Lithethefatsi tsa Hypoglycemic: tlhahlobo ea li-agents tsa hypoglycemic
Ntle le insulin, e sebelisitsoeng ka mokhoa oa batsoali 'meleng oa mokuli, ho na le lithethefatsi tse nang le phello ea hypoglycemic ha li fanoa ka molomo. Li sebelisoa kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2.
Lithethefatsi tse nang le phello ea hypoglycemic bakeng sa tsamaiso ea molomo li arotsoe ka lihlopha:
- sulfonylurea derivatives,
- meglitinides,
- biguanides
- tsatsatsa,
- alpha glucosidase inhibitors,
- incretinomimetics.
Ho na le meloko e 'maloa ea lihlahisoa tsa sulfonylurea:
- Moloko oa pele - Carbutamide, Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide le Acetohexamide,
- Moloko oa bobeli - Glibenclamide, Glibornururil, Gliclazide, Glisoxepide, Glycvidone le Glipizide,
- Moloko oa 3 - Glimepiride.
Ketso ea meriana ena e ipapisitse le tšusumetso ea lisele tsa beta tsa lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans tsa manyeme, tse thusang ho eketsa tokollo ea insulin ea bona. Bakeng sa ho qala ha phello ea hypoglycemic, lisele tse khona ho hlahisa insulin li tlameha ho lula ka har'a tšoelesa. Lithethefatsi tse ling li thusa ho eketsa kutloisiso ea lisele tse itšetlehileng ka insulin ho kenella 'meleng le ho fokotsa ho kenella ha tsoekere maling le mafura. Sena se fihlelloa ka ho ngatafatsang li-insulin receptor tse fumanehang liseleng tsa sepheo le ho ntlafatsa tšebelisano ea tsona. Lithethefatsi li ama tlhahiso ea somatostatin ka ho eketsa tlhahiso ea eona, e lebisang ho fokotseheng ha motsoako oa glucagon.
Lithethefatsi tse tsoang sehlopheng sena li sebelisetsoa ho phekola lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 le lijo tse sa sebetseng, ha mofuta o bobebe o fetoha o lekanang.
E abetsoe bakuli ba lilemo tse mahareng ha ho se matšoao a ketoacidosis le anorexia, nete e rarahaneng le maloetse a amanang le eona, kalafo ea eona e kenyelletsa ho tsamaisoa ha insulin ka botsoali. Ha li laeloe haeba tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea insulin e feta likarolo tse 40, thupelo e mpe ea lefu la tsoekere, boimana, ketosis, nalane ea lefu la tsoekere e etsahala. Hape le hyperglycemia e kholo ho 13.9 mmol / l le glucosuria e matla, ho latela lijo tse khothalletsoang kalafo.
Litlamorao tse ka bang teng:
- hypoglycemia,
- maikutlo a ho nyekeloa, ho hlatsa le lets'ollo,
- cholestatic jaundice,
- boima ba 'mele
- fokotseha palong ea leukocytes le liplatelete,
- agranulocytosis,
- hemolytic and anemia ea aplasia,
- allergy ea letlalo - ho hlohlona, erythema le dermatitis.
Ho sebelisoa nako e telele ho ka lebisa ho nyamela ha phello e ntle e tsosang ea lisele tsa beta. Ho thibela sena, li ka kopantsoe le insulin kapa tsa ikhutsa kalafong. Sena se o lumella ho khutlisetsa karabelo ea lisele tsa beta ho moriana o nooang.
Kajeno, ho khethoa ha lithethefatsi tsa mokha oa pele ho tlohetsoe butle-butle, hobane meloko e meng e na le phello e matlafatsang ea tsoekere ha e nka litekanyetso tse tlase, kotsi ea litlamorao e tlase. Mohlala, sebakeng sa 2 g ka letsatsi la Tolbutamide, ho behiloe 0.02 g ea Glibenclamide.
Tšusumetso e phatlalalitsoeng ea hypoglycemic e bonoa ha ho nkoa Glibenclamide, ka hona ke tekanyetso ho lekola phello e fokotsang tsoekere ea lithethefatsi tse ncha. E kenella ka botlalo kahare ho mala ka nako e khuts'oane, ka hona e boletsoe ka tekanyetso e nyane.
Glyclazide ha e theole tsoekere feela, empa e boetse e na le phello e molemo litekanyetsong tsa hematological le rheology ea mali. Sena se thibela mathata a lefu la tsoekere a kang retinopathy le thrombosis.
Ka lebaka la khethollo e khethehileng ka har'a mala, Glycvidon e laetsoe ts'ebetso ea renal e sa sebetseng hantle.
Sehlopha sa meglitinides se kenyelletsa Repaglinide le Nateglinide.
Repaglinide ke derivative ea benzoic acid, phello ea eona e fokotsang tsoekere e tšoana le sulfonylureas. Litlamorao tse ka pele ke hypoglycemia. E sebelisoa ka hloko ha ho sa sebetse hantle ts'ebetso ea sebete le liphio.
Nateglinide ke derivative ea D-phenylalanine, e na le phello e potlakileng empa e sa tsitsang ea ho theola tsoekere.
Li-Biguanides li kenyelletsa Metformin, Buformin le Fenformin. Ketso ea li-greatuanides e ipapisitse le ho fokotsa sebopeho sa tsoekere liseleng tsa sebete, ho eketsa tšebeliso ea eona ea linama le ho ntlafatsa ho tlama ha insulin ho li-receptor tse tsamaellanang. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ba thibela tlhahiso ea tsoekere ho mafura, ba fokotsa ho monya ha tsoekere maling, ba matlafatsa metabolism ea mafura le ho fokotsa botebo ba tšebeliso ea mafura. Ka hona, kalafo ka li-biguanides, ho fokotseha takatso ea lijo, ho thusang ho theola boima ba 'mele.
Li laetsoe ho se be le phello ea lijo le ho nka lintho tse tsoang ho sulfonylurea.
- mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere
- boima
- acidosis
- coma
- ho nyekeloa ke pelo
- infarction ea bohlokoahali
- ho hloleha ho phefumoloha
- stroke
- mafu a tšoaetsanoang
- ts'ebetso
- ho se sebetse hantle ha sebete le liphio,
- boimana
- lebone
- phokolo ea mali
Ho nka Biguanides ho ka lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea litla-morao: ponahalo ea tatso ea tšepe molomong oa molomo, mathata a methapo ea tšilo ea lijo, mafu a letlalo, khaello ea mali le ba bang.
Li-Thiazolidinediones li kenyelletsa pioglitazone, Ciglitazone, Troglitazone, Rosglitazone le Englitazone. Ketso ea lithethefatsi tsena e ipapisitse le ho eketsa kutloelo-bohloko ea lisele tse ling ho matlafatsa insulin, ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea lipids ka har'a mesifa le lisele tsa adipose le tokollo ea tsoekere maling.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors - Acarbose le Miglitol - e thibela ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea tsoekere ka mpeng ho tsoa polysaccharides le oligosaccharides lijong. Sena se baka ho fokotseha ha tsoekere ea mali. Ka lebaka lena, lik'habohaedreite tse jeoang ha li sa fetoloa 'meleng.
Tsamaiso ea li-inhibitors tsa alpha-glucosidase e ka tsamaisana le mathata a dyspeptic ka lebaka la tlolo ea ts'ilo le ho monya ha lik'habohaedreite, metabolism ea tsona e etsahalang ka mpeng e kholo. Ka lebaka lena, kalafo e tsamaisana le phepelo e matla ea lijo, e bolelang thibelo e matla ea ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea lik'habohaedreite.
Lisebelisoa tsa morao-rao tsa hypoglycemic ke li-incretin mimetics, tseo e leng litšoantšiso tsa li-incretin. Li-insretin ke lihormone tse hlahisoang ke lisele tse ikhethang tsa mala ka mor'a ho ja, tse nang le tšusumetso ho hlahisoeng ha insulin. Incretinomimetics e kenyelletsa liraglutide, lixisenatide, sitagliptin, saxagliptin le alogliptin.
Bakeng sa tsamaiso ea batsoali
Ho fana ka litokisetso tsa insulin ho hlokahala bakeng sa mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere, nako eo ho eona ho nang le tšibollo ea sephiri le tlhahiso ea "insulin" ea tsoelo-pele ke lisele tsa beta tsa li-isanc tsa pancreatic tsa Langerhans. Le ho tsitsisa boemo ba mokuli, ho hlokahala hore ho laoloe tšebetso ea batsoali ka insulin - phekolo ea phetoho.
Maemo a hlokang tsamaiso ea insulin e eketsehileng mofuteng oa 2 lefu la tsoekere:
- ketoacidosis
- hyperosmolar le lactic acidotic komello,
- mafu a tšoaetsanoang le a purulent,
- ts'ebetso
- ho mpefatsa ha maloetse a sa foleng,
- boimana
- lipontšo tsa nts'etsopele ea mathata a maholo a tsoang ho methapo ea methapo,
- ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka tšohanyetso
- ntshetsopele ea ho hanyetsa lithethefatsi tsa molomo tsa hypoglycemic.
Tekanyetso ea insulin e tsamaisoang e tsamaellana le boemo ba ho se lekane. Lithethefatsi, tekanyetso le tsela ea tsamaiso li hlahisoa ke endocrinologist ho latela matšoao le liphetho tsa boithuto bo eketsehileng.
- bokhutšoanyane - Insulan, Actrapid, Swinsulin le ba bang,
- Nako e mahareng - Semilong, Protafan, Semilent, Rapitard le ba bang,
- ho nka nako e telele - theipi ea insulin, insulin ultralente le ba bang.
Phekolo ea mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere, "" insulin "ea nako e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso e kenngoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng libakeng tse itseng ho latela morero o khothalletsoang ke ngaka. Ho fumana phello e ntle ho kalafo, ho ja hoa tlameha. Ke li-insulin tse nkang nakoana feela tse ka sebetsoang kahare, tse sebelisoang ho nts'etsapele komisi.
Phekolo ea insulin e ka rarahana:
- hypoglycemic syndrome,
- allergy
- khanyetso ea insulin
- post-ente lipodystrophy,
- insulin edema.
Ho tsamaisa insulin, o hloka syringe ea "insulin" e fumanehang, endocrinologist e tlameha ho e hlalosa hore na e sebelisoa joang. Insulin e bolokiloe sehatsetsing, pele ho eona ente e ngoe le e ngoe e ntšoa ebe e futhumatsoa ho mocheso oa kamore.
Ho na le mekhoa e meng ea ho tsamaisa insulin - pompo ea "insulin" e nang le "insulin", mefuta e fapaneng ea lipente tsa syringe tse etselitsoeng ts'ebeliso e pheta-phetoang.
Hona le lithethefatsi tse ngata tse thusang ho loants'a lefu la tsoekere, empa ke lingaka tsa endocrinologist feela tse ka fanang ka mofuta o sebetsang oa kalafo.
Thepa le tšebetso ea lihlahisoa tsa sulfonylurea
Liphetoho tsa sulfonylureas li fumanoe ka tsietsi bohareng ba lekholo le fetileng la lilemo. Bokhoni ba likhomphutha tse joalo bo thehiloe ka nako eo ho ileng ha etsahala hore bakuli ba neng ba sebelisa lithethefatsi tsa sulfa ho tlosa mafu a tšoaetsanoang le bona ba fokotsehile tsoekere ea bona ea mali. Kahoo, lintho tsena li boetse li na le phello e boletsoeng ea hypoglycemic ho bakuli.
Ka lebaka lena, hang-hang o ile a qala ho batla liphekolo tsa sulfanilamide tse nang le bokhoni ba ho theola boemo ba tsoekere maling. Mosebetsi ona o kentse letsoho ho kopaneng ha litlamorao tsa lefats'e tsa sulfonylurea, tse ileng tsa khona ho rarolla mathata a lefu la tsoekere ka nepo.
Matla a tsoang ho sulfonylurea derivatives e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea lisele tse khethehileng tsa pancreatic beta, e amanang le ho hlohlelletsa le tlhahiso e eketsehileng ea tlhahiso ea insulin. Tlhokahalo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa phello e ntle ke ho ba teng ha makhopho a lisele tsa bophelo le tsa beta tse felletseng.
Hoa hlokomeleha hore ka tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea lintho tse tsoang ho sulfonylurea, phello ea bona e ntle ea pele e lahlehile ka botlalo. Setlhare se khaotsa ho ama secretion ea insulin. Bo-rasaense ba lumela hore sena se bakoa ke ho fokotseha ha palo ea li-receptor liseleng tsa beta. Ho ile ha boela ha senoloa hore kamora ho phomola kalafong e joalo, karabelo ea lisele tsena ho moriana e ka tsosolosoa ka botlalo.
Li-sulfonylureas tse ling li ka fana ka phello e eketsehileng-pancreatic. Ketso e joalo ha e na boleng ba bohlokoa ba kliniki. Litlamorao tse ling tsa pancreatic li kenyelletsa:
- keketseho ea menyetla ea linama tse itšetlehileng ka insulin ho insulin ea tlhaho ea tlhaho,
- fokotseha tlhahiso ea tsoekere ea sebete.
Mochine oohle oa nts'etsopele ea litlamorao tsena 'meleng o bakoa ke taba ea hore lintho ("Glimepiride" ka ho khetheha):
- eketsa palo ea li-receptor tse amehang insulin ka seleng ea sepheo,
- Ka nepo, ntlafatsa litšebelisano tsa insulin-receptor,
- fetisa phetisetso ea letšoao la postreceptor.
Ntle le moo, ho na le bopaki ba hore litokollo tsa sulfonylurea li ka fetoha sesosa sa ho lokolloa ha somatostatin, e tla etsa hore ho khonehe ho hatella tlhahiso ea glucagon.
Sulfonylureas
Ho na le meloko e 'maloa ea ntho ena:
- Moloko oa pele: "Tolazamide", "Tolbutamide", "Carbutamide", "Acetohexamide", "Chlorpropamide",
- Moloko oa bobeli: Glibenclamide, Glikvidon, Gliksoksid, Glibornuril, Gliklazid, Glipizid,
- Moloko oa 3: Glimepiride.
Ho fihla joale, naheng ea rona, lithethefatsi tsa moloko oa 1 li batla li sa sebelisoe.
Phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi 1 le 2 meloko ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea bona. Sulfonylurea ea bobeli e ka sebelisoa ka litekanyetso tse tlase, tse thusang ho fokotsa monyetla oa litlamorao tse fapaneng.
Ho bua ka lipalo, ts'ebetso ea bona e tla ba makhetlo a 50 kapa esita le makhetlo a 100. Kahoo, haeba tekanyetso e tloaelehileng ea litekanyetso tsa letsatsi tsa 1 e lokela ho ba ho tloha ho 0,75 ho isa ho 2 g, joale lithethefatsi tsa meloko ea bobeli li se li fana ka tekanyetso ea 0,02-0.012 g.
Lintho tse ling tse tsoang ho hypoglycemic le tsona li ka fapana ka mamello.
Lithethefatsi tse tsebahalang haholo
Gliclazide - Ena ke e 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tse laetsoeng khafetsa. Lithethefatsi ha li na litlamorao feela tsa boleng bo botle, empa hape li kenya letsoho ntlafatsong.
- matšoao a hematological
- mali a amanang le rheological
- hestatic system, methapo ea mali,
- heparin le fibrinolytic
- mamello ea heparin.
Ntle le moo, Glyclazide e khona ho thibela nts'etsopele ea microvasculitis (tšenyo ea morao), e thibela lipontšo leha e le life tse mabifi tsa liplatelete, e eketsa haholo index ea ho se lumellane mme e bonts'a thepa ea antioxidant e ntle.
Glycvidon - sethethefatsi se ka laeloang lihlopha tseo tsa bakuli ba nang le ts'ebetso ea ho hlaka ea renal. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha feela liphesente tse 5 tsa metabolites li hlahisoa ke liphio le tse 95 tse setseng ka mala
Glipizide E na le phello e boletsoeng mme e ka emela kotsi e nyane ho litlamorao tsa hypoglycemic. Sena se nolofalletsa hore se se ke sa kopanya le ho se be le metabolites e sebetsang.
Likarolo tsa tšebeliso ea li-agent tsa molomo
Lipilisi tsa antidiabetesic e ka ba kalafo ea mantlha bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, le ikemetseng ka har'a insulin. Lithethefatsi tse joalo li khothaletsoa ho bakuli ba lilemo tse fetang 35 ntle le mathata a joalo a teng:
- ketoacidosis
- khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng
- mafu a hlokang kalafo ea insulin e potlakileng.
Litokisetso tsa Sulfonylurea ha li hlahisoe ho bakuli bao, leha ba na le lijo tse lekaneng, tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea "insulin" e feta letšoao la likarolo tse 40. Ntle le moo, ngaka e ke ke ea ba fa lingoloa haeba ho na le mofuta o matla oa lefu la tsoekere, nalane ea lefu la tsoekere le glucosuria e phahameng khahlanong le semelo sa phepo e nepahetseng.
Phetisetso ea kalafo ka sulfonylurea e ka khonahala tlasa maemo a lefu la metabolism ea carbohydrate, e lefshoang ka liente tse eketsehileng tsa insulin ka tekanyetso ea likarolo tse ka tlase ho 40. Haeba ho hlokahala, ho fihlela ho LITLHAKU TSE 10, phetoho e tla etsoa ho tsoa litlamorao tsa sethethefatsi sena.
Tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea lihlahisoa tsa sulfonylurea e ka baka nts'etsopele ea ho hanyetsa, e ka hlola feela ka bongaka ba ho kopanya le litokisetso tsa insulin. Ho mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere, leqheka le joalo le tla fana ka phello e ntle kapele 'me le tla thusa ho fokotsa tlhokahalo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea insulin, hammoho le ho ntlafatsa tsela ea lefu lena.
Ho thefuleha ha tsoelo-pele ea retinopathy ka lebaka la sulfonylurea ho hlokometsoe, 'me lefu la tsoekere la retinopathy ke bothata bo boholo. Sena se kanna sa bakoa ke ts'ebetso ea angioprotective ea lihlahisoa tsa eona, haholo-holo tse tsoang molokong oa bobeli. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le monyetla o itseng oa phello ea bona ea atherogenic.
Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore lintlha tse tsoang ho sena lithethefatsi li ka kopanngoa le insulin, hammoho le li-biguanides le "Acarbose". Sena se ka etsahala maemong ao bophelo bo botle ba mokuli a sa ntlafatseng le li-insulin tse 100 tse behiloeng ka letsatsi.
U sebelisa litlhare tse fokotsang tsoekere, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore mesebetsi ea bona e ka fokotsoa:
- anticoagulants
- salicylates,
- Butadion
- Ethionamide
- Cyclophosphamide,
- marangrang
- Chloramphenicol.
Ha o sebelisa chelete ena ho kenyelletsa lithethefatsi tsa sulfa, metabolism e ka fokotsoa, e tla lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea hyperglycemia.
Haeba u kopanya li-sulfonylurea tse tsoang le thiazide diuretics (mohlala, "Hydrochlorothiazod") le BKK ("Nifedipine", "Diltiazem") ho litekanyetso tse kholo, joale ho hanyetsana ho ka qala ho hola. Li-Thiazides li thibela katleho ea lits'oaetso tsa sulfonylurea ka ho bula liteishene tsa potasiamo. Li-LBC li lebisa khatellong ea phepelo ea li-ion tsa calcium ho lisele tsa beta tsa manyeme.
Mehloli e tsoang ho sulfonylureas e ntlafatsa haholo phello le ho mamella lino tse tahang. Sena se bakoa ke ho lieha ha ts'ebetso ea oxidation ea acetaldehyde. Ponahatso ea karabelo e kang ea antabuse e ka etsahala.
Ntle le hypoglycemia, ho ka ba le litlamorao tse sa rateheng:
- mathata a dyspeptic
- cholestatic jaundice,
- boima ba 'mele
- aplastic kapa hemolytic anemia,
- nts'etsopele ea maikutlo a ho kulisa,
- leukopenia e kenang,
- thrombocytopenia
- agranulocytosis.
Meglitinides
Tlas'a meglitinides e lokela ho utloisisoa ke balaoli ba prandial.
Repaglinide ke derivative ea benzoic acid. Setlhare se fapaneng ka sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale ho tsoa litsing tse tsoang sulfonylurea, empa li na le phello e ts'oanang 'meleng. Repaglinide e thibela likanale tsa potasiamo tse itšetlehileng ka ATP liseleng tse sebetsang tsa beta mme e khothaletsa tlhahiso ea insulin.
Karabelo ea 'mele e tla halofo ea hora kamora ho ja' me e bonahatsoa ke ho fokotseha ha tsoekere ea mali. Pakeng tsa lijo, khatello ea "insulin" ha e fetohe.
Joalo ka lithethefatsi tse thehiloeng ho sulfonylureas, karabelo e mpe ea mantlha ke hypoglycemia. Ka hloko haholo, moriana o ka khothaletsoa ho bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho ruruha kapa ba sebete.
Nateglinide ke derivative ea D-phenylalanine. Setlhare se fapana le tse ling tse tšoanang ka ts'ebetso e potlakileng, empa e sa tsitsa. Hoa hlokahala ho sebelisa lithethefatsi bakeng sa mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ho thusa ho fokotsa hyperglycemia ea postprandial.
Li-Biguanides li 'nile tsa tsejoa ho tloha ka 70s ea lekholo le fetileng la lilemo mme li ne li laetsoe ho pateloa ka insulin ke lisele tsa beta tsa manyeme. Tšusumetso ea bona e khethoa ke ho sitisoa ha gluconeogeneis ka har'a sebete le keketseho ea bokhoni ba ho pepeta tsoekere. Ntle le moo, sesebelisoa se ka fokotsa ho kenella ha insulin le ho eketsa tlamahano ea eona ho li-insulin receptors. Ts'ebetsong ena, metabolism le ho monya ha tsoekere e eketseha.
Biguanides ha e theole tekanyo ea tsoekere ea mali ea motho ea phetseng hantle le ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 mellitus (e fanoeng ka ho itima lijo bosiu).
Hypoglycemic biguanides e ka sebelisoa ho nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Ntle le ho fokotsa tsoekere, sehlopha sena sa lithethefatsi ka tšebeliso ea sona ea nako e telele se ama metabolism ea mafura.
Ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa sehlopha sena:
- lipolysis e butsoe (mokhoa oa ho petsoha mafura),
- takatso e fokotsehileng
- butle-butle boima bo khutlela ho bo tloaelehileng.
Maemong a mang, ts'ebeliso ea bona e tsamaisana le ho fokotseha ha litaba tsa triglycerides le cholesterol maling, ho ka boleloa hore li-biguanides ke matlapa a ho theola tsoekere ea mali.
Mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, tlolo ea 'mele ea carbohydrate e ntse e ka amahanngoa le mathata a metabolism ea mafura. Hoo e ka bang karolo ea 90 lekholong ea bakuli, bakuli ba boima ba 'mele. Ka lebaka lena, ka nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere, hammoho le botenya bo sebetsang, ho hlokahala hore ho sebelisoe lithethefatsi tse thathamisang metabolism ea lipid.
Letšoao le ka sehloohong la ts'ebeliso ea li-biguanides ke lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Litokisetso li hlokahala haholo khahlano le nalane ea boima bo feteletseng le kalafo e sa sebetseng hantle kapa katleho e lekaneng ea litokisetso tsa sulfonylurea. Ketso ea li-greatuanides ha e etsahale ha ho na le insulin maling.
Alpha glucose inhibitors e thibela ho phatloha ha li-polysaccharides le oligosaccharides.Ho monya le ho hlahisa tsoekere e fokotsehile ebe ka hona ho na le temoso ea nts'etsopele ea postprandial hyperglycemia. Li-carboote tsohle tse nooang le lijo, boemong ba tsona bo sa fetoheng, li kena likarolong tse ka tlase tsa mala le a maholo. Ho kenngoa ha monosaccharides ho nka lihora tse 4.
Ho fapana le lithethefatsi tsa sulfa, li-inhibitors tsa alpha glucose ha li eketse ho tsoa ha insulin mme li ke ke tsa baka hypoglycemia.
Ka lebaka la lithuto, ho ile ha netefatsoa hore phekolo ka thuso ea "Acarbose" e kanna ea tsamaea le ho fokotseha hoa monyetla oa ho ba le meroalo e meholo ea atherossteosis.
Ts'ebeliso ea li-inhibitors tse joalo e ka ba ka mokhoa oa monotherapy, hape o li kopanya le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa molomo tse fokotsang tsoekere ea mali. Motsoako oa pele hangata o ba 25 ho isa ho 50 mg hang hang kapa nakong ea lijo. Ka kalafo e latelang, litekanyetso li ka eketsoa ho ea holimo (empa eseng ho feta 600 mg).
Matšoao a mantlha a ho khethoa ha alpha-glucosidase inhibitors ke: mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere le kalafo e mpe ea lijo, mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere, empa ho latela motsoako o kopaneng.
Lithethefatsi tse tummeng tsa hypoglycemic le tseo a li ratang
Lefu la tsoekere ke mofuta o tloaelehileng o amang batho ba bangata. Boloetse bona bo its'etleha (mofuta oa 1) le bo ikemetseng (mofuta oa 2) ho tsoa ho insulin. Ka mokhoa oa pele, kenyelletso ea ona e ea hlokahala, 'me ea bobeli - tsamaiso ea matlapa a hypoglycemic a molomo.
Video (tlanya ho bapala). |
Ketso ea lithethefatsi tsa hypoglycemic ea molomo e etselitsoe ho theola tsoekere ea mali. Mochine ona o thehiloe ho tlameleng ha insulin ho li-receptor tsa eona, e e lumellang ho ama metabolism ea tsoekere. Ka lebaka leo, boemo ba tsoekere bo fokotseha ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea eona ts'ebetsong ea lithane tsa peripheral le tlhahiso ea tsoekere ho sebete e thibetsoe.
Video (tlanya ho bapala). |
Tšusumetso ea li-ejenti tsa molomo e boetse e amana le ho hlohlelletsoa ha β-lisele tsa manyeme, moo ho hlahisoang tlhahiso ea insulin ea nako e telele. Mekhoa ea litlhare e eketsa ts'ebetso ea moraorao, e kenya letsoho ho potlakiseng ha eona ho li-receptor, e leng ho eketsang ho fufuleloa ha tsoekere 'meleng.
Insulin ke ntho ea bohlokoa eo batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba e hlokang. Empa ntle le eena ho na le meriana e meng e mengata bakeng sa tsamaiso ea molomo e nang le phello ea hypoglycemic. Li hlahisoa ka mokhoa oa litafole 'me li nkuoa ka molomo kalafong ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2.
Litlhare li thusa ho etsa hore tsoekere e maling e fetohe. Ho na le lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa lithethefatsi. Tsena li kenyelletsa sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Bakeng sa tsamaiso ea batsoali, insulin e sebelisoa. Liente li bohlokoa haholo ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1. Mokhahlelong ona oa pathology o tsamaea le tlolo ea tlhahiso ea insulin. Ka hona, ho etsa hore boemo ba mokuli bo fokotsehe, ho hloka pheko e hlokahalang ke ho kenyelletsa insulin ea maiketsetso.
Ho na le maemo moo ho sebelisang insulin ho hlokahalang bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Tsena li kenyeletsa:
- Ketoacidosis.
- Coma
- Mafu a tlhaho e tšoaetsang kapa ea purulent.
- Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso.
- Nako ea ho mpefatsa hoa maloetse a sa foleng.
- Ho ba le ngoana.
- Boteng ba litlolo tse tebileng ts'ebetsong ea methapo ea mali.
- Ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka tšohanyetso.
- Ho hlaha ha ho hanyetsa matlapa a hypoglycemic a molomo.
Tekanyetso ea insulin e ikemiselitsoe feela ke ngaka e eang. Kenya lintho tse ngata kamoo mokuli a haellang. Kamora nako, sesebelisoa se na le phello e fapaneng: e khuts'oane, e mahareng le e telele.
Setlhare se kenngoa ka tlasa letlalo likarolong tse khethehileng tsa 'mele ho latela moralo o hlahisitsoeng ke ngaka.Kahare, ntho ena e lumelloa ho tsamaisoa feela ka nts'etsopele ea komisi, ho sebelisa moemeli ea sebetsang haufinyane.
Phekolo ea insulin e ka baka litlamorao tse mpe. Mokuli a ka ba le lefu la hypoglycemic, karabelo, ea hanyetsang insulin, lipodystrophy, ho ruruha.
Insulin e kenngoa ka ente kapa pompe e khethehileng. Khetho ea ho qetela e bonolo haholo ho e sebelisa mme e ka sebelisoa khafetsa.
Bongaka bo fana ka meloko e 'maloa ea sesebelisoa sena. Ea pele e kenyelletsa matlapa a molomo "Tolbutamide", "Carbutamide", "Acetohexamide", "Chlorpropamide", ho ea bobeli - "Glycvidon", "Glizoksid", "Gliclazid", "Glipizid", 'me ho la boraro - "Glimepiride".
Hona joale, lithethefatsi tsa mehleng ea pele ha li sebelisoe kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere. Meriana ea lihlopha tse fapaneng e fapana ho ea ka tekanyo ea tšebetso. Mekhoa ea meloko e 2 e sebetsa haholoanyane, ka hona e sebelisoa ka tekanyetso e nyane. Sena se qoba ho hlaha ha litla-morao.
Lingaka li rata litlhare tse fanoang ka molomo ho latela boemo ba bongaka. Ho loantšeng tsoekere e phahameng ea mali, matlapa a latelang a ipakile a le hantle:
- Glycvidon. E laeloa bakeng sa tsamaiso ea molomo ho bakuli ba nang le ts'oaetso e nyane ea tšebetso ea a renal. Sesebelisoa se thusa ho fokotsa maemo a tsoekere ea mali, ho ntlafatsa boemo ba mokuli.
- "Glipizide." Matlapa a molomo a na le phello e phatlalalitsoeng ho lefu la tsoekere, hoo e batlang e sa fane ka maikutlo a bohloko.
Lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere - mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho phekola lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, le sa itšetleheng ka insulin. Lisebelisoa tsa kalafo ea meriana ea "hypoglycemic" li fuoa bakuli ba kaholimo ho lilemo tse 35, hape ba fana ka hore bakuli ha ba na ketoacidosis, khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng, mafu, bakeng sa kalafo eo ho hlokahalang hore ho tsamaisoe insulin ka potlako.
Matlapa a Sulfonylurea ha a lumelloe ho sebelisoa ke batho ba hlokang insulin e ngata letsatsi le leng le le leng, ba nang le lefu la tsoekere le matla, lefu la tsoekere, le glucosuria e eketsehileng.
Ka kalafo ea nako e telele le matlapa a molomo, khanyetso e ka hlaha 'meleng, e ka laoloang feela ka thuso ea kalafo e rarahaneng ka insulin. Bakeng sa bakuli ba mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere, kalafo ena e thusa ho atleha hanyane ka potlako, hammoho le ho fokotsa ts'epahalo ea insulin ea mmele.
Matlapa a ka kopanngoa le "insulin", "biguanides" moo mokuli a sa ikutloe a le betere ha a sebelisa litekanyetso tse kholo tsa insulin ka letsatsi. Ho kopana le liemeli tse kang Butadion, Cyclophosphamide, Levomycetin, ho lebisa ho senyeha ketsong ea lintho tse tlosoang.
Ka ho kopantsoe ha sulfonylureas le diuretics le CCB, ho qabana ho ka hlaha. Ka thoko, ho bohlokoa ho bua ka tšebeliso ea joala ha u ntse u sebelisa lipilisi. Methapo e ama ketso e eketsehileng ea joala.
Lichelete tse nkoang li hlohlelletsa ho tsoa ha hormone ea insulin maling. E 'ngoe ea tsona ke Repaglinide. Ke ntho e tsoang ho benzoic acid. E fapana le litokisetso tse ling tsa sulfonourea, empa phello 'meleng e joalo. Moriana ona o phahamisa secretion ea insulin.
Mmele o arabela kamohelong ka mora metsotso e 30 ka ho fokotsa boemo ba tsoekere maling a mokuli. Matlapa a molomo a repaglinide a lokela ho nkoa ka hloko ho bakuli ba fumanoang ba na le bothata ba sebete le a liphio.
Setlhare se seng se amanang le meglitinides ke Nateglinide. E tsoa ho D-phenylalanine. Matlapa a molomo a sebetsa haholo, empa ha a tšoarelle nako e telele. Ho khothalletsoa ho nka setlhare sena ho batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2.
E etselitsoe ho hatella tlhahiso ea tsoekere maling le ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea eona e tsoang 'meleng.Hape, litsebi tsa molomo li hlohlelletsa tšebetso ea insulin, li kenya letsoho khokahanong ea tsona e ntle le li-receptor tsa eona. Sena se o lumella hore o fetole mekhoa ea metabolic le ho eketsa ho monya tsoekere.
Biguanide e na le phello e ntle boteng ba lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, ha e fokotse tsoekere e maling a motho ea phetseng hantle. Ntle le ho fokotsa tsoekere, lithethefatsi tse joalo ka tšebeliso ea nako e telele li na le phello e molemo ho metabolism ea lipids 'meleng. Sena se bohlokoa haholo, hobane batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere hangata ba ba batenya haholo.
Ha u sebelisa lipilisi, ts'ebetso ea ho petsoha mafura e tloaelehile, takatso ea ho ja e fokotsehile, boemo ba mokuli bo khutlisoa butle-butle. Ka linako tse ling ts'ebeliso ea sehlopha sena sa lithethefatsi e baka ho theoha hoa boemo ba triglycerides le cholesterol maling.
Matlapa a molomo a sehlopha sena a thusa ho hatella mokhoa oa ho petsola lik'habohaedreite. Ka lebaka leo, ho monya tsoekere hampe, tlhahiso ea eona ea fokotseha. Sena se thusa ho thibela ho eketseha ha tsoekere, kapa hyperglycemia. Lik'habohaedreite tse nooang ke motho ea nang le lijo li kena ka mpeng ea hae ka mokhoa o tšoanang le ha li ne li kena 'meleng.
Letšoao le ka sehloohong la ho khethoa ha matlapa a joalo a molomo ke lefu la tsoekere la 2, le ke keng la laoloa ka lijo tsa phepo. Li boetse li fana ka pheko bakeng sa mofuta oa pele oa pathology, empa e le karolo ea kalafo e phethahetseng.
Hangata lingaka li khetha ho fa bakuli matlapa a molomo a bitsoang "Glidiab". Motsoako oa bona o sebetsang ke gliclazide. Moriana o hlahisa phello e hlokomelehang ea ho fokotsa tsoekere ea mali, e ntlafatsa methapo ea hematological, mali a mali, heestasis, phallo ea mali.
Sesebelisoa se thibela tšenyo ea morao, se tlosa phello e mpe ea liplatelete, se na le phello ea antioxidant. U ke ke oa fana ka lengolo la hau haeba ho na le hypersensitivity ea likarolo tsa moriana, mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere, ketoacidosis, komello, ho nyeleha ha leino le sebete, ho beleha le ho fepa bana, ba lilemo tse ka tlase ho 18.
Matlapa a tsamaiso ea molomo a eketsa tlhahiso ea insulin ke manyeme, a ntlafatsa tokollo ea ntho ena. Hape, ama hantle tsoelo-pele ea kutloisiso ea methapo ea kutlo e amanang le insulin. Moriana o fuoe mofuta oa "mellitus" oa 2 lefu la tsoekere nakong ea monotherapy kapa hammoho le metformin kapa insulin.
Ha e lumelloe ho nka lipilisi bakeng sa batho ba nang le ketoacidosis, coma, maikutlo a phahameng a lithethefatsi, lefu le matla la sebete kapa a liphio, ho se mamellane ha lactose, ho haella ha lactase 'meleng. Hape, u ke ke ua sebelisa moriana ona ho basali baimana le ba anyang, bana.
E fumaneha ka mofuta oa matlapa a molomo a bitsoang "L-thyroxine". Abela mesebetsi e le ho ntlafatsa methapo ea metabolic ea lik'habohaedreite le lintho tse ling tsa bohlokoa, matlafatsa mosebetsi oa pelo le methapo ea mali, tsamaiso ea methapo.
Tšebeliso ea sethethefatsi sa molomo e thibetsoe ho bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho se mamellane ho latela likarolo tsa eona, thyrotooticosis, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, myocarditis, khaello ea adrenal, ho ikutloa ka galactose, khaello ea lactase, le ho ts'oaroa tsoekere hampe.
Lipilisi li fokotsa litekanyetso tsa tsoekere ea mali, 'me li etsa hore tsoekere e hasane hohle' meleng. Ho khothalletsoa pheko bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, haeba ho ja le ho ikoetlisa ho sa tlise litholoana tse nepahetseng.
Ho na le litšitiso tse ngata mabapi le tšebeliso ea meriana ea molomo. Tšebeliso ea nako e telele e ama bophelo ba motho hampe. Metformin ha e lumelloe ho sebelisoa ka hypersensitivity ho lithethefatsi, komisi, ketoacidosis, ho hloleha ha sebete, ho se sebetse hantle ha liphio, ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso, ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala, tahi e matla, tahi, ho ts'oara ngoana, bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 10.
Lethathamo la lintho tse amanang le hypoglycemic le lona le kenyeletsa tiamazole - sejo se sebetsang sa lithethefatsi tsa molomo "Tyrosol". E laetsoe thyrotooticosis ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea lihormone tsa qoqotho. Ho felisoa ha lefu lena ho bohlokoa boteng ba lefu la tsoekere.
Ha ho eletsoe ho nka lipilisi bakeng sa agranulocytosis, ho se mamelle lithethefatsi, granulocytopenia, tšebeliso ea sodium levothyroxine nakong ea ngoana, cholestasis, bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 3. Ka tlhokomeliso e fetelletseng, meriana ea molomo e hlokahala bakeng sa batho ba nang le bothata ba ho fokola ha sebete.
Lefu la tsoekere ke lefu le kotsi le hlokang kalafo. Mokhoa o nepahetseng oa kalafo o lokela ho ntlafatsoa ke ngaka e eang. Mekhoa e fosahetseng ea ho loantša tšilafalo ea methapo ea mafu e ka baka litlamorao tse kotsi bophelong ba motho le bophelo bo botle.
Lithethefatsi tsa Hypoglycemic li sebelisetsoa ho phekola lefu la tsoekere. Lithethefatsi tsena li eketsa tlhahiso ea "insulin" makhophong le ho matlafatsa kutloisiso ea lisele tse reretsoeng ho etsa ketso ena ea hormone. Lethathamo la lithethefatsi le atile haholo, hobane le emeloa ke palo e kholo ea lintho tse sebetsang le mabitso a khoebo.
Synthetic hypoglycemic agents li sebelisetsoa mofuta oa tsoekere ea 2 ho theola tsoekere ea mali. Ketso ea bona e amana le ho qala ha tlhahiso ea insulin ea bona ka lisele tsa beta tsa lihlekehleke tsa batho tsa Langerhans. Ke ts'ebetso ena e sithabelitsoeng ke keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali. Insulin e bapala karolo ea senotlolo 'meleng, ka lebaka la eona tsoekere e ngata, e leng pokello ea matla, e ka kenang ka seleng. E hokahana le molek'hule ea tsoekere, ka hona, e kenella ka har'a cytoplasm ea sele.
Lintho tsa Hypoglycemic li ka eketsa tlhahiso ea somatostatin, ka tsela e iketsang ea fokotsa tsoekere.
Lithethefatsi tse sebelisetsoang ho phekola lefu la tsoekere le baka ho kenella ha tsoekere ka seleng, ka hona, 'mele o sebelisa matla a sebelisoang ke lijo. Ntle le moo, tse ling tsa lithethefatsi li ka eketsa kutloisiso ea lisele ho palo e nyane ea insulin e hlahisoang ke manyeme. Lintho tsa antidiabetic li ka ntlafatsa likamano tsa insulin-receptor le tlhahiso ea leseli e rometsoeng bokong ho hlahisa bongata bo boholo ba hormone ena.
Ho latela sebopeho sa ts'ebetso, ka lebaka la moo ho fokotseha ha palo ea tsoekere maling, lithethefatsi tsohle li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa lintho. Ho na le mekhahlelo e joalo ea lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere:
Lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse 'maloa.
- sulfonylurea le tse tsoang ho eona,
- inhibitory alpha glucosidases,
- meglitinides,
- biguanides
- tsatsatsa,
- secretion e ntseng e eketseha - insretinomimetics.
Biguanides, eo Metformin e leng ea hae, e na le boikarabello ba ho fokotsa secretion ea tsoekere ke sebete ho tsoa liprotheine le mafura, hape e fokotsa ho hanana le insulin. Li-insulin, tseo ha e le hantle li nang le sulfonylurea, joalo ka meglitinides, li ka ntlafatsa secretion ea hormone ho manyeme. Glitazones e fokotsa ho hanyetsa ha 'mele ho ntho le ho hatella tlhahiso ea ka hare ea tsoekere. Lithethefatsi tse kang alpha-glucosidase inhibitors li ka nyenyefatsa ho amoheloa ha tsoekere ho tsoa lihlahisoa tsa lijo, ha li ntse li fokotsa ho theoha ha tsona ka har'a plasma ea mali.
Tsena ke lithethefatsi tse loantšang lefu la tsoekere tse ka noang ka molomo ntle le ts'ebeliso ea liente. Ba sebelisa methating ea pele ea lefu lena ba sebelisa meriana e fokolang le litekanyetso tsa bona tse tlase. Hangata, ho sebelisoa li-capsules kapa litafole. Tsamaiso ea molomo e loketse mokuli, ha e hloke tsebo le maemo a eketsehileng bakeng sa ts'ebetsong.
Lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa bobeli le boetse le sebelisoa e le ente ea ente.Sena se ka etsahala haeba mokuli a hloka litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ntho e sebetsang, e hlokang hore mokuli a nke lipilisi tse ngata. Mokhoa ona oa tsamaiso o amohelehile bakeng sa bakuli ba sa mamelleng chelete, hammoho le ha ho na le mathata a tebileng a pampitšana ea mala. Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa botsoali bakeng sa mathata a kelello a mokuli, a sitisang ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ea lintho tse antidiabetesic kahare, ea bontšoa.
Tlhophiso ea lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere, ho kenyelletsa likarolo tse sebetsang ka ho fetisisa:
Moriana o kanna oa ipapisa le sodium levothyroxine.
- tolbutamide
- carbamide,
- chlorpropamide
- glibenclamide,
- glipizide
- gliclazide
- glimepiride
- levothyroxine sodium,
- metformin hydrochloride,
- tiamazole,
- glycidone
- repaglinide.
Lithethefatsi tse 'marakeng tse nang le sebopeho se tšoanang li ka ba le mabitso a fapaneng.
E ntšitsoeng molokong o mocha oa sulfonylureas. E nka karolo ho matlafatseng tlhahiso ea pele ea insulin ka lisele tsa beta tsa manyeme. E boreleli hantle ea tlhoro ea litheko tsa tsoekere ea mali ka ho boloka boemo ba eona bo le maemong a lekanang. Ntle le moo, sethethefatsi se thehiloeng ho sona se ka thibela thrombosis le ho fokotsa palo ea mathata a lefu la tsoekere.
E boetse e bua ka mefuta e mengata ea sulfonylurea, empa e ka sebelisoa bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1. E ntlafatsa ho lokolloa ha insulin, e amang menyetla ea potasiamo ea lisele tsa beta. Tšusumetso ea lithethefatsi ha e tšoarelle nako e telele, ka hona, tekanyetso ea bobeli e hlokahala kamora lihora tse 5-8. Sesebelisoa ha se sebelisoe bakeng sa tlolo ea sebete kapa liphio kapa lefu le matla la lefu la tsoekere.
Setlhare sa hypoglycemic se tšoanang le Hormone ea qoqotho e hlahisitsoeng ke tšoelesa ea qoqotho. E sebelisoa hammoho le lithethefatsi tsa sebopeho se fapaneng mme e khothaletsa ho amohela insulin hantle hammoho le tsoekere ka lisele tse hloliloeng. Kahoo, palo ea tsoekere maling e theoha ka potlako. E sebelisoa hangata bakeng sa coma ea hyperglycemic, kaha e na le phello e potlakileng le ea bohlokoa.
Ke karolo ea lenane la lithethefatsi tsa sehlopha sa "greatuanide" mme e sitisa ho kenngoa ha tsoekere ka bongata ka mpeng, e thibela ho etsoa ha tsoekere maling. Sena se thusa ho fokotsa tlhokeho ea tlhahiso ea insulin. E loketse bakuli ba nang le botenya haholo ka lebaka la ho ja ho feta tekano. Ntho ena e tloaetse ho lekana ha lipoproten ea mali, e thibela nts'etsopele ea atherosclerosis le mathata a lerako la methapo.
Ke inhibitor ea hormone ea qoqotho, 'me e sebelisetsoa lithethefatsi tse fetang tekano, sena ke' nete haholo bakeng sa tšebeliso e matla ea sodium levothyroxine. Ho reka sethethefatsi se thehiloeng nthong ena, ka sebele u hloka lengolo la ngaka, hobane ke setlhare se matla seo, haeba se sebelisoa hampe, se ka lebisang ho kulang kapa ho bolaeeng ha mokuli.
Tlhahlobo ea lithethefatsi tse fokotsang tsoekere bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2
Lithethefatsi tse theolang tsoekere bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 li theha motheo oa kalafo ea lithethefatsi ea methapo ea mafu. Basebeletsi ba Hypoglycemic bakeng sa tsamaiso ea molomo ba beoa ha, ka thuso ea kalafo ea ho ja le ho tloaela ts'ebetso ea 'mele, ho ke ke ha khoneha ho fumana puseletso bakeng sa lefu lena. Litafole tsohle tse fokotsang tsoekere li na le lipontšo le likarolo tsa ts'ebeliso, tse elang hloko ha li fuoa mokuli ea itseng.
Lethathamo la lithethefatsi tse fanoang ka molomo li na le lithethefatsi tse ngata. Lipilisi tsa ho fokotsa tsoekere hangata ha li fanoe hanghang. Qalong ea lefu lena, ho tloaela matšoao a tsoekere hangata ho ka etsahala haeba motho ea nang le lefu la tsoekere a latela kalafo e boletsoeng 'me letsatsi le leng le le leng a ikoetlisa' meleng.
Ke feela endocrinologist ea phekolang mokuli ea ka khethang lithethefatsi tse fokotsang tsoekere ka nepo. Ha ho beoa matlapa a boletsoeng, ho latela lintho tse latelang:
- mala,
- litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi,
- nako ea ho pepesetsoa ntho e sebetsang ho tsoa 'meleng,
- Ketsahalo ea moriana o amanang le karolo ea secretion ea insulin,
- mamello ea lithethefatsi - nahana ka mokhoa oa bophelo, maloetse a amanang,
- monyetla oa ho tloaela lipilisi,
- Litho tsa setho sa bongaka se qotsitsoeng - Sebete kapa liphio,
- litlamorao.
Mokhoa oa ts'ebetso oa PSSP (poleloana e bua ka lithethefatsi tse fokotsang tsoekere) ho tsoa lihlopheng tse fapaneng li fapaneng, hobane li thehiloe ho likarolo tse itseng. Boholo ba matlapa a hypoglycemic a thatafatsa maemo a tsoekere ka:
- tshusumetso ea tokollo ea insulin ke tšoelesa,
- eketsa katleho ea lihormone tse hlahisitsoeng,
- fokotsa palo ea tsoekere litho le mali.
Karolelano e nepahetseng ea litafole tse fokotsang tsoekere bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere la 2 e thusa sehlopha sa tsona. Sebelisa:
- sulfonylurea,
- meriana e tsoang sehlopheng sa li-biguanides,
- alpha glycosidase inhibitors,
- thiazolidatedione drug
- letsopa.
Ho tsitsisa maemo a tsoekere, bakuli hangata ba fuoa mofuta o kopaneng - ba nka PSSP ho tsoa lihlopheng tse fapaneng. Meriana ea moloko oa morao-rao e fuoa menyetla e mengata ha e bapisoa le ea setso, empa ha u e khetha, mehopolo ea lefu lena e lokela ho nahaneloa.
Lethathamo le leholo la lithethefatsi tse fokotsang tsoekere bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 li kenyelletsa li-biguanides - li-ejenti tsa molomo tse sitisang ho tsamaisoa ha tsoekere ho tsoa isibong ho ea litho le ho potlakisa ho kenella ha eona le ho robeha ha mesifa ea mesifa. Ha li phahamise secretion ea lihormone tsa bona.
Biguanides e thibela tsoalo ea lipoprotein le asiti, e fokotsang ho hlaha hoa liphetoho tsa atherosselotic. Ka nako e ts'oanang, boima bo ea fokotseha, e leng bohlokoa haholo haeba mokuli ea nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 a fetoha le botenya. Ha u phekola ka greatuanides, ha ho na maikutlo a tlala, e leng le eona e nang le phello e ntle ho latela kalafo ea phepo.
Likotsi tsa li-biguanides li kenyelletsa ho bokelloa ha li-acid maling, e lebisang ketoacidosis. Meriana e tsoang sehlopheng sena ha ea lumelloa hore e sebelisoe haeba ho na le nalane ea lefu la pelo, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho se sebetse hantle ha pelo le ho hema. Contraindicated bakeng sa khalemelo ea tsoekere ho bohle ba trimesters ea bokhachane le haeba lefu la tsoekere le nang le bothata ba joala.
Ntho e sebetsang ea biguanides ke metmorphine, mefuta e 'maloa ea liforomo tsa tafole li entsoe motheong oa eona. Lenane la bona le kenyeletsa:
- Glucophage. Ho fihlela sephetho se theolelang tsoekere, moriana o sebelisoa ntle le tšitiso. Ha e nkuoa, tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang le li-ethanol tse nang le ethanol ha e qheleloe ka thoko. Glucophage nako e telele e na le metamorphine e nkang nako e telele.
- Bagomet. Litlamorao li tlalehiloe khafetsa ha u sebelisa lithethefatsi kalafo ea bakuli ba tsofetseng.
- Siofor. Moriana o theola tsoekere hammoho le lijo tse nang le nama e tlase haholo o thusa ho theola boima ba 'mele kapele.
- Metformin Acre. Mosebetsi o felletseng oa kalafo o fumaneha kamora libeke tse peli tsa tsamaiso.
Biguanides ha e bake ho fokotseha ho matla ha tsoekere, empa litekanyetso tsa mokuli ka mong li khethoa ka bonngoe.
Ketso ea meriana ea molomo ea hypoglycemic e nang le sulfonylurea e thehiloe feela ho matlafatseng ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa islet tsa gland, tseo ka lebaka leo li matlafatsang tlhahiso ea insulin. Ka nako e tšoanang, meriana:
- ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea lisele tse amohelang li-hormone,
- inhibit glucogenesis - sebopeho sa tsoekere e tsoang mafatsheng a ho ja, liprotheine,
- ho thibela tšebetso ea lisele tsa alpha tse teng makhophong mme o ikarabella ho secretion ea glucagon - lihormone tse nang le ketso e fapaneng le eo ha li bapisoa le insulin,
- ho thibela ho ntšoa ha lintho tse nang le tsoekere ho lisele tsa sebete.
Lisebelisoa tsa morao-rao tsa sulfonylurea hypoglycemic li sebelisoa haholo kalafong ea bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere. Litlamorao tsa litla-morao tse ka bang teng, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho nyekeloa ka mpeng, dysbiosis, hlooho e bohloko le ts'ebetso ea renal e holofetseng li bonahala hangata. E netefalitsoe bakeng sa kopano:
- ka ho fokotseha ho tsoelang pele ha boima ba 'mele ho bakuli,
- ka ts'oaetso e matla le ho kenella ha ts'ebetso ea bongaka,
- ka mafu a bohloko a liphio le a sebete.
Li fuoa litlamorao tsa teratogenic, ka hona, ha li fuoe basali ba baimana. Sehlopha sa sulfonylurea se kenyeletsa:
- Chlorpropamide. Nako ea phello ea hypoglycemic ke lihora tse 24.
- Glibenclamide. E sebelisitsoe ho kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere ho tloha bohareng ba mashome a mabeli a lilemo.
- Maninil. Ho fihlella phello e phehellang ea hypoglycemic, matlapa a nooa letsatsi le letsatsi ka nako e le 'ngoe.
- Glipizide. Tlhokomelo e fuoe bakuli ba emisitsoeng.
- Gliclazide. Ho thibela hypoglycemia, ho khothalletsoa ho ja khafetsa, u ke ke ua latela lijo tse thata.
Tekanyetso e feteletseng e lebisa ho hypoglycemia. Liphetoho tsa sulfonylureas ha li na thuso haeba boholo ba lisele tsa beta li se li shoele. Nakong ea ho khomarela lijo. Ka mabaka a sa tsejoeng, sulfanylurea ho bakuli ba bang ha e bontše thepa ea hypoglycemic.
Li-glineids li na le tšusumetso e matla liseleng tsa beta tsa tšoelesa. Lithethefatsi li thusa ho tsitsisa boemo ba tsoekere maling, menyetla ea ho theoha ka sekhahla mmeleng ha e bapisoa le lithethefatsi tsa sulfanilurea e tlase haholo.
Ho khothaletsoa likhalase bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere ho bakuli bao tsoekere ea bona ea mali e nyolohang ho lipalo tse thata ka lijo. Li noe pele ho lijo makhetlo a mararo ka letsatsi.
Thepa e theolang tsoekere e ts'oana le lintho tse tsoang ho sulfanilurea, ho fosahetse ho sebelisa matlapa a tsoang lihlopheng tsena tse peli ka nako e le 'ngoe.
Ha ho na phaello ea boima ba 'mele ha u e sebelisa; lingaka li khetha ho li ngolla ho thaepa tsoekere ea II e le ho qala meriana e theolelang tsoekere. Ka tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea li-glinides, thepa ea bona ea hypoglycemic ea fokotseha.
Lethathamo la letsopa le kenyeletsa lithethefatsi tse peli:
Ea pele e fumaneha matlapeng a Novonorm, ea bobeli - ho Starlix. Repaglinide, ho fapana le nateglinide, li-hyperglycemia tse tlase, tse hlahang haeba mokuli ea nang le lefu la tsoekere a lula a lapile.
Li-glinids ha li na lithibelo tsa lilemo; hangata li fanoa hammoho le li-PRSP tse ling. Li sebelise ka hloko haeba ho na le lefu la sebete. Se ke oa fana ka litlhare tsena bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere le itšetlehileng ka insulin.
Li-Thiazolidinediones, kapa li-glitazones tse ling, li ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea li-receptor tsa tishu ho insulin. Ho hlahisoa ha tsoekere ho hatelloa, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang ts'ebeliso ea eona e eketsoe. Ho na le bopaki ba hore glitazones e khona ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho ba le methapo ea pelo le methapo ea mali. Empa, leha ho le joalo, thiazolidinediones ha li fuoe hangata kalafo ea bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, kaha maemong ohle a kalafo ba ka:
- E lebisa ho eketseho ea boima ba 'mele, haholo-holo ka lebaka la ho bokellana ha metsi meralong. Hangata Edema e halefisa ho hlaha hoa pelo.
- Tlatsetsa ho fractures. Ha u nka glitazones, mesifa ea masapo ea hlapolloa, botsitso ba eona bo ea fokotseha, mme ts'oarelo e nyane haholo e lebisa ho oeng. Ka hona, lithethefatsi ha li fuoe basali nakong ea ho khaotsa ho ilela khoeli kapa haeba mokuli a tšoaea mabaka a kotsi.
- Ho baka eczema. Molemong oa phekolo ea glitazones ho bakuli ba bang, liphetoho tsa letlalo li ne li tlalehiloe.
Lethathamo la thiazolidinediones le kenyeletsa Rosiglitazone (Avandia, Roglit) le Pioglitazone (Aktos, Diaglitazone). E sebelisoa bakeng sa ho hloleha ha meno.
Ho latela lithuto tsa bongaka, phello ea ho fokotsa tsoekere ea alpha-glucosidase inhibitors e amana le ho kenngoa ha maro a likarolo tsa lijo tsa 'mele ka mpeng. Ka lebaka leo, hyperglycemia ha e hlahe. Li-inhibitors tsa enzyme ha li eketse boima ba 'mele, empa li na le litlamorao:
- tšilo,
- tlhahiso e eketsehileng ea khase,
- lets'ollo
Batho ba ka qoba ho etsa lintho tse sa hlokahaleng haeba u latela melao ea tumello. Phekolo ka alpha glucosidase inhibitors e qala ka litekanyetso tse nyane. Ho nooa lipilisi tse fokotsang tsoekere ka lijo, ho khothalletsoa ho latela mokhoa oa ho ja - ho fokotsa ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le lik'habohaedreite. The litekanyetso li eketseha butle-butle - ho fihlela ho 25 mg ka beke.Ka tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea li-inhibitors, litla-morao lia fokotsoa, hangata sena se etsahala ka nako ea khoeli.
Ntho e sebetsang ea li-enzyme inhibitors ke acarbose, e thehiloe ho eona, meriana Vogliboz, Miglitol, Glyukobay e hlahisoa.
Lithethefatsi tsa moloko o mocha li na le katleho e ngata 'me li na le litla-morao tse fokolang. Li-inhibitors tsa dipeptidyl peptidase li kenyellelitsoe lethathamong la bona; tlasa ts'usumetso ea bona, tlhahiso ea incretin, hormone e amang sebopeho sa insulin, e sebetsa.
Moloko o mocha oa mahlahana a hypoglycemic o sebelisoa ka boithatelo hape o kopane le li-PRSP tse ling. Se ke oa lebisa ho boima ba 'mele, li mamelloa hantle ka kalafo ea nako e telele. Baemeli:
- Januvius. Matlapa a lekantsoeng ea 25, 50 kapa 100 mg, a nooa hang ka letsatsi kapa hang ka mor'a lijo. Januvia e ntlafatsa secretion ea insulin ha feela tsoekere 'meleng e phahame. Ka hona, kamora ho sebelisa moriana ona ha ho na kotsi ea hypoglycemia. Tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ka se be kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere feela, empa le thibelo ea mathata a lefu la tsoekere.
- Galvus. E eketsa secretion ea polypeptides, e eketsa ho hlaka hoa lisele tsa islet. E sebetsa hantle ha u ntse u shebile puso ea ts'ebetso ea 'mele le kalafo ea ho ja.
Ho aroloa ha litafole tsa kajeno tse theolelang tsoekere ho kenyelletsa le lithethefatsi tse ling. Tsena li kenyelletsa DiabeNot. Phekolo ea tlholeho, e bōpiloeng motheong oa likarolo tsa limela, e kenya letsoho ho:
- ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa beta,
- Tsamaiso ea metabolism
- ho hloekisoa ka ho phethesela le mali,
- ho matlafatsa mmele.
Liteko tsa bongaka li pakile hore DiabeNot e fokotsa tsoekere 'meleng' me e thibela mathata. Ho nka moriana ho khutlisetsa ts'ebetso ea manyeme le lisele tsa sebete, ha ho bake karabelo e mpe. Lipilisi li nooa habeli ka letsatsi.
Kamora ho qala ho ima, kalafo ea PSSP e tšoaelitsoe bakeng sa basali. Boholo ba likarolo tse theolelang tsoekere li kenella ka har'a placenta, e ka amang hampe tsoelo-pele ea lesea.
Kamora ho ima, bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba fetisetsoa kalafong ea insulin. Hormone e khethoa ka har'a litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tse sebelisitsoeng pele ho PSPS.
Hoa hlokahala hore a lule a lekola matšoao a tsoekere, mosali oa moimana o lokela ho nka liteko tsa mali le tsa moroto khafetsa. Nako ea tsoekere ha motho a e-ba le ngoana e boetse e itšetlehile ka lijo le ho ikoetlisa.
Ka mokhoa o loketseng, basali ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba lokela ho rera bokhachane ba bona esale pele.
- Thepa ea teratogenic ea li-hypoglycemic agents e bonahatsoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng libekeng tsa pele kamora ho emoloa, tse lebisang lefung la emong.
- Haeba mosali a rera ho beleha ngoana, ngaka e eang teng e ka mo fetisetsa kalafong ea insulin pele ho nako.
Meriana e theolang tsoekere bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere e khethoa ke ngaka. Khetho ea bona e ikemetseng e thata ebile e fetoha sesosa sa mathata a sa rateheng. Mehatong ea pele ea kalafo, mokuli o lokela ho hlokomela bophelo ba hae ka hloko, a tsamaise tsoekere ka linako tsohle. Ho beoa ha basebeletsi ba hypoglycemic hase sesupo sa ho felisoa ha lijo. Haeba lithibelo tsa lijo li sa hlomphuoe, kalafo bakeng sa PSSP e ke ke ea tlisa melemo.
Lithethefatsi tse joalo li reretsoe ho theola maemo a tsoekere ka kotloloho maling a motho.
Lithethefatsi tsa Hypoglycemic, ho kenyelletsa le li-analogues tsa bona, li na le mokhoa o le mong oa ts'ebetso. Insulin e qala ho tlama li-receptor, ka tsela eo e amang metabolism ea glucose. Lithethefatsi tsena li ka ama manyeme.
Lithethefatsi tsohle tsa hypoglycemic li arotsoe ka maemo ka lihlopha tse 'maloa. Hlokomela hore sehlopha ka seng se na le litšobotsi tsa sona, ka hona tšobotsi ea ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi e ka fapana:
- Sehlopha se tloaelehileng haholo ke sulfonylureas. Sehlopha sena se arotsoe ka meloko e 'maloa (I, II le III).
- Sehlopha sa bobeli ke alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, se kenyeletsa lithethefatsi tse fokolang ho feta sehlopha sa pele. Sehlopha sena, ho fapana le sa pele, se na le mamello ea heparin.
- Sehlopha sa boraro ke meglitinides. Khafetsa, sebakeng sa sehlopha sena, ho fanoa ka li-analogues tsa lithethefatsi tse kenyeletsang benzoic acid.
- Sehlopha sa bone ke biguanides.
- Ea bohlano - li-thiazolidatediones.
- Mme sehlopha sa botšelela ke incretinomimetics.
Sehlopha se seng le se seng sa lithethefatsi se na le ts'ebetso ea sona ea ts'ebetso. Leha e le hore li-analogues tsa lithethefatsi tsa hypoglycemic li na le sebopeho se tšoanang, li ka ama mmele oa mokuli ka litsela tse fapaneng. Ka hona, pele o fetola lithethefatsi ka analog ka boeona, ho hlokahala hore o buisane le ngaka ho qoba mathata a tebileng.
Letlapa la Glidiab 80 mg, pakete ea matlapa a 60 (theko - li-ruble tse 130)
Letlapa la glimepiride 2 mg, pakete ea matlapa a 30 (theko - li-ruble tse 191)
L-thyroxine matlapa a 100 mcg, pakete ea matlapa a 100 (theko - li-ruble tse 69)
Letlapa L-Thyroxine 50 Berlin-Chemie 50 mcg, pakete ea matlapa a 50 (theko - li-ruble tse 102,5)
L-thyroxine matlapa a 100 Berlin-Chemie 100 mcg, pakete ea matlapa a 100 (theko - li-ruble tse 148,5)
L-thyroxine matlapa a 150 Berlin-Chemie 150 mcg, pakete ea matlapa a 100 (theko - li-ruble tse 173)
Letlapa Metformin 1 g, matlapa a 60 ka pakete e ngoe le e ngoe (theko - li-ruble tse 250,8)
Letlapa Metformin Canon 850 mg, pakete ea matlapa a 30 (theko - li-ruble tse 113.7)
Letlapa Metformin MV-Teva 500 mg, pakete ea matlapa a 30 (theko - li-ruble tse 135,2)
Letlapa Tyrosol 5 mg, pakete ea matlapa a 50 (theko - li-ruble 189.2)10 mg, pakete ea matlapa a 50 (theko - li-ruble tse 370.8)
Ho lefu la tsoekere, kalafo e lokela ho ba e akaretsang: lijo, lithethefatsi tsa hypoglycemic, boikoetliso le insulin haeba ho bontšoa. Hajoale, ho na le lithethefatsi tse ngata tse fapaneng tse fokotsang tsoekere ea mali. Ntate oa ka o ile a fumanoa a e-na le lefu la tsoekere. Qalong, Siofor o ne a laetsoe, empa moriana o se na phello e lakatsehang, o retelehela ho endocrinologist. Ngaka e laetse Metformin. ntate o ile a ikutloa a le betere.
Mona ke lumellana ka botlalo. Ka phoso o ile a fumana bokuli ba hae, bopaki bo ile ba otla 14mmol / l. O ile a qala ho nka metformin le livithamini, Halvus o ile a leka ho nka makhetlo, a bile le litlamorao tse mpe, a behelletsoe ka thoko. 'Me ho ja le ho ikoetlisa ke ho hana joala le ho tsuba.
Mofuteng oa 2 oa lefu la tsoekere, ke lekile lithethefatsi tse ngata tse fokotsang tsoekere, ho kenyelletsa Glucofage, Siofor le Tyrosol. Empa e mong le e mong oa bona o ne a ke ke a etsa ntle le litlamorao. Ntle le moo, o sa tsoa fumana boima bo bongata haholo, mme ho lahla le lefu le joalo ho thata haholo. The endocrinologist e laetse Metformin. Ha ho na litla-morao, ntle le ho nyekeloa ke pelo hanyane kamora ho nka. Ke thabile hore sena ke lithethefatsi tsa lapeng ebile se theko e tlaase. Maemo a tsoekere a tsitsa hantle, a boetse a thusa ho boima ba boima ba 'mele.
Ke lumela hore mothating oa ho phekola lefu la tsoekere, ho bohlokoa ho latela lijo tse nang le carb e tlase haholo mme ho bohlokoa hore tšebeliso ea lipilisi e tlameletsoe lijong. Ho ile ha etsahala hore ke leke lithethefatsi tse ngata tse fapaneng tse theolelang tsoekere. Sena ke Siofor, le Thyroxol, esita le lefu la tsoekere. Mme ehlile, lithethefatsi ka seng li na le melemo le likotsi tsa tsona. Hona joale ke nka Acarbose. Ke nwa matlapa ka lijo, a mamellehile hantle, ha a bake litla-morao. Mme ka ho fetisisa - ho fapana le lithethefatsi tse ling tse theolelang tsoekere, ha li kenye letsoho ho fumana liponto tse ling, e leng sa bohlokoa ho 'na.
Fadeeva, lefu la tsoekere la Anastasia. Thibelo, kalafo, phepo e nepahetseng / Anastasia Fadeeva. - M: Buka ka Demand, 2011. - 176 c.
Karpova E.V. Tsamaiso ea lefu la tsoekere. Menyetla e mecha, Quorum - M., 2011. - 208 leq.
Aleshin B.V. Nts'etsopele ea goiter le pathogenesis ea goiter, State Medical Publishing House of the Russian SSR - M., 2016. - 192 leq.
E re ke itsebise. Lebitso la ka ke Elena. Ke qetile lilemo tse fetang 10 ke sebetsa ke le setsebi sa endocrinologist. Ke lumela hore hajoale ke setsebi lebaleng la ka mme ke batla ho thusa baeti bohle ba sebakeng sa marang-rang ho rarolla mesebetsi e rarahaneng eseng joalo. Lisebelisoa tsohle tsa sebaka sena sa marang-rang li bokelloa ebe li sebetsoa ka hloko e le hore li fetise litaba tsohle tse hlokahalang ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang. Pele o sebelisa se hlalosoang webosaeteng, ho hlokahala tumellano ea ho buisana le litsebi kamehla.
Lithethefatsi tsa Hypoglycemic: tlhahlobo ea li-agents tsa hypoglycemic
Ho felisa lefu la tsoekere le matšoao a lona, ho sebelisoa meriana e khethehileng e etselitsoeng ho theola boemo ba tsoekere maling a motho ea kulang. Lisebelisoa tse joalo tsa antidiabetesic (hypoglycemic) li ka sebelisetsoa ts'ebeliso ea batsoali, le molomo.
Lithethefatsi tsa molomo tsa hypoglycemic tsa hypoglycemic hangata li aroloa ka tsela e latelang:
- derivatives tsa sulfonylurea (tsena ke Glibenclamide, Glikvidon, Gliklazid, Glimepirid, Glipizid, Chlorpropamide),
- alpha glucosidase inhibitors ("Acarbose", "Miglitol"),
- meglitinides ("Nateglinide", "Repaglinide"),
- biguanides ("Metformin", "Buformin", "Fenformin"),
- thiazolidinediones (Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazon, Tsiglitazon, Englitazon, Troglitazon),
- incretinomimetics.
Phekolo ea ho kopanya le li-agents tsa hypoglycemic tsa molomo kalafong ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2
Mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere mellitus (DM) ke bokuli bo sa foleng, bo tsoelang pele bo thehiloeng ho hanyetsaneng ha insulin le secretion ea insulin. Ka lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, ho hanyetsa mesifa, lisele tsa adipose, hammoho le lisele tsa sebete ho ts'ebetso ea insulin li bonoa.
Ho hanyetsa insulin tiske ea mesifa ke phoso ea pele ebile e kanna ea hlahisoa ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng pejana ho ponelopele ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Musical glycogen synthes e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho etseng tsoekere e itšetlehileng ka insulin maemong a tloaelehileng le a mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere. Leha ho le joalo, motsoako oa glycogen o senyehileng o boetse o na le bofokoli ba ho tsamaisoa ha tsoekere le phosphorylation.
Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "insulin" ka hara sebete e bonts'oa ke ho se be teng ha eona ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea gluconeogeneis, ho fokotseha ha motsoako oa glycogen sebeteng, le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea glycogenolysis, e lebisang keketseho ea tlhahiso ea tsoekere ke sebete (R. A. DeFronzo Lilly Lecture, 1988).
Khokahano e 'ngoe e phethang karolo ea bohlokoa ho ntlafatseng ha hyperglycemia ke ho hanyetsa lisele tsa adipose ketsong ea insulin, e leng ho hanyetsa phello ea li-insulin. Ho se khonehe ha insulin ho thibela lipid oxidation ho lebisa ho lokolloeng ha palo e kholo ea mafura acids (FFA). Keketseho ea maemo a FFA e sitisa ho tsamaisoa ha tsoekere le phosphorylation mme e fokotsa tsoekere ea glucose le syntheshene ea mesifa ea glycogen (M. M. Hennes, E. Shrago, A. Kissebah, 1998).
Boemo ba ho hanyetsa insulin le kotsi e kholo ea ho ba le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 bo khetholla bathong ba nang le visceral ho fapana le ho ajoa ha lithane tsa adipose. Sena se bakoa ke litšobotsi tsa biochemical tsa visceral adipose tiske: e arabela ka mokhoa o fokolang ho phello ea antilipolytic ea insulin. Keketseho ea motsoako oa tumor necrosis factor e ile ea bonoa ho li-visceral adipose tiske, tse fokotsang tšebetso ea tyrosine kinase ea insulin receptor le phosphorylation ea protheine ea substrate ea insulin receptor. Hypertrophy ea adipocytes ka mpeng ea botenya e lebisa ho phetoho ho phetohelo ea molek'hule ea insulin le ho sitisoa ha ho tlama ha eona insulin.
Khanyetso ea insulin ke karabelo e sa lekaneng ea likokoana-hloko liseleng tsa ketso ea insulin, ka ho kenella ka bongata maling. Ho hanana le "insulin" ke "khale" ho hlahisoang ke lefu la tsoekere hape ho susumetsoa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho (mokhoa oa bophelo, lijo).
Hafeela lisele tsa "li-pancreatic" li khona ho hlahisa insulin e lekaneng ho lefella litšenyehelo tsena le ho boloka boemo ba hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia e tla be e le sieo. Leha ho le joalo, ha libaka tsa β-cell li se li felisitsoe, ho ba le bofokoli ba insulin bo amanang, bo bonahatsoang ke keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali le pontšo ea lefu la tsoekere.Ho latela liphetho tsa lithuto (Levy et al., 1998), ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ba jang feela lijo, lilemo tse 5-7 kamora ho qala ha lefu lena, phokotseho e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea li-cells-cell e etsahala, ha kutloisiso ea li-insulin ha e hlile ha e joalo ea fetoha. Mokhoa oa ho fokotseha ho tsoelang pele ha mosebetsi oa β-cell ha o utloisisoe ka botlalo. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontša hore ho fokotseha ha matla a β-cell le ho eketseha ha apoptosis khafetsa ke litholoana tsa mafu a ikemiselitseng. Mohlomong, ho ipatela ho eketsehileng ha insulin nakong ea pele ea lefu ho thusa ho bolaoa ke lisele tsa sec-cell kapa secretion e tloaelehileng ea amylin (polypeptide e amyloid polypeptide e entsoeng ka proinsulin) e ka lebisa ho amyloidosis ea lihlekehleke.
Mofuteng oa 2 oa lefu la tsoekere, ho hlokometsoe liphoso tse latelang tse ling tsa insulin.
- tahlehelo kapa ho fokotseha ho hoholo karolong ea pele ea secretion ea "glucose-ikiwa",
- ho fokotseha kapa ho se leka-lekane ha tšusumetso ea insulin,
- tlolo ea secretion ea pulsatory ea insulin (tloaelehileng ho ba le liphetoho tsa nako le nako ho insulin insulin nako ea metsotso e 9-14),
- secretion e eketsehileng ea proinsulin,
- Phokotso e fetohileng ea secretion ea "insulin" ka lebaka la glucose le lipotoxicity.