Phapang pakeng tsa insulin le glucagon

Glucagon le insulin ke lihormone tsa pancreatic. Ts'ebetso ea li-hormone tsohle ke molaoana oa metabolism 'meleng. Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa insulin le glucagon ke ho fa mmele likarolo tse ling tsa matla ka mor'a lijo le nakong ea ho itima lijo. Kamora ho ja, hoa hlokahala ho netefatsa ho phalla ha tsoekere e kenang liseleng le ho bolokoa ka bongata. Nakong ea ho itima lijo - ho ntša tsoekere ho mehloli (glycogen) kapa ho e kopanya kapa likarolo tse ling tsa matla.

Ho lumeloa ka bongata hore insulin le glucagon li senya lik'habohaedreite. Sena ha se nnete. Linohe li senya lintho. Lihormone li laola lits'ebetso tsena.

Tlhahiso ea glucagon le insulin

Lihormone li hlahisoa ka litšoelesa tsa endocrine. Insulin le glucagon - ka har'a manyeme: insulin ho β-lisele, glucagon - liseleng tsa li-islets tsa Langerhans. Lihormone ka bobeli li na le protheine ea tlhaho 'me li entsoe ka mokhoa o tšoanang le oa pele ho tsa pele. Insulin le glucagon li bolokiloe maemong a fapaneng: insulin bakeng sa hyperglycemia, glucagon bakeng sa hypoglycemia. Bophelo ba halofo ea insulin ke metsotso e 3-4, secretion ea eona e fapaneng kamehla e tiisa ho boloka maemo a tsoekere ea mali ka har'a meeli e patisaneng.

Liphello tsa insulin

Insulin e laola metabolism, haholo-holo khatello ea tsoekere. E ama lits'ebetso tsa "membrane" le "intracellular".

Litlamorao tsa insulin:

• e hlohlelletsa ho tsamaisoa ha tsoekere le mefuta e meng e mengata ea monosaccharides,
• e matlafatsa ho tsamaisoa ha li-amino acid (haholo-holo arginine),
• e matlafatsa ho tsamaisoa ha mafura acid,
• e tsosa ho monya ha potasiamo le ion ea magnesium ka sele.

Insulin e na le litlamorao tse kenang:

• e tsosa motsoako oa DNA le RNA,
• e matlafatsa synthetiki,
• e ntlafatsa ho hlohlona ha enzyme glycogen synthase (e fana ka motsoako oa glycogen o tsoang tsoekere - glycogeneis),
• e susumetsa glucokinase (enzyme e khothalletsang phetoho ea tsoekere ho glycogen maemong a ho fetella),
• inbits glucose-6-phosphatase (enzyme e thusang ho fetoloa ha tsoekere-6-phosphate ho glucose e sa lefelloeng, ka hona, e eketsa tsoekere ea mali),
• e khothatsa mantsoe a phojiais,
• inhibits lipolysis (ka lebaka la thibelo ea motsoako oa cAMP),
• e tsosa motsoako oa mafura acid,
• e sebetsa Na + / K + -ATPase.

Karolo ea insulin ho fetisetsang glucose ho lisele

Glucose e kena liseleng e sebelisa liprotheine tse khethehileng tsa transporter (GLUT). Li-GLUT tse ngata li fumaneha liseleng tse fapaneng. Likarolong tsa masapo a mesifa le pelo, mesifa ea adipose, lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali, le renal cortex, ba tsamaisang insulin ba itšetlehileng ka insulin. Li-insulin tse tsamaisang li-membrane tsa tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng le lisele tsa sebete ha lia ikemela ka lebaka leo, phepelo ea glucose ho lisele tsa lisele tsena e itšetleha feela ka ho kenella ha eona maling. Glucose e kena liseleng tsa liphio, mala, le lisele tse khubelu tsa mali ntle le ho li jara, ka ho ikatisa. Kahoo, insulin e hlokahala hore tsoekere e kene liseleng tsa lithane tsa adipose, mesifa ea masapo le mesifa ea pelo. Ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke insulin, ke glucose e fokolang feela e tla kena liseleng tsa lisele tsena, tse sa lekanang ho netefatsa litlhoko tsa tsona tsa metabolic, le maemong a khatello e phahameng ea glucose maling (hyperglycemia).

Karolo ea insulin ho metabolism ea glucose

Insulin e khothalletsa tšebeliso ea tsoekere, ho kenyelletsa le mekhoa e mengata.

1. E eketsa ts'ebetso ea glycogen synthase liseleng tsa sebete, e tsosang phello ea glycogen ho tsoa ho masala a glucose.
2. E eketsa ts'ebetso ea glucokinase ka har'a sebete, e susumetsang phosphorylation ea glucose le ho thehoa ha glucose-6-phosphate, e "koalang" glucose seleng, hobane e sa khone ho feta ka membrane ho tsoa seleng ho kena sebakeng sa mahareng.
3. Inhibits phosphatase ea sebete, e ferekanyang phetoho e fapaneng ea tsoekere-6-phosphate ho glucose e lokollang.

Ts'ebetso tsena kaofela li netefatsa ho monya ha tsoekere ke lisele tsa lisele tse poteletseng le ho fokotseha ha sebopeho sa eona, e lebisang ho fokotseha hoa khatello ea "glucose" maling. Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso e ngata ea tsoekere ke lisele li boloka mehloli ea matla a mang a methapo - mafura le liprotheine.

Karolo ea insulin ho metabolism ea protheine

Insulin e khothalletsa ho tsamaisoa ha li-amino acid tsa mahala liseleng le ho hlophisoa ha protheine ho tsona. Protein synthesis e hlohlelletsoa ka mekhoa e 'meli:

• ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea mRNA,
• ka ho eketsa phallo ea li-amino acid ka seleng.

Ntle le moo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo, ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea "glucose" e le karoloana ea matla ke sele e khutsisa phallo ea protheine ho eona, e lebisang keketseho ea lebenkeleng la protheine. Ka lebaka la phello ena, insulin e kenella taolong ea kholo le kholo ea 'mele.

Karolo ea insulin ho mafura a metabolism

Membrane le lintlafatso tsa insulin li lebisa ho eketseha ha mabenkele a mafura ho tishu ea adipose le sebete.

1. Insulin e fana ka ho kenella ha tsoekere maling ka har'a lisele tsa lisele tsa adipose 'me e nolofatsa moea o tsoang ho tsona.
2. E susumetsa sebopeho sa lipoprotein lipase liseleng tsa endothelial. Mofuta ona oa lipase o fafatsa hydrolysis ea li-triacylglycerols tse amanang le lipoprotein tsa mali le ho netefatsa hore li fumana li-acid tse hlahisang lisele tsa li-adipose tsa lisele.
3. E thibela liprotein lipase tse ka hare, kahoo e thibela lipolysis liseleng.

Moetso oa limolek'hule:

Insulin e entsoe ka li-amino acid 'me e na le liketane tse peli, tse bitsoang ketane ea A le B-chain, tse hokahaneng hammoho li sebelisa litlamo tsa sebabole. Insulin e hlahisoa ho tsoa ho hormone ea insulin eo ha e le hantle e nang le liketane tse tharo tsa amino acid. Enzyme e ntlafatsa lihormone ka tsela e tla etsa hore mokokotlo oa A le B li sale 'moho hore ho be le insulin.

Sesosa sa secretion:

Insulin secretion e bakoa haholo ke tsoekere e phahameng ea mali (hyperglycemia) maling a arterial. Mefuta e meng ea mafura acid, keto acid le amino acid le eona e ka baka secretion ea insulin. Ha maemo a tsoekere ea mali a fokotseha, ka hona maemo a insulin a fokotseha, a netefatsa hore insulin ha e sa patiloe ho feta kamoo e hlokahalang.

Litlamorao tsa ho pateloa:

Insulin e ama ho kenngoa ha glucose ho lithane tsa adipose (tiske ea adipose) hape e matlafatsa ho monya ha acid e mafura. Insulin e boetse e thusa ho monya tsoekere e maling le mesifa. Lithaneng tsa mesifa le liseleng tsa sebete, tsoekere e fetoloa ho glycogen nakong ea glycogeneis. Glycogen ke kamoo tsoekere e bolokiloeng 'meleng oa motho. Insulin e emisa ho phatloha ha glycogen ho sebete 'me e emise ho etsoa le ho lokolloa ha tsoekere maling. Ha e le hantle insulin e baka ho kenella ha tsoekere liseleng, ka hona e lebisa ho fokotseha ha tsoekere ea mali.

Lefu la tsoekere ke lefu leo ​​ho lona ho nang le mathata a amanang le insulin. Ho mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere, insulin ha e lokolloe, 'me lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, insulin ha e lokolloe, empa lisele ha li sa arabela insulin. Litsebi tsa lefu la tsoekere li ka hloka ho nka ente ea insulin ho lefella ho haella ha insulin.

Mesebetsi ea Glucagon

Glucagon e ama lik'habohaedreite, protheine le metabolism ea mafura. Re ka re glucagon ke mohanyetsi oa insulin mabapi le litlamorao tsa eona. Liphetho tse ka sehloohong tsa glucagon ke keketseho ea khatello ea tsoekere ea mali. Ke glucagon e netefatsang ho boloka maemo a hlokahalang a li-substrates tse hlokahalang - tsoekere, liprotheine le mafura maling nakong ea ho itima lijo.

1. Karolo ea glucagon ho metabolism ea lik'habohaedreite.

E fana ka tlhahiso ea tsoekere ka:

• glycogenolysis (ho phatloha ha glycogen ho tsoekere) maling,
• ho matlafatsoa ha gluconeogeneis (synthetic ea tsoekere ho tsoa ho bao e seng likoloi tsa 'mele) ka har'a sebete.

Karolo ea glucagon ho metabolism ea protheine.

Hormone e thusa ho tsamaisa li-amino acid tsa glucagon ho ea ho sebete, e thusang liseleng tsa sebete:

• protheine ea tlhaho
• tsoekere ea tsoekere ho tsoa ho amino acid - gluconeogeneis.

3. Karolo ea glucagon ho metabolism ea mafura.

Hormone e kenya lipase liseleng tsa adipose, e hlahisang litekanyetso tse eketsehang tsa mafura le glycerin maling. Sena se boetse se lebisa keketseho ea khatello ea tsoekere ea mali:

• glycerin joalo ka senoko se senang nama ea nama ea kolobe se kenyelletsoa ts'ebetsong ea gluconeogeneis - syntheine ea glucose,
• mafura acid a fetoloa 'mele oa ketone, o sebelisoang e le li-substrates tsa matla, tse bolokang pokello ea glucose.

Insulin le glucagon ke eng?

Insulin ea 'mele ke protheine. E hlahisoa ke li-b-cell tsa tšoelesa, e nkuoa e le ea pele har'a bohlokoa har'a lihormone tsa anabolic.

Glucagon ke mohanyetsi oa hormone ea polypeptide ea insulin. E hlahisoa ke lisele tsa manyeme mme e etsa mosebetsi oa bohlokoa - e kenya lisebelisoa tsa matla ha 'mele o e hloka haholo. E na le phello ea catabolic.

Kamano ea insulin le glucagon

Lihorase tsena ka bobeli li sirellelitsoe ke manyeme ho laola metabolism. Mona ke kamoo li shebahalang kateng:

• arabela ka potlako liphetoho lipakeng tsa tsoekere, insulin e hlahisoa ka keketseho, le glucagon - ka ho fokotseha,
• Lintho li nka karolo ho metabolism ea lipid: insulin ea hlohlona, ​​'me tsoekere e ea putlama, e fetola mafura matla,
• nka karolo ho metabolism ea "protein": "glucagon" e thibela ho kenngoa ha li-amino acid ke 'mele, mme insulin e potlakisa ho hlophisoa ha lintho.

Makhopho a 'mele a hlahisa lihomone tse ling, empa ho leka-lekana ha lintho tsena ho hlaha hangata.

Tafole e bonts'a likarolo tse fapaneng tsa taolo ea lits'ebetso tsa metabolic ke lihormone.

Karolelano ea lihormone 'meleng

Ho nka karolo ha metabolism ea lihormone ka bobeli ke senotlolo sa boemo bo matla ba matla bo fumanoang ka lebaka la tlhahiso le ho chesa likarolo tse fapaneng.

Ho sebelisana ha lihormone ho bitsoa index ea "insulin". E abeloa lihlahisoa tsohle mme e bolela hore 'mele o tla amohela ka lebaka leo - mehloli ea matla kapa mafura.

Haeba sethala se le tlase (ka ho ikatisa ha tsoekere), joale ka ho phatloha ha likarolo tsa lijo, boholo ba bona bo tla ea ho khutlisa mehloli ea matla. Haeba lijo li matlafatsa tlhahiso ea insulin, joale e tla beoa ka mafura.

Haeba motho a hlekefetsa lihlahisoa tsa protheine kapa lik'habohaedreite, joale sena se lebisa ho fokotseheng ho sa feleng hoa e 'ngoe ea matšoao. Ka lebaka leo, mathata a metabolic a hlaha.

Li-carbohydrate tse fapaneng lia senyeha:

• bonolo (tsoekere, phofo e hloekisitsoeng) - e kenelle ka potlako maling le ho baka ho tsoa ka matla ha insulin,
• tata (phofo ea lijo-thollo e felletseng, lijo-thollo) - butle-butle eketsa insulin.

Glycemic index (GI) - bokhoni ba lihlahisoa ho susumetsa maemo a tsoekere. Ha index e le holimo, e ba matla le ho feta ha e eketsa tsoekere. Lihlahisoa tse nang le GI ea 35-40 ha li bake li-spikes tsa tsoekere ka tšohanyetso.

Maemong a ho ferekana ha metabolism, lijo tse nang le index ea GI e phahameng ka ho fetisisa li kenyelletsoa lijong: tsoekere, li-pastry, li-noodle tsa raese, mahe a linotsi, litapole tse phehiloeng, lihoete tse phehiloeng, nyalothe, makhapetla a poone, morara, libanana, semolina.

Hobaneng ho leka-lekana insulin le glucagon ho le bohlokoa?

Ketso ea glucagon le insulin li amana haufi, feela ka lebaka la tekanyo e ntle ea li-hormone metabolism ea mafura, liprotheine le lik'habohaedreite e lula e le ntho e tloaelehileng. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea mabaka a kantle le a ka hare - mafu, lefutso, khatello ea maikutlo, phepo e nepahetseng le tikoloho - tekanyo e ka fetoha.

Ho leka-lekana ha insulin le glucagon ho bontšoa ke matšoao a latelang:

• tlala e matla, le haeba motho a jele hora e fetileng,
• ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha tsoekere ea mali - e ea fokotseha, empa ea eketseha hape,
• boima ba mesifa bo fokotsehile
• hangata maikutlo a fetoha - ho tloha ho tsoha ho fihlela ho hloka thahasello ka botlalo mots'eare,
• motho o ntse a eketsa boima ba 'mele - lethekeng, matsohong, mpa.

Ho ikoetlisa ke tsela e ntle ea ho thibela le ho tlosa boima bo feteletseng. Haeba ho leka-lekana ho phehella ka nako e telele, motho o na le mafu:

• lefu la tsoekere
• ts'ebetso e mpe ea tsamaiso ea methapo,
• ho fokotseha hoa tšebetso ea boko,
• lefu la pelo
• botenya le bothata ba ho ja,
• Mathata a amanang le tsoekere,
• pancreatitis
• atherosclerosis, hyperlipoproteinemia,
• mathata a metabolic le mesifa dystrophy.

Haeba ho belaelloa ho se leka-lekane ha lihormone, ho etsoe liteko tsa mali, 'me ngaka ea endocrinologist e ea lumelloa.

Mesebetsi ea insulin le glucagon ha e tšoane, empa ha e fetolehe. Haeba hormone e le 'ngoe e khaotsa ho hlahisoa ka tsela eo e lokelang ho ba ka eona, ts'ebetso ea bobeli e bohloko. Ho felisoa ka potlako ha ho se leka-lekane ha lihormone ke meriana, litlhare le lijo ke eona feela mokhoa oa ho thibela mafu.

Kamano ea Hormone

Insulin le glucagon li hokahane hampe. Mosebetsi oa bona ke ho laola tšubuhlellano ea tsoekere maling. Glucagon e fana ka keketseho ea eona, insulin - ho fokotseha. Ba etsa mosebetsi o fapaneng. Khothatso ea tlhahiso ea insulin ke ho eketsa bongata ba tsoekere maling, glucagon - ho fokotseha. Ntle le moo, tlhahiso ea "insulin" e thibela secretion ea tsoekere.

Haeba tšebeliso ea e 'ngoe ea lihormone tsena e senyehile, e' ngoe e qala ho sebetsa ka phoso. Mohlala, ho lefu la tsoekere mellitus, boemo ba insulin maling bo fokola, phello ea insulin ho glucagon e fokola, ka lebaka leo, boemo ba glucagon maling bo phahame haholo, bo lebisang keketseho e sa feleng ea tsoekere ea mali, e leng seo mokhoa ona o tšoaeang.

Liphoso tsa phepo e nepahetseng li lebisa tlhahiso e fosahetseng ea lihormone, karolelano ea tsona e sa nepahalang. Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lijo tsa liprotheine e tsosa secretion ea tsoekere e ngata, le lik'habohaedreite tse bonolo - insulin. Ponahalo ea ho leka-lekana boemong ba insulin le tsoekere e lebisa nts'etsopele ea li-pathologies.