 kapa 7.5 mg / kg ka lihora tse 12.

Ka ts'oaetso e bonolo ea baktheria e amang ts'oaro ea moroto, moriana o bontšoa lihora tse ling le tse ling tse 250 bakeng sa 250 mg.

Amikacin e qala ho fuoa masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa pele ho tekanyetso ea 10 mg / kg, ka mor'a moo a fetohela tekong ea 7,5 mg / kg, e fanoang lihora tse ling le tse ling tsa 18-25.

Bakeng sa bana ba sa tsoa tsoaloa ba phetseng hantle, moriana o fanoa ka tekanyetso ea pele ea 10 mg / kg, ka mor'a moo ba fetohela ho 7.5 mg / kg ka lihora tse ling le tse ling tse 12 bakeng sa matsatsi a 7-10.

Tekanyetso e kholo ea letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa batho ba baholo ke 15 mg / kg / letsatsi.

Bakeng sa tšoaetso e bakoang ke Pseudomonas aeruginosa, le tšoaetso e behang bophelo kotsing, tekanyetso ea 15 mg / kg ka letsatsi e beoa ho litekanyetso tse tharo.

Nako ea kalafo ka tsamaiso ea methapo ke matsatsi a 3-7, ka tsamaiso ea methapo - matsatsi a 7-10.

Bakeng sa batho ba nang le bothata ba ho fokolisa renal excretory, thuto e khothaletsa tokiso ea moriana oa litekanyetso tsa Amikacin ho latela boleng ba tumello ea tlhahiso eaine (tekanyo ea tlhoekiso ea mali ho tsoa sehlahisoa sa ho qetela sa "nitrogen metabolism").

Litlamorao

Taelo e hlokomelisa ka monyetla oa ho nts'etsapele litla-morao tse latelang ha u khetha Amikacin:

Ho tsoa ho tsamaiso ea tšilo ea lijo: ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea transpase ea hepatic, hyperbilirubinemia, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho hlatsa.
Litla-morao: Ho na le lekhopho la letlalo, ho hlohlona, feberu, ka seoelo - Quincke edema.
Ho tsoa ho tsamaiso ea hemopoietic: anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia.
Ho tloha lehlakoreng la ts'ebetso ea methapo e bohareng le tsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo: ho opeloa ke hlooho, ho otsela, ho holofala ha methapo ea kutlo, ho se utloe litsebeng, ho fihlela ho nts'etsopele ea litsebe tse ke keng tsa fetoloa, mathata a methapo.
Ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ea moroto: oliguria, proteinuria, micromaturia, ka seoelo - ho se sebetse hantle ke pheko.

Contraindication

Amikacin e kopantsoe le linyeoe tse latelang:

Auditory nerve neuritis,
Mathata a tebileng a ho phekola renal le azotemia le uremia,
Boimana
Hypersensitivity ho likarolo tsa moriana,
Hypersensitivity ho li-aminoglycosides tse ling nalaneng.

Boteng ba lipontšo tse bohlokoa, moriana o ka sebelisoa ho lactating basali. Re lokela ho hopola hore li-aminoglycosides li pepesoa lebese la matsoele ka bongata bo fokolang. Ha li kenngoe hantle ka mpeng ea gastrointestinal, mme mathata a amanang le ona ho masea ha a ngolisoa.

Bongata

Matšoao a bosholu ba lithethefatsi a kenyelletsa litlatsetso tse nang le chefo, e bonahatsang tahlehelo ea kutlo, ho tsekela, dyspepsia, lenyora, ho fokotseha takatso ea lijo, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho hlatsa, ho lla litsebeng, ho thijoa ha methapo ea kutlo ka ho se sebetse hantle ho fihlela e emisa.

Ho bana ba banyenyane, ha litekanyetso li fetisoa, Amikacin e baka khatello ea maikutlo ea CNS, e bonts'itsoeng ke mokhathala, stupor le komello li ka etsahala.

Ho phekola litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea lithethefatsi, hemodialysis kapa peritoneal dialysis, letsoai la calcium, lithethefatsi tsa anticholinesterase, kalafo ea matšoao, mme, haeba ho hlokahala, ho sebelisoa moea o hlophisang moea.

Li-analog tsa Amikacin, theko ea meriana

Haeba ho hlokahala, o ka nkela Amikacin sebaka ka analogue ea ntho e sebetsang - tsena ke lithethefatsi:

Analogs ka khoutu ea ATX:

Ha u khetha li-analogues, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore litaelo tsa tšebeliso ea Amikacin, theko le litekolo, ha li sebetse lithethefatsing tse nang le phello e ts'oanang. Ho bohlokoa ho fumana tlhahlobo ea ngaka le ho se etse phetoho e ikemetseng ea lithethefatsi.

Theko ea meriana ea litlama ea Russia: Amikacin 500 mg phofo - ho tloha li-ruble tse 39, phofo 1 g 10 ml - ho tloha li-ruble tse 60, tharollo 250 mg / ml 2 ml 10 likhomphutha. - ho tloha ho li-ruble tse 219, ho latela li-pharmacy tsa 573.

Boloka sebakeng se ommeng se sa fumaneheng ho bana, se sirelelitsoeng ke letsatsi le tobileng, ka mocheso oa 5-25 ° C. Bophelo ba Shelf ke lilemo tse 2.

Maemo a ho ajoa ho tloha litlolong tsa litlhare, ke ngaka.

Maikutlo a 4 bakeng sa "Amikacin"

Ngoana o ne a reretsoe kalafo ea lefu la bronchitis, ba mo hlabetse matsatsi a 7 ka tekanyo e tloaelehileng ea boima ba 'mele, ebe ba qala ho noa Vilprofen. Ka lebaka leo, letsatsi kamora thupelo ea Amikacin, leha e ne e le ha Wilprofen a ntse a e-noa, mocheso o ile oa qala ho omella, mme ka letsatsi la boraro la feberu ra fihla sepetleleng sa mafu a 5 a ts'oaetso. Ba ile ba fumanoa ba tšoeroe ke pneumonia, ba bile ba kentse Cefotaxin ka matsatsi a 5 le Ceftozidime matsatsi a 5. Feela ke bona ba re thibetseng ho tsoaeeng. Ho tloha moo ke etsa qeto ea hore li-Cephalosporins li sebetsa hantle haholo ho loantšeng pneumonia.

re mpefalitse lefu lena ka meriana ena e thibelang mafu, lingaka tse joalo li sebetsa ho lona mafu a tšoaetsanoang ((ntle le ho utloisisa tlhahlobo eo ba e alafang ..

Amikacin ke poloko ea pele ea mathata a nang le pampitšana ea ka mpeng! Ke u eletsa hore u reke

Morali oa ka o na le tahlehelo ea kutlo ea likhato tse 3 tsa amikacin. O qabeletsoe sepetlele, ha ho motho ea ileng a lemosa ka chefo le litlamorao tsa ho utloa. Ho utloa ho utloile ho fumanoe kamora ho lahleheloa ke lilemo tse 2 nts'etsopele ea puo.

Amikacin

Amikacin e entsoe ka halofo lithibela-mafu hape ke oa sehlopha sa aminoglycosides. Setlhare sena se ama likokoana-hloko ka bongata ka bongata le bactericidal, se fokotsa lits'ebetso tsa bona tsa bohlokoa mme se baka lefu. Ho hanyetsa ha likokoana-hloko ho Amikacin ho qala butle, ka hona, motsoako ona o lula maemong a sebetsang hara lithethefatsi tse ling tse tsoang sehlopheng sa aminoglycoside.

Amikacin e bua ka lithibela-mafu tse pharalletseng. E sebetsa haholo khahlanong le:
1. Likokoana-hloko tse seng ntle tsa Gramme - salmonella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella, Klebsiella, Serrations, Enterobacteriaceae le Providencia.
2. Likokoana-hloko tse ling tse ntle tsa gram - staphylococci (e hanyetsanang le cephalosporins, methicillin le penicillin), likokoana-hloko tse ling tsa streptococci.

Amikacin e khona ho ba le litlamorao tse bohloko ho moemeli oa lisosa tsa lefuba (wand ea Koch).

Mabapi le libaktheria tsa anaerobic, lithibela-mafu tsena ha li sebetse.

Moriana e kenella ka botlalo maling ka mor'a taolo ea batsoali, 'me khatello ea eona maling e bolokoa ho fihlela lihora tse 12. Amikacin e kenella ka ho phethahetseng liseleng tse fapaneng tsa 'mele ebe e bokellana mokelikeling oa kantle ho lisele le ka hare ho intracellularly. Metsoako ea eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e tsekisoa lipelong, le sebete, matšoafong, myocardium le mokokotlong. Masala a moriana a atisoa haholo ke liphio.

Amikacin e ka sebelisoa ho phekola mafu a fapakaneng a tšoaetsanoang ho bana (ho tloha nakong ea bokhachane) le ho batho ba baholo.

Litlamorao

Ho tsoa tsamaisong ea methapo - ho otsela, ho opeloa ke hlooho, ho tsitsipana kapa ho ts'oaroa ha moea, ho tsitsipana, ho luma le ho sotha mesifa, ho ruruha.
Karolong ea litho tsa kutlo - tahlehelo ea kutlo, ho se utloe litsebeng, litlamorao tse chefo ho lisebelisoa tsa vestibular (khokahano e senyehileng ea metsamao, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, hlooho e bohloko, ho hlatsa).
Lehlakore la madi - leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, anemia.
Ho tsoa pampiring ea ka mpeng - ho hlatsa, ho nyekeloa le pelo, ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso ea sebete.
Ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ea moroto - ts'ebetso ea ho senya ea renal ka mokhoa oa oliguria, micromaturia le proteinuria.
Ho tsoa ho sesole sa 'mele - lekhopho la letlalo le ho ja, bofubelu ba letlalo, ho hlohlona, edema ea Quincke, feberu.
Boitšoaro ba lehae - dermatitis, bohloko sebakeng sa ente, ho ruruha ha methapo (ka tsamaiso ea methapo).

Bongata

Ho utloa tahlehelo
ho tsekela
mathata a ho ntša metsi
tahlehelo ea takatso ea lijo
lenyora
ho nyekeloa le pelo le ho hlatsa
boikutlo ba ho hlonama kapa ho lla litsebeng,
ho hloleha ho phefumoloha.

Haeba matšoao a mang a bonahala a bonahala, etela ngaka hang-hang.

Phekolo ea Amikacin

U ka sebelisa amikacin joang?
Ho beoa ha moriana ona ho lokela ho etsoa kamora ho tsebahatsa kutloisiso ea lona ea likokoana-hloko tse bakang lefu lena. Tharollo ea Amikacin e fanoa ka methapo kapa ka methapo (ka molapo kapa ka lerotholi). Khafetsa ea tsamaiso e hlahisoa ka bonngoe.

Ho lokisa tharollo, metsi a ente a kenyelletsoa ka phofo e omileng ka lipilong. Ho lokisa tharollo ea ente ea methapo ea 0.5 g ea phofo, ho hlokahala hore ho hlahisoe metsi a 2-3 ml bakeng sa ente ea vial, e hlokometse letsoalo. Kamora ho qhala phofo, tharollo ea Amikacin e ka sebelisoa bakeng sa tsamaiso ea methapo.

Ts'oants'o ea amikacin tharollong ea ente ea intravenous e ke ke ea feta 5 mg / ml. Haeba ho hlokahala, tsamaiso e kenellang ea tharollo e sebelisa tharollo e tšoanang ea Amikacin joalo ka tsamaiso ea methapo, e eketsoang ka 200 ml ea tharollo ea glucose ea 5% kapa tharollo ea isotonic sodium chloride. Tsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo e etsoa ka sekhahla sa marotholi a 60 ka motsotso o le mong, jete - bakeng sa metsotso e 3-7.

Nakong ea kalafo, mokuli o lokela ho hlokomela bonyane nako e le 'ngoe ka matsatsi a 7 mesebetsi ea methapo ea methapo, liphio le methapo ea kutlo. Haeba sephetho sa taolo e sa khotsofatse, ho khothalletsoa ho fokotsa litekanyetso kapa ho tlosoa ha lithethefatsi.

Ha u sebelisa Amikacin, bakuli (haholo-holo ba nang le mafu a liphio a tšoaetsanoang) ba eletsoa ho nka metsi a mangata.

Ha ho na le matla a matla a lefu lena matsatsing a 5 a ho sebelisa Amikacin, ho kgothaletswa ho le hlakola le ho fana ka moriana o mong oa antibacterial.

Tekanyetso ea Amikacin
Tharollo ea Amikacin e fanoa ka methapo kapa ka methapo e boima ho 5 mg / kg boima ba 'mele lihora tse ling le tse ling tse 8 kapa 7.5 mg / kg ka mor'a lihora tse 12.

Nako ea ts'ebeliso:

ka ente ea methapo - matsatsi a 7-10,
le tsamaiso ea methapo - matsatsi a 3-7.

Sekhahla se lekaneng sa letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa mokuli ea moholo ke 15 mg / kg, empa eseng ho feta 1.5 g ka letsatsi matsatsi a 10.

Bakeng sa mafu a mang, tekanyetso e 'ngoe e ka fanoa:

le ts'oaetso ea pampiri ea urini e sa rarahaneng - 250 mg ka mor'a lihora tse ling le tse ling tse 12, ka mor'a ho ts'oaroa ha hemodialysis, ho ka khothaletsoa ente e 'ngoe ea 3-5 mg / kg,
ka ts'oaetso ea ho chesa - 5-7,5 mg / kg ka mor'a lihora tse 4-6.

Bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho phekoloa ka lipholiso, lethal dose le mofuta oa tsamaiso li ka fetoloa ho latela boemo ba "metabolinine" maling.

Amikacin bakeng sa bana

Amikacin e ka sebelisoa ho phekola mafu a tšoaetsanoang ho bana ba lilemo life kapa life. Ka lebaka la ototoxicity ea eona le nephrotoxicity (litlamorao tse mpe holima setho se utloang le liping), e laetsoe ka tlhokomeliso ho masea le ba sa tsoa hlaha.

Tekanyetso:

masea le bana ba ka pele ho nako ba le lilemo li 1-6 - tekanyetso ea pele ea 10 mg / kg, joale 7.5 mg / kg nako le nako ka lihora tse 18-25,
bana ba ka holimo ho lilemo tse 6 - 5 mg / kg ka mor'a lihora tse 8 kapa 7.5 mg / kg ka mor'a lihora tse 12.

Nako ea kalafo ea bana le Amikacin e behiloe ka bonngoe. Ka karolelano, ke matsatsi a 3-7 a tsamaiso ea methapo kapa matsatsi a 7-10 a nang le tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo.

Amikacin nakong ea bokhachane le pelehi

Amikacin e kopantsoe le bokhachane.

Ka nako ea ho nyekeloa, moriana o ka khethoa haeba ho na le lipontšo tsa bohlokoa. Amikacin e khona ho kenella ka lebese la 'm'e ka bongata bo fokolang mme e kenelle hantle ka tseleng ea tšilo ea lijo. Ha ho na mathata a amanang le sena ho masea a anyesitsoeng.

Litšebelisano tsa lithethefatsi Amikacin

Amikacin ha e lumellane le cephalosporins, Heparin, penicillin, Amphotericin B, Capreomycin, Erythromycin, Hydrochlorothiazide, Nitrofurantoin, KCl, livithamini tsa sehlopha sa B le C,
tsamaiso e kopaneng ea Amikacin e nang le Benzylpenicillin le Carbenicillin e ntlafatsa phello ea lithethefatsi tsena, tse lokelang ho tsotelloa ha ho fanoa ka litekanyetso.
Tšebelisano-'moho ea Amikacin e nang le Cisplatin, nalidixic acid, Vancomycin le Polymyxin B li eketsa kotsi ea litlamorao tsa eona tsa nephrotoxic le ototoxic.
Amikacin e mpefatsa mesifa e hlasimollang ea lithethefatsi tse joalo ka moea,
Ho nka amikacin khahlano le semolao sa tsamaiso ea batsoali ea indomethacin ho eketsa menyetla ea ho bolaoa ke lefu le kotsi hape.
Amikacin e fokotsa katleho ea lithethefatsi tse khahlanong le myasthenic,
Ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea Amikacin e nang le li-polymyxin bakeng sa tsamaiso ea batsoali, Methoxifluran, Capreomycin, halogenated hydrocarbons (lintho tsa ho inhalation anesthesia), li-analgesics tsa opioid li eketsa kotsi ea ho ts'oaroa.

Litlhahlobo mabapi le lithethefatsi

Boholo ba bakuli ba arabela hantle molemong oa phekolo e phahameng ea Amikacin, ho hlalosa ntlafatso e potlakileng ea boemo ba bophelo bo botle matsatsing a pele a ho sebelisa moriana.

Batsoali ba bana ba na le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea motsoako ona oa kalafo ho phekoleng mafu a mangata a tšoaetsanoang a lits'ebetso tsa ho hema, ho sefa le ho ntša metsi. Bongata ba bona ba hlokomela phello e ntle esita le ka mor'a ente ea pele ea moriana.

Ho na le litlhahlobo tse fokolang tsa litla-morao tsa meriana ena. Hangata, bakuli ba tlaleha ho nyekeloa le pelo, dyspepsia, le maikutlo a bofokoli ha ba ntse ba nka Amikacin. Ho na le litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tsa karabelo ea mali ho sena lithethefatsi, tse ileng tsa bonahatsoa ka lehare, bofubelu ba letlalo le edema ea Quincke. Ke ka seoelo ho nang le litšupiso tse buang ka ototoxicity ea Amikacin, e ileng ea bonahatsoa ke ho fokotseha hoa kutlo ha kutlo. Ha ho na maikutlo mabapi le nephrotoxicity ea lithethefatsi.

Bakuli ba bang ba hlokometse bohloko ka ente ea Amikacin. Maemong a mang, ho e fokotsa ka ente ea methapo, lingaka li khothalelitse ho se sebelise metsi bakeng sa ente, empa 1% Novocaine tharollo ea phokotso ea Amikacin phofo.

Boholo ba bakuli ba re theko ea Amikacin e "amoheleha" kapa "e theko e tlaase."

Theko ea lithethefatsi naheng ea Russia le Ukraine

Theko ea Amikacin e ipapisitse le mofuta oa tokollo ea eona, moetsi, k'hemisi le toropo e rekisang lithethefatsi. Litheko tsa sethethefatsi sena li ka fapana haholo, ke ka lebaka leo ho khothalletsoang hore o hlahlobe litheko tsa meriana e mengata pele u ka li reka.

Litšenyehelo tsa Amikacin Russia:

li-ampoules tsa 500 mg (250 mg / 1 ml) ea 2 ml - li-ruble tsa 116-397. bakeng sa sephutheloana sa likotoana tse 10,
500 mg likhahla ka phofo - 13-33 rub. bakeng sa botlolo e le 'ngoe
botlolo tse nang le phofo ea 1 g- 37-48 li-ruble. bakeng sa botlolo e le 'ngoe.

Litšenyehelo tsa Amikacin Ukraine:

Li-ampoules tsa 500 mg (250 mg / 1 ml) ea 2 ml - 140-170 hryvnia ka pakete ea likotoana tse 10,
Li-ampoules tsa 1 g (250 mg / 1 ml) ea 4 ml - 270-300 hryvnia ka pakete ea likotoana tse 10,
500 mg, vials ea phofo, 18-18 hizvnias ka e le ngoe,
libotlolo tse nang le phofo ea 1 g-28-36 h ntlafnias ka botlolo e le 'ngoe.

Amikacin e ajoa litlolong tsa litlhare ka lengolo la ngaka.