Ts'ebeliso ea drugtrtrtrtrtran, melemo le mathata a eona

Sebopeho sa litekanyetso tsa Blocktran ke litafole tse 12,5 mg (filimi e koahetsoeng) le 50 mg (filimi e koahetsoeng) (li-pcs tse 10.).

Ntho e sebetsang: potasiamo ea losartan, letlapeng le le leng - 12,5 kapa 50 mg.

Likarolo tse thusang: sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), cellcose ea methapo e ngata, lactose monohydrate, colloidal silicon dioxide (aerosil), povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone, povidone K17), starch ea potasi, magnesium stearate.

Sebopeho sa Shell: titanium dioxide (E171), Copovidone, polysorbate 80 (lipakeng tsa 80), talc, hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), dae.

Fomu ea tokollo

• Matlapa a chitja a pinki-lamunu a biconvex. Matlapa a 10 ka har'a sephutheloana sa contour, 1, 3, 2, 5 kapa 6 ka har'a lebokose la karete.
• Letlapa la biconvex le pinki la foromo e chitja, ka khefu - mmala o mosoeu. Matlapa a 10 ka har'a sephutheloana sa contour, 1, 3, 2, 5 kapa 6 ka har'a lebokose la karete.

Pharmacodynamics of losartan

Angiotensin ea mofuta oa bobeli ke vasoconstrictor e matla, mokena-lipakeng oa sehlooho renin-angiotensin tsamaiso le sehokela sa pathophysiological khatello ea kelello ea methapo. Losartan Receptor blocker angiotensinMefuta e 2. Angiotensin e tlama ho khetha Li-receptors tsa mofuta oa AT1e teng ka har'a litšoelesa tsa adrenal, liseleng tsa methapo ea mali, liping le pelong 'me e matlafatsa vasoconstriction le tlhahiso aldosteronehape e khona ho tsosa kholo ea lisele tse boreleli tsa mesifa. Ntho ena le eona e ea sebetsa metabolite thibela litlamorao tsohle angiotensin Mefuta e 2 ho sa tsotelehe mohloli kapa mokhoa oa motsoako.

Losartan ha e thibele li-receptor tse ling kaofela lihormone kapa liteishene tsa ion tse laolang tsamaiso ea pelo le pelo. Ha e hatelle angiotensin o fetola enzymeikarabella bakeng sa ho inactivation bradykinine bakang litlamorao tse amanang le bradykinin hlaha ka seoelo. Ha o sebelisa losartan ho na le keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea plasma renin, eo ka lehlakoreng le leng e eketsang keketseho ea litaba tsa mofuta oa angiotensin ho madi. Ts'ebetso ea antihypertgency le ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo aldosteronemali aa bolokoa, e leng se bonts'ang "blockade" e sebetsang Angiotensin receptors.

Losartan 'me metabolite ea eona e ka sehloohong e na le tropism bakeng sa li-receptor angiotensin Mofuta o 1 o moholo ho li-receptors angiotensin Mefuta e 2. Metabolite e boletsoeng e sebetsa haholoanyane losartan Makhetlo a 1040. Kamora ho busa, ketso e fihlela matla a eona kamora lihora tse ts'eletseng, ebe ea fokotseha butle ka nako ea lihora tse 24. Tšusumetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea antihypertensive e tlalehiloe kamora libeke tse 'ne ho tloha ha ho qala kalafo ea lithethefatsi. Matla ana a eketseha ka tekanyetso e ntseng e eketseha. losartan.

Losartan ha e ame likhakanyo tsa limela ebile ha e fetole khatello ea maikutlo norepinephrine mading nako e telele.
Ho bakuli ba nang le li-ventricle tse holisitsoeng tse holisitsoeng le khatello ea kelello ea methapolosartan, ho kenyelletsa hammoho le hydrochlorothiazide, e fokotsa menyetla ea ho shoa hoa pelo le ho tetebela.

Pharmacodynamics ea hydrochlorothiazide

Mokhoa oa ketso thiazide-mofuta diuretics e sa tsejoeng. Hangata ha li ame khatello e tloaelehileng.

Hydrochlorothiazide ka bobeli antihypertensive lithethefatsi, le diuretic. E ama ho amoheloa ka mokhoa o feto-fetohang oa li-electrolyte ka har'a marang-rang a liphio. Hoo e batlang e le keketseho e tšoanang ea ion chlorine le sodium. Natriurez e tsamaeang le tahlehelo e fokolang bicarbonateion potasiamo le ho lieha calcium. Matla a diuretic a tlalehiloe lihora tse 2 kamora tsamaiso, a fihla hofihlella kamora lihora tse 4 mme a nka lihora tse 7-12.

Ke mang ea abetsoeng

Litaelong, matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea Blocktran a lekanyelitsoe linthong tse peli feela:

1. Ka khatello ea mali e phahameng, ho beoa ha moriana ho lumella ho fokotseha ho sa feleng ha khatello. Blocktran bakeng sa letšoao lena e tla tlameha ho noa letsatsi le letsatsi nako e telele.
2. Ka ho nyekeloa ke pelo, lithethefatsi tse nang le tekanyetso e phahameng li fanoa e le phetisetso ea li-inhibitors tsa ACE (matlapa a antihypertensive a nang le phetho - adj) haeba li baka litla-morao.

Papiso ea ts'ebetso ea blocktran le lipapatso tsa eona tse amanang le meriana ea khatello ea mali tse ling tsa lihlopha tse ling tsa meriana li bonts'a hore lithethefatsi tsena li haufi haholo: li fana ka phokotso ea khatello e tšoanang, li sirelelitsoe ka tsela e tšoanang likhatellong tse matla le likotsi tsa tsona.

Blocktran le lithethefatsi tse ling tse nang le losartan li na le phapang e 'maloa e fapaneng le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa antihypertensive. Ke liphapang tsena tse khethollang boholo ba tšebeliso ea bona.

Ho thusang blocktran:

• matlapa a na le phello e matla. Bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea bohato bo phahameng, ho hlokahala karolo ea letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa libeke tse 2-5.
• phokotso ea khatello e fihletsoeng ka Blocktran e ntse e phehella. Ho tloaela lithethefatsi le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea eona ka kalafo ea nako e telele ho etsahala hangata ha ho bapisoa le ba beta-blockers kapa li-inhibitors tsa ACE,
• matla a ketso ea Blocktran ha a amane le morabe, bong, lilemo tsa mokuli,
• li-sartan tsohle, ho kenyelletsa le blocktran, li mamelloa hantle. Lithethefatsi tsena ke tsona tse sireletsehileng ho feta lithethefatsi tsohle tse antihypertensive, khafetsa litlamorao tsa tsona li fokolang. Ha ho bapisoa le li-inhibitors tsa ACE, ha ho bonolo haholo ho baka ho khohlela, hyperkalemia, litla-morao tse tebileng.
• Ka nako e telele, Blocktran e ne e nahanoa hore ha e nke lehlakore lipolotiking. Hajoale ho tsebahala hore e thusa ho fokotsa ho hanyetsa insulin le cholesterol, ka hona e ka sebelisoa haholo ho laola khatello ea mali ho lefu la tsoekere mellitus,
• sethethefatsi ha se ame mokokotlo oa bronchial patency (ha e bake khohlela) le ts'ebetso ea erectile,
• sartans ke tlholisano ea mantlha ea li-inhibitors tsa ACE ho hloleha ha pelo. Ho na le bopaki ba hore losartan e fana ka bophelo bo tšoanang, e fokotsa kotsi ea ho tšoaroa ke pelo le ho otloa, ho ntlafatsa boemo ba bakuli ba nang le nephropathy, myocardial hypertrophy, hammoho le li-inhibitors tsa ACE.
• ka nephropathy, tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea matlapa a Blocktran e ka fokotsa proteinuria ka 35%, ea fokotsa kotsi ea ho hloleha ha liphio ke ho qetela, sethaleng, sethaleng ka 28%,
• losartan e na le phello ea antiarrhythmic,
• lithethefatsi li na le phello e ntle ho metaboline ea purine: e khothalletsa tlhahiso ea uric acid, e ntlafatsa boemo ba bakuli ba nang le lefu la sethoathoa.

Kahoo, tšebeliso ea Blocktran ts'ebetsong ea bongaka e pharalletse haholo ho feta kamoo ho hlalositsoeng ka litaelo.

Moriana o sebetsa joang?

Mochine oa ts'ebetso oa losartan ke ho thibela li-receptors tsa mofuta oa angiotensin II AT-1. Angiotensin II ke e 'ngoe ea li-peptide tse ka sehloohong tse amehang tsamaisong ea khatello ea methapo' meleng. E na le phello e tobileng mokhatlong oa khatello: e na le methapo ea mali, e eketsa ho hanyetsa ha eona, e hlohlelletsa tlhahiso ea aldosterone (hormone e ikarabellang molemong oa letsoai la metsi), hape e fokotsa tlhahiso ea moroto.

Letlapa la blocktran le sebetsa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng: li thibela feela li-receptor tsa angiotensin tse amang lintlha tse lebisang ho khatello ea mali. Ka lebaka la thibelo e joalo, molumo oa methapo oa theoha, khatello ea oa.

Blocktran e lokela ho nkuoa ka khatello efe? khatello ea mali e tšoaea hang ha boemo ba khatello ea letsatsi le letsatsi bo fihla ho 140/90. Qalong, boholo ba lefu lena le bonolo haholo, bakuli ba khothaletsoa ho theola boima ba 'mele, ho ikoetlisa le ho ja. Haeba mehato ena e sa sebetse, fana ka lipilisi tsa khatello. Ha ba khetha moriana o itseng, hangata ba tsepamisa maikutlo mehloling ea teng e meng. Mohlala, diuretics li bontšoa bakeng sa ho hloleha ha pelo, bahanyetsi ba calcium - kamora ho otloa ke stroke. Sebaka sa sartans sebakeng sena sa marang-rang ke thibelo ea pelo le ischemia. Hangata li nkeloa sebaka ke li-inhibitors tsa ACE haeba li baka litla-morao. Ho latela bakuli, losartan e nkuoa e le sethethefatsi sa pele seoelo.

Melemo ea litheko tsa matlapa a Blocktran:

Ho fapana le li-inhibitors tsa ACE, Blocktran ha e bake hypotension qalong ea kalafo. Ha matlapa a hlakotsoe, khatello e nyoloha butle butle ho fihla boemong bo fetileng, ho itahlela ka matla ha ho etsahale.

Contraindication

hypotension e matla ea kahare,

- ho senyeheloa haholo ke renal (imvume ea tumello ea creatinine ka tlase ho 30 ml / min),

- ts'ebeliso e le 'ngoe ka litokisetso tsa potasiamo, diuretics tsa potasiamo,

- ho hloka matla ha sebete (ho feta lintlha tse 9 ho tekanyo ea bana-Pugh), cholestasis,

- boimana le nako ea ho anyesa,

- a ho fihlela lilemo tse 18 (ho sebetsa hantle le polokeho ea tšebeliso ha li e-so theoe),

- Hypersensitivity ho likarolo tsa lithethefatsi, tse ling tse tsoang ho sulfonylamide,

- ho se mamellane ha lactose, ho haella ha lactase, tsoekere ea glucose-galactose malabsorption.

U ka e nka joang

Katleho ea kalafo e nang le litafole tsa Blocktran e itšetlehile haholo ka tekanyetso e nepahetseng le ho latela melao ea kamohelo. Bakuli ba fuoeng sethethefatsi hangata ba na le lipotso tse sa koaheloeng hantle kapa ka mokhoa o sa lekanang litaelong tsa litaelo. A re luleng ho tsona ka botlalo.

U ka khetha lethal dose e nepahetseng joang?

Phekolo ea khatello ea mali e qala ka 50 mg. Haeba mokuli a nka diuretics - ho tloha 25 mg, ka ho nyekeloa ke pelo - ho tloha ho 12,5 mg. Tekanyetso ena e tahiloe beke e le 1, e lekola boemo ba bona le boemo ba khatello ea bona ka hloko. Haeba khatello e sa fokotseha ho fihla boemong ba sepheo (ho tloha ho 125/75 ho isa ho 140/90, ngaka e beha qeto), 'me moriana o sa ka oa baka litlamorao, tekanyo e ntse e eketseha butle-butle. Ho tloha qalong ea beke e ncha, ho kenyelletsoa 12,5 mg mme ho shebella ho tsoela pele. Mehatong e 'maloa, tekanyetso e ka eketsoa ho fihla ho 100 mg. Haeba e sa fane ka boemo ba khatello ea sepheo, thupelo e khothaletsa ho nka sebaka sa Blocktran ka Blocktran GT.

Na o hloka blocktran pele ho lijo kapa ka mor'a lijo?

Ho tloha ntlheng ea pono ea katleho ea kalafo, nako ea tsamaiso ha e na taba, hobane lijo ha li ame tekanyo ea ho amoheloa ha losartan. Leha ho le joalo, lipilisi tse ngata li mamelloa hamolemo haeba u li noa ka mor'a ho ja.

Na ho molemo ho noa moriana hoseng kapa mantsiboea? Litaelo tsa blocktran ha li bonts'e nako e nepahetseng ea ho e amohela. Kaha phello ea lithethefatsi ha e lekane (lihora tse 6 tse ngata ka mor'a ts'ebetso), phello ea eona ea khatello ea kelello e ka laoloa. Mohlala, haeba khatello e phahama mots'eare, ho a utloahala ho noa pilisi hoseng, haeba esale hoseng - pele u robala.

U hloka litekanyetso tse kae ho hlakola tekanyetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi?

Bakeng sa bakuli ba bangata, tekanyetso e le 'ngoe e nepahetse. Haeba tekanyetso e feta 50 mg, e ka aroloa makhetlo a 2.

Ngaka ea Saense ea Bongaka, Hlooho ea Setsi sa Lefapha la Diabetes - Tatyana Yakovleva

Ke qetile lilemo tse ngata ke ithuta lefu la tsoekere. Hoa tšosa ha batho ba bangata ba shoa, mme le ho feta ba holofala ka lebaka la lefu la tsoekere.

Ke potlakela ho bolela litaba tse molemo - Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Endocrinological sa Russian Academy of Medical Science se atlehile ho hlahisa moriana o folisang lefu la tsoekere ka botlalo. Hona joale, katleho ea sethethefatsi sena e atametse 98%.

Litaba tse ling tse monate: Lekala la Bophelo le se le iphumanetse tšebetso ea lenaneo le ikhethileng bakeng sa litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa lithethefatsi. Naheng ea Russia, ba lefu la tsoekere HO fihlela ka la 18 Motšeanong (ho kenyeletsoa) ka e fumana - Bakeng sa li-ruble tse 147 feela!

Ke ka nooa Blocktran ka lipilisi tsa khatello? Motsoako o sebetsang ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa losartan ke antagonists le calcium diuretics, motsoako o amohelehang ke losartan le beta-blockers. Blocktran e na le li-contraindication bakeng sa tsamaiso ea kopanelo le lithethefatsi tse nang le mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ts'ebetso: sartans tse ling, li-inhibitors tsa ACE. Ts'ebeliso hammoho le potasium-sparing diuretics (Veroshpiron) e hloka taolo e eketsehileng ka lebaka la kotsi ea hyperkalemia.

Mokhoa oa ho sebelisa: litekanyetso le kalafo

E amoheloa ka molomo, ho sa tsotelehe niche ea lijo, hangata ea ho amohela blocktran GT - nako e le 1 ka letsatsi.

Motsoako oa pele le oa tlhokomelo ke pompo e le 1 ea 1 ka letsatsi. Maemong a 13 a arohaneng, ho fihlela phello e kholo, tekanyetso e eketsoa ho matlapa a 2 nako e le ngoe ka letsatsi. Tekanyetso e kholo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ke matlapa a mabeli a Blocktran GT.

Ha ho hlokahale ho fetola tekanyetso ho bakuli ba tsofetseng le bakuli ba nang le ho fokola ha methapo ea methapo (CC 30-50 ml / min).

Fokotsa kotsi ea lefu la pelo le lefu la bakuli ba nang le khatello ea methapo ea methapo le methapo e methapo ea methapo ea kutlo

Ketso ea pharmacological

Likarolo tsa Blocktran GT li na le phello e tlatsetsang ea antihypertensive, li theola khatello ea mali (BP) haholo ho feta karolo e ngoe le e ngoe ka bonngwe. Ka lebaka la phello ea diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide e eketsa mosebetsi oa plasma renin (ARP), e tsosa secretion ea aldosterone, e eketsa khatello ea aigiotensin II mme e fokotsa litaba tsa serum potasiamo. Ho amohela li-losartan ho thibela litla-morao tsohle tsa mmele tsa aigiotensin II mme, ka lebaka la khatello ea litlamorao tsa aldosterone, ho ka thusa ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea potasiamo e amanang le ho nka diuretic.

Hydrochlorogiazide e etsa hore ho be le keketseho e nyane molemong oa ho bokellana ha uric acid ka plasma ea mali, losartan e na le phello e leka-lekaneng le e fokolisang ea uricosuric. Ho kopantsoe ha losartan le hydrochlorothiazide ho thusa ho fokotsa botebo ba hyperuricemia e bakoang ke diuretic.

Losartan: Angiotensin II ke vasoconstrictor e matla, e leng mochini o ka sehloohong oa mafolofolo tsamaisong ea renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, hape e le sehokela sa bohlokoa sa pathophysiological nts'etsopele ea khatello ea mali ea methapo. Losartan ke mohanyetsi oa li-receptors tsa aigiotensin II (mofuta oa AT1). Angiotensin II e tlama ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho li-receptor tsa AT1 tse fumanoang liseleng tse ngata (ka har'a mesifa e boreleli ea methapo ea mali, litšoelesa tsa adrenal, liphio le pelo) mme e etsa mesebetsi e 'maloa ea bohlokoa ea tlhaho, ho kenyelletsa vasoconstriction le ho lokolloa ha aldosterone. Angiotensin II e boetse e phahamisa ho ata ha lisele tse boreleli tsa mesifa.

Litlamorao

Lithutong tsa kliniki le losartan / hydrochlorothiazide, ha ho liketsahalo tse bohloko tse ikhethileng mabapi le litlhare tsena tse kopaneng li ile tsa bonoa. Liketsahalo tse mpe li ne li fokotsoe feela ho tse tlalehiloeng pele ka losartan le hydrochlorothiazide feela.

Karolong ea mali le tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo: khafetsa - khaello ea mali, Shenlane-Genoch aimura, ecchymosis, anemia ea hemolytic.

Litla-morao: Ha se hangata - ho fetoha ha anaphylactic, angioedema, urticaria.

Karolong ea metabolism le phepo e nepahetseng: khafetsa - ho ipolaisa tlala, ho mpefatsa hoa mofuta oa gout.

Ho tsoa ho tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng: khafetsa - hlooho ea hlooho, ho tsekela, ho hloka boroko, hangata - ho tšoenyeha, paresthesia, peripheral neuropathy, ho thothomela, migraine, ho akheha, ho tšoenyeha, mathata a ho tšoenyeha, mathata a ho tšoha, pherekano, khatello ea maikutlo, ho otsela, ho hloka boroko .

Ho tloha lehlakoreng la setho sa pono: khafetsa - pono e sa sebetseng hantle, maikutlo a ho omella le ho chesa mahlong, conjunctivitis, a fokotse pono ea pono.

Ho tloha lehlakoreng la setho se utloang: hangata - vertigo, tinnitus.

Karolong ea mali le tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo: hangata - agranulocytosis, anemia ea anemia, anemia ea hemolytic, leukopenia, purpura, thrombocytopenia.

Boitšoaro bo kulang: ka seoelo - karabelo ea anaphylactic.

Ho tloha ka lehlakoreng la metabolism le phepo e nepahetseng: khafetsa - anorexia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia.

Ho tsoa ho tsamaiso ea methapo: khafetsa - hlooho e bohloko, hangata - ho tsekela, ho hloka boroko.

Ho tloha lehlakoreng la sebopeho sa pono: khafetsa - bofokoli ba pono ba nakoana, xanthopsia.

Ho tsoa ho tsamaiso ea methapo ea pelo: hangata - necrotizing vasculitis.

Litaelo tse khethehileng

Blocktran GT, hammoho le lithethefatsi tse ling tse amang mokhoa oa renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, li ka eketsa khatello ea mali le ureumine ea serum ho bakuli ba nang le pelo le methapo ea methapo ea methapo. Liphetoho tsena tšebetsong ea liphio li ile tsa fetoloa mme tsa nyamela kamora ho khaotsa kalafo.

Ts'ebeliso ea moriana ona ha e khothalelloe ho eketseha ha matšoao ho uric acid le gout.

Tšebelisano

E kanna ea khethoa le li-agents tse ling tsa antihypertgency.

Ka tšebeliso e tšoanang le barbiturates, narcotic analgesics, ethanol, orthostatic hypotheisia e ka hlaha. Ka tšebeliso e le 'ngoe le lithethefatsi tsa hypoglycemic (bakeng sa tsamaiso ea molomo le insulin), ho ka hlokahala phetoho ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi tsa hypoglycemic. Ka lebaka la kotsi ea ho ba le lactic acidosis ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea ho ruruha e ka khonehang, metformnn e lokela ho sebelisoa ka hloko ha u sebelisa hydrochlorothornazide.

Ka tšebeliso e tšoanang ea blocktran GT le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa antihypertensive, ho hlahisoa phello e eketsang.

Mofumahali

Ha e tsamaisoa, losartan e kenella hantle ho tsoa ka mpeng ea gastrointestinal mme e kenngoa ka har'a sebete ka ho nka karolo ha CYP2C9 isoenzyme, e etsa carboxylated metabolite e sebetsang (hoo e ka bang 14% ea tekanyetso e amohelang e fetela ho eona) le metabolite tse 'maloa tse sa sebetseng. Bioavailability ea eona e fihla ho 33%. Likhakanyo tse kholo tsa losartan le metabolite ea eona e ka sehloohong li tlalehiloe kamora hora e le 'ngoe le lihora tse 3-4 kamora ho nka Blocktran, ka ho latellana.

Tekanyo ea ho tlama ea karolo e sebetsang ea Blocktran ho liprotheine tsa plasma (haholo albin) e ka ba 99%. Losartan ha e kenelle mothapong oa mali le bokong.

Bophelo ba halofo ea losartan ke lihora tse 1.5-2, 'me metabolite ea eona e sebetsang ea pharmacologic ke lihora tse 6 - 9. Hoo e ka bang 35% ea lethal dose e pepesitsoe lipelong, 'me e ka ba 60% ka mala.

Lithuto tsa kliniki li tiisa hore litaba tsa "losartan" tsa plasma ea mali ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la cirrhosis li eketseha haholo, ka lebaka leo, bakuli ba nang le nalane ea lefu la sebete ba hloka phetoho ea tekanyetso ea Blocktran tlase.

Litaelo tsa ho sebelisoa ha blocktran: mokhoa le litekanyetso

Blocktran e lokela ho nkuoa ka molomo nako e le 'ngoe ka letsatsi. Lijo ha li ame ho amoheloa ha moriana.

Ka khatello ea mali ea methapo, 50 mg ka letsatsi hangata e fanoa. Maemong a mang, hoa khonahala ho eketsa tekanyetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ho ea ho 100 mg ho litekanyetso tsa 1-2.

Ha pelo e sa sebetse hantle, kalafo e qala ka tekanyetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea 12,5 mg. Ebe, hang ka beke, lethal dose le eketsoa ho latela setšoantšo sa kliniki: pele ho fihlela 25 mg, ebe u fihla ho 50 mg.

Tekanyetso ea pele ea letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le ho hloleha ha pelo e amohelang tekanyetso e phahameng ea diuretics ke 25 mg.

Ka sebete cirrhosis, khatello ea "losartan" ka plasma ea mali e eketseha haholo, ka hona, Blocktran e sebelisoa ka tekanyetso e tlase.

Litaelo tsa ho sebelisa Blocktran GT

Moriana o lokela ho nooa ka molomo hang ka letsatsi.

Ho khatello ea kelello ea methapo Litekanyetso tsa pele le tsa tlhokomelo - Letlapa le le leng hanngoe ka letsatsi. Maemong a mang, ho fihlella phello e ntle, litekanyetso li eketsoa litafoleng tse 2 hang ka letsatsi. Sekhahla se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sa letsatsi ke matlapa a mabeli a moriana.

Ha e sebelisoa ho fokotsa kotsi mathata a pelo le lefu la batho ba nang khatello ea kelello ea methapo le keketseho ea lethalamo la pele la ventricle losartan lekana le 50 mg hang ka letsatsi. Bakuli ba nang le 50 mg losartan ka letsatsi leo khatello e hlokahalang e ka se fihleheng, khetho ea kalafo ka kopanelo ea hlokahala losartanlitekanyetso li tlase hydrochlorothiazide (12,5 mg), mme ha ho hlokahala, eketsa litekanyetso losartanho fihlela 100 mg ka letsatsi le 12,5 mg hydrochlorothiazide ka letsatsi. Ebe e lumelloa ho eketsa litekanyetso ho matlapa a mabeli a Blocktran GT ka letsatsi.

Bongata

Haeba ho na le lithethefatsi tse ngata, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e lokela ho emisoa, mokuli o lokela ho fuoa matla a ho sebetsa ha pelo le matšoafo, kalafo ea matšoao - ho hlaka hoa mpa, ho felisoa ha likhohlano tsa motlakase, ho omella hoa metsi hepatic comale khatello ea maikutlo ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng.

Litlamorao tse mpe

Ho latela lithuto, har'a matlapa a antihypertensive, sartan e tšoauoa ka ho kopanngoa hamolemo. Hona ho bolela hore bakuli ba ba khalemela haholoanyane, ba ka ba monyetleng oa ho khaotsa ho phekoloa ka bona. Lebaka la katleho ena ke bonolo ba tsamaiso (nako e le 'ngoe feela), boiketlo ba khetho ea litekanyetso, palo e fokolang ea litlamorao.

Mamello ea blocktran e tšoantšoa le placebo (pilisi ea dummy). Boholo ba litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi ha li tsamaisane le bophelo bo botle, empa karabelo ea 'mele ho khatello e tlase ea mali. E le molao, ka khoeli ea pele ea kalafo li-hypertensives li ikutloa li le mpe le ho feta, eo khatello ea nako e telele e neng e le boemong bo phahameng.

Litla-morao tseo, ha u sebelisa blocktran, li etsahetse khafetsa ho feta sehlopheng sa placebo:

Bakuli ba nang le methapo ea methapo ea kutlo, bakuli ba tsofetseng, matlapa a Blocktran a mamelloa hammoho le bakuli ba bang. Ka ho hloleha ha sebete le cirrhosis, menyetla ea ho ba le ts'oaetso e ngata e phahame ka lebaka la tlolo ea metabolism ea losartan. Haeba ho na le overdose, hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia lia khonahala.

Bakuli ba nang le ho felloa ke metsi 'meleng, batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere le nephropathy, ba nkang Veroshpiron kapa litokisetso tsa potasiamo ba kotsing e kholo ea hyperkalemia. Boemo bona bo ka belaelloa ka bofokoli ba mesifa, mokokotlo oa lehae, ho ferekana ha morethetho oa pelo. Haeba hyperkalemia e fumanoe (potasiamo> 5.5 ho latela tlhahlobo), Blocktran e hlakotsoe.

Li-analoggs le tse nkang sebaka

Li-analog tsa blocktran li hlahisoa ke baetsi ba bangata ba tsebahalang ba meriana. Ha re nahana ka maikutlo a bakuli ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo, lithethefatsi tse latelang li tsebahala haholo Russia.

Li-blocktran tse nkang sebaka tse nang le phello e haufi haholo ke li-valsartan (matlapa a Valsacor, Diovan, jj), candesartan (Ordiss), telmisartan (Mikardis, Telzap).

Tlhaloso le pharmacodynamics ea lithethefatsi

Ho sebelisa sehlahisoa ho thusa ho fokotsa haholo khatello ea methapo ea methapo, ho theola sekhahla sa aldosterone le angiotensin maling. Litafole tsa blocktran, litaelo tsa tšebeliso ea tsona tse nang le tlhaiso-leseling e qaqileng ka lithethefatsi, li laetsoe ke litsebi tsa pelo ho tloaela ho etsa mesebetsi ea pelo ho bakuli ba lilemo li mahareng le ba tsofetseng. Letlapa le le leng le na le bonyane 50 mg ea losartan hammoho le likarolo tse thusang, ho kenyeletsa lactose, starch, stearate ea magnesium le lintho tse ling tse 'maloa.

Bohlokoa! Drugtrtrtrop GT e hlahisitsoe molemong oa ho fokotsa khatello le ho e khutlisa ho tloaelehileng ho bakuli ba nang le methapo e mengata ea methapo ea pelo. Likarolo tse sebetsang - losartan le hydrochlorothiazide - li na le phello e rarahaneng.

Ts'ebetsong ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho bakuli, ho bonoa ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha mojaro mokokotlong oa pelo, e thibelang nts'etsopele ea tšenyo ea hypertrophic myocardial. Losartan e boetse e fana ka diuretic effect mme ha e thibele enzyme ea AP e timetsang bradykinin. Ka lebaka lena, Blocktran ha e qholotsa nts'etsopele ea sefuba se omileng, joalo ka lithethefatsi tse ling tsa sehlopha se le seng.

Phello e boletsoeng e etsahala lihora tse 6 ka mor'a taolo, ebe boemo ba khatello bo fokotseha mots'eare mme ba boloka boleng bo amohelehang. Ka tšebeliso e sa feleng, lithethefatsi li na le phello e sebetsang ea hypotensive kamora khoeli.

Pelo

Ketso ea Kinetic

Ho latela litaelo tsa tšebeliso, sethethefatsi se kenngoa ka potlako mochesong o nang le bioavailability oa bonyane 30%. Khokahano ea ntho e sebetsang e fihla sehlohlolong sa hora e le ngoe ka mor'a tsamaiso. Likarolo tsa letlhare tse liseleng tsa sebete li fetoloa li-metabolites tse hlahisang phello ea hypotensive. Metabolite e kenelletse ka bongata maling ka mor'a lihora tse 4. Losartan e tsoa 'meleng ka mor'a lihora tse 1,5-2, lihlahisoa tsa eona tsa metabolic li senyeha butle butle, nako ea tlhahiso ea tsona e nka lihora tse 6-9. Lintho tse ngata li hlahisoa ke liphio le mala.

Matšoao le contraindication

Bongoli Blocktran le li-analogues tsa moriana li fanoa feela ho khothaletso ea ngaka e nang le tlhahlobo e netefalitsoeng. Ho nka sethethefatsi seno ho bohlokoa bakeng sa khatello ea mali le lefu la pelo le sa foleng. Setlhare e ka ba karolo ea kalafo e rarahaneng bakeng sa bakuli ba sa mamelleng li-inhibitors tsa ACE.

E fokotsa menyetla ea ho ba le methapo e matla ea pelo le methapo ea mali, sekhahla sa lefu ho bakuli ba nang le khatello ea mali e kopaneng le hypertrophy ea 'mele ea morao. Lethathamo la contraindication bakeng sa ts'ebeliso le kenyeletsa:

• hypotension
• ho omella le hyperkalemia,
• lilemo tse 18
• ho ima le ho nyekeloa
• ho ikutloa ka mokhoa o feteletseng ho lihlahisoa ka sebopeho sa sehlahisoa,
• keketseho ea palo ea ion ea potasiamo ho serum ea mali,
• ho omella.

Bakuli ba nang le mathata mosebetsing oa liphio le sebete ba behiloe Blocktran ka tekanyetso e fokolang ho qoba ho senyeha. Palo ea matlapa nakong ea kalafo e lokela ho ba e tloaelehileng, ho ata ha likarolo tse ngata ho ka baka mathata a tebileng ho isa lefung.

Lipilisi tsa khatello ea mali

Mokhoa oa kopo

Ha ho tluoa ho hore na blocktran e thusa ho tsoa ho eng, ho bohlokoa ho bolela ka thoko hore e sebelisoa joang. Sesebelisoa se lokela ho nkuoa hang ka mokhoa oa molomo, se sa feteng litekanyetso tse boletsoeng ke ngaka ho ngaka. Bakuli ba nang le khatello ea mali e behiloeng 50 mg ka letsatsi. Haeba sepheo ke ho fihlella phello e boletsoeng ho feta, chelete ena e eketsoa ho 100 mg ka letsatsi kapa e arotsoe ka 50 mg ha e nkuoa habeli ka letsatsi. Bakuli ba nang le ho nyekeloa ke pelo ba fuoe bonyane 12,5 mg ka letsatsi.

Hangata, litekanyetso li eketseha ka linako tse ling tsa beke e le ngoe ho ea bohareng, tloaelo ea ho qetela ke bonyane 50 mg ka letsatsi. Haeba mokuli a nka litekanyetso tse kholo tsa diuretics, litekanyetso li fokotsoa ho 25 mg ka letsatsi. Ka cirrhosis ea sebete, Blocktran e laetsoe ka hloko le ka litekanyetso tse tlase. Re lokela ho hopola hore nakong ea kalafo ho hlokahala hore ho be leihlo la boemo ba potasiamo maling, haholo ha ho tluoa ho bakuli ba tsofetseng kapa ba nang le mathata a liphio.

Litla-morao le ho sebelisa overdose haholo

Moriana oa Blocktran o reretsoe ho fokotsa khatello ea mali mme o khona ho thusa mokuli ha a ntse a shebile litekanyetso li behiloeng ke ngaka. Haeba ho na le lithethefatsi tse fetang tekano, kamohelo e emisoa, pelo le matšoafo tsa mokuli lia fumanoa, 'me ho fanoa ka kalafo ea matšoao. Sena se kenyelletsa ho lavage e tloaelehileng ea gastric, ho felisoa ha mathata a electrolyte, komisi le ho omella, ho khethoa ha lithethefatsi ho eketsa khatello.

Lethathamo la litlamorao e kenyelletsa:

• mathata a ho robala, ho opeloa ke hlooho le ho tsekela, ho sitoa ho hopola lintho, ho tepella le ho tepella maikutlo ho feteletseng.
• ho senyeha ha pono, ts'oenyeho ea tatso, tinnitus,
• bronchitis, khohlela e omeletseng, rhinitis,
• dyspepsia, ho haella kapa ho eketseha ha takatso ea lijo, gastritis, ho sokela, maikutlo a molomo o omileng,
• bohloko le ho opeloa ke mesifa ea maoto le mokokotlo, lipontšo tsa ramatiki.
• Mathata ka khatello, arrhythmia, angina pectoris kapa tachycardia,
• ho ruruha ha moroto.

Bakuli ba bang ba ka tšoaroa ke lefu la ho hlohlona, ​​edema, lehare, le ho hlaseloa ke khanya ea letsatsi haholo. Hangata, lithethefatsi li mamelloa hantle maemong ohle a tsamaiso, ka hona li ka laeloa ntle le lithibelo ha ho se na litlolo tse hlakileng. Litlamorao tse ngata li nyamela kamora ho tlohela moriana, o nkeloang sebaka ke analogue.

Bongaka

Litlhahiso tse khethehileng

Haeba mokuli a haelloa ke metsi ka nako e le 'ngoe le kalafo ea Blocktran, ho bohlokoa ho qala ho nka moriana ka litekanyetso tse tlase. Ka stenosis ea methapo ea methapo, lithethefatsi li khona ho eketsa khatello ea "creatinine" le "urea" serum ea mali. Ha o ntse o sebelisa moriana o, ho hlokahala hore a lekole ho lula ha potasiamo e maling, hona ho sebetsa ho batho ba tsofetseng le ho bakuli ba nang le ts'ebetso ea renal e holofetseng.

Ho hloleha ka molomo ha se lebaka la ho fokotsa tekanyetso, ho hlokahala feela hore e fokotsehe. Moriana ha o laetsoe ho fihlela o le lilemo li 18, ts'ebeliso ea ona e lumelletsoe batho ba baholo, ho latela tlhokomeliso ea kamehla ea boemo ba tsamaiso ea bona ea pelo, liteko tsa mali le matšoao a mang. Blocktran e ka rekoa libakeng tsa litlama feela ka litlhahiso.

Tlhahisoleseling e felletseng mabapi le lithethefatsi e hlahisoa hape ho video e ka tlase:

Hypertension - ke eng?

Ka polelo e kang "arterial hypertension" ho boleloa keketseho ea khatello ea mali khafetsa ea 140/90 mm Hg. Art. Ka linako tse ling ke ts'ebetso ea mantlha kapa e ikemetseng ea ts'ebetso ea kelello e hlahang ho mokuli ntle le lebaka le itseng (khatello ea maikutlo e bohlokoa). Mme ka linako tse ling e fetoha khatello kapa sephetho sa maloetse a mang (matšoao a tšoaetso ea mali). Boloetse bo joalo ba pelo bo atileng haholo, bo etsa hore batho ba limilione lefatšeng ka bophara ba ee ho ngaka letsatsi le leng le le leng bakeng sa thuso. Ke ba fokolang ba tsebang hore na ke eng.

Phekolo ea methapo ea mali ha se boleng bo eketsehang ba khatello. Lefu lena le pata lethathamo la mefuta eohle ea mathata a tsoang tsamaisong ea methapo, methapo ea mali, liphio le pelo, tse amang ka kotloloho bophelo bo botle ba mokuli.

Hypertension ea methapo ea kutlo ke e 'ngoe ea lisosa tse atileng haholo tsa lefu har'a bacha ba lilemo tse sebetsang, hobane sephetho se kotsi ka ho fetisisa sa lefu le joalo ke tlolo ea tsamaiso ea mali ea mokokotlo kapa stroke.

Sebopeho sa moriana

Letlapa le le leng la moriana oa Blocktran le kenyelletsa li-milligram tse mashome a mahlano tsa potasiamo ea losartan. Lisebelisoa tse ling: cellcose ea microcrystalline, lactose monohydrate, povidone e tlase ea boima ba molek'hule, sodium carboxymethyl starch, silicon dioxide, starch ea litapole, magnesium stearate. Sebopeho sa Shell: daekthone ea daemon, dae e mosehla, letsatsi le chabile, hypromellose, talc, Copovidone, polysorbate 80.

Letlapa le le leng la blocktran GT le kenyelletsa hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) le potasium losartan (50 mg). Lisebelisoa tse ling: cellcose ea microcrystalline, lactose monohydrate, povidone e tlase ea boima ba molek'hule, sodium carboxymethyl starch, starch ea litapole, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate.

Sebopeho sa membrane se kenyelletsa hypromellose, polydextrose, dae e khubelu ea dae, triglycerides e khubelu, talc, maltodextrin, titanium dioxide.

Lipilisi tsa Blocktran GT ke life? Sena se tla tšohloa hamorao.

Moriana o hlokolosi

Ka hlokolosi, Blocktran GT e sebelisoa maemong a latelang:

• Ho senya tekanyo ea motlakase oa motlakase, ka mohlala, khahlanong le semelo sa ho hlatsa kapa lets'ollo (hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypochloremic alkalosis).
• Bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho phekoloa ha renal (imvume ea tumello ea creatinine e fetang 30 ml / min), ka stenosis ea artery ea a le mong (a le mong) le stenosis ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo.
• Tabeng ea ts'ebetso ea sebete e senyehileng (ka tlase ho lintlha tse 9 ho latela ngoana-Pugh).
• Ka boteng ba gout le / kapa hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia, lefu la tsoekere, le nalane e hlasetsoeng (e tsoetseng pele ea angioedema ho bakuli ba bang nakong e fetileng ka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse ling, ho kenyelletsa le ACE inhibitors), asthma ea bronchial, e nang le systemic pathologies ea tishu e nang le bothata (ho kenyeletsa systemic lupus erythematosus) .
• Ka hypovolemia (ho kenyeletsoa le semelo sa litekanyetso tse kholo tsa diuretics),
• Bakuli ba nang le tlhaselo e hlabang ea glaucoma ea ho koala.
• Ha e laetsoe hammoho le li-anti-insulin tse seng khahlanong le ho ruruha, ho kenyelletsa le mefuta e 'meli ea cycloo oxygenase inhibitors, e nang le pelo glycosides.
• Bakuli ba nang le lefu la pelo, ba tsofetseng.

Tekanyetso ea lithethefatsi

Sesebelisoa "Blockchain GT" se nang le methapo ea methapo ea kutlo se sebelisoa ka hare, ho sa tsotelehe lijo tse ngata, khafetsa ea tsamaiso - hang ka letsatsi.

Tekanyetso le litekanyetso tsa pele li lekana le tafole e le 'ngoe hanngoe ka letsatsi. Maemong a mang, ho fihlela katleho e kholo, e eketsoa likoto tse peli hang ka letsatsi. Tekanyetso e kholo ka letsatsi ke matlapa a mabeli a Blocktran GT.

Ho fetola litekanyetso ho batho ba tsofetseng kapa ho bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho hlaphoheloa kelellong ho isa tekanyong e itekanetseng ha ho hlokahale.

Ho fokotsa menyetla ea ho ba le mafu a pelo le methapo le lefu la mafu ho bakuli ba nang le methapo ea methapo ea methapo le khatello ea methapo ea mali, moriana o laetsoe ho latela morero o ka tlase. Tekanyetso e tloaelehileng ea "blocktran GT" ke 50 mg hang ka letsatsi. Bakuli ba sa kang ba khona ho fihlela khatello e tloaelehileng ha ba ntse ba nka tekanyetso e joalo ea losartan ba hloka ho khetha kalafo ka ho kopanya losartan le palo e nyane ea hydrochlorothiazide, haeba ho hlokahala, litekanyetso tsa losartan li eketsoa ho 100 mg ka nako e le ngoe le 12,5 mg ea hydrochlorothiazide ka letsatsi, ebe li eketsa tekanyetso ho matlapa a mabeli (ligrama tse 25 tsa hydrochlorothiazide le li-milligram tse 100 tsa losartan hang ka letsatsi).

Boitšoaro bo fosahetseng

Litlamorao ke life tsa GT Blocktran? Palo ea matšoao a sa thabiseng e khetholloa ho latela boleng bo thehiloeng ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo.

Litekong tsa bongaka tse nang le hydrochlorothiazide / losartan, ha ho litla-morao tse tobileng ho mofani enoa oa motsoako li hlokometsoe. Liketsahalo tse mpe li ne li fokotsoe feela ho tse tla buisanoa hamorao (ha ho ne ho shejoa hydrochlorothiazide le losartan ka thoko).

Litla-morao tse boletsoeng ka tlase li ile tsa bonoa ka tšebeliso ea hydrochlorothiazide le losartan ho monotherapy.

Likarabo tse fapaneng Losartan

Sistimi ea mali le mali: khafetsa - khaello ea hemolytic, ecchymoses, Shenlein-Genoch pherese, anemia.

Boitšoaro bo kulisang: ha se hangata - urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic reaction.

Ho tloha lehlakoreng la phepo e nepahetseng le metabolism: hangata - ho mpefatsa botho ba gout, anorexia.

Ho tsoa ho tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng: khafetsa - ho senyeha hoa mohopolo, ho tšoenyeha, bothata ba ho robala, khatello ea maikutlo, ho thothomela, pherekano, migraine, ho tšoha, ho akheha, ho tšoenyeha, ho tšoenyeha, ho hloka boroko hangata, ho opeloa ke hlooho, hlooho ea hlooho. .

Karolong ea litho tsa bonono: khafetsa - maikutlo a tukang le ho oma mahlong, pono e sa sebetseng, ho fokotseha hoa pono ea kelello, conjunctivitis.

Ho tsoa liphatlalatsong tsa ho penta: hangata - tinnitus, vertigo.

Karolong ea sistimi ea ho hema: khafetsa - ho khohlela, komello ea nko, ts'oaetso ea phepelo ea phepelo (pharyngitis, sinusitis, sinusopathy, bohloko ba 'metso, mocheso o mongata oa mmele), hangata - ho se sebetse hantle pharynx, nose, tsebe pharyngitis.

Ho tsoa liphoofolong tsa ka mpeng: hangata - matšoao a lets'oao, lets'ollo, bohloko ba ka mpeng, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, hangata - ho opeloa ke leino, ho omella ha mucous membrane ea mokokotlo oa molomo, ho qhekella, gastritis, lefutso, ho hlatsa.

Sistimi ea musculoskeletal: hangata - mahlaba ka mangoleng, mahetleng, matsoho, arthralgia, fibromyalgia, ramatiki, bofokoli ba mesifa, bohloko ba masculoskeletal, ho ruruha ho kopaneng, hangata bohloko maotong le mokokotlong, myalgia, cramp.

Ho tloha lehlakoreng la pelo le methapo ea methapo ea mali: hangata - lethathamo la tšebetso ea methapo kapa methapo ea methapo, methapo ea methapo, brina kapa tachycardia, palpitations, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, II degree ea AV block, bohloko ba sefuba, vasculitis, inflation ea myocardial, liketsahalo tsa methapo ea methapo.

Ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ea genitourinary: hangata - ho hloka matla, ho fokotseha libido, ts'oaetso ea ts'ebetso ea moroto, ho ntša khafetsa, nocturia.

Ho tsoa lenaneng la letlalo: khafetsa - erythema, letlalo le omeletseng, "mali" a potlakile letlalong la sefahleho, dermatitis, photosensitivity, alopecia, ho hlohlona ha letlalo, ho ruruha ho feteletseng, lekhopho la letlalo.

Lipontšo tse ling: khafetsa - mokhathala o feteletseng, asthenia, hangata - feberu, ho ruruha ha sefahleho.

Matšoao a laboratori: khafetsa - dikahare tse holimo tsa creatinine le urea, hangata - ho fokotseha ha hemoglobin le hematocrit, hyperkalemia, hangata haholo - ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea transaminase ea sebete.

Ho hydrochlorothiazide

Sistimi ea mali le mali: hangata - - thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, purpura, anemia ea aplasiki, leukopenia, anemia ea hemolytic.

Boitšoaro bo kulisang: hangata hangata - karabelo ea anaphylactic.

Phepo e nepahetseng le metabolism: hangata - hyponatremia, anorexia, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia.

Ho tsoa tsamaisong ea methapo: hangata - ho hloka boroko, ho tsekela, hangata - hlooho ea hlooho.

Ho tloha lehlakoreng la litho tse bonoang: khafetsa - xantopsia, bofokoli ba pono ba nakoana.

Ho tsoa tsamaisong ea pelo le methapo ea mali: ka seoelo - necrotizing vasculitis.

Litho tsa khahlano: Hangata - pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, lefu la khatello ea maikutlo.

Sistimi ea tšilo ea lijo: Ka seoelo - sialodenitis, pancreatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis (jaundice), ho teneha ha pampitšana ea gastrointestinal, necrolysis e nang le chefo, ho nyekeloa hoa pelo, jaundice, ho hlatsa, ho qhekella, lets'ollo.

Ho tsoa lithong tse katamelaneng le letlalo: hangata - urticaria, photosensitivity.

Ho tsoa tsamaisong ea musculoskeletal: ka seoelo - mesifa ea mesifa.

Ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ea moroto: ka seoelo - ts'ebetso ea renal e sa sebetseng hantle, glucosuria, ho hloleha ha liphio, nephritis e ka hare.

Mathata a akaretsang: ka seoelo - feberu.

Haeba ho na le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea hydrochlorothiazide / losartan, litla-morao tse latelang li tlalehiloe:

• ho tsoa ho lijo tse silang lijo habonolo - hepatitis,
• matšoao a tlhahlobo ea laboratori: ka seoelo - ts'ebetso ea "transaminase" e eketsehileng ea sebete, hyperkalemia.

Tlhahlobo ea lithethefatsi

Litlhahlobo mabapi le GT Blocktran li paka matla a eona a ho fokotsa khatello, empa ka nako e tšoanang, litla-morao li hlaha ha o sebelisa lithethefatsi khafetsa, haholo bohloko bo kopaneng le mokhathala.

Batho ba re moriana o na le ts'ebetso, ho na le liphetoho tse ntle tsa mmuso. Bothata feela bo khahlisang bakuli ba bangata ke ho haella ha sethethefatsi sena meriana, se ile sa nyamela ka tšohanyetso ka mabaka a sa tsejoeng.

Ho sebetsa hantle ha moriana ka linako tse ling ho lemohuoa ha nako e ntse e ea, empa ka mor'a selemo phello ea eona ea fokola.

Theko ea GT Blocktran ho la Russia e qala ho li-ruble tse 160. Ho latela sebaka le marang-rang a litlama.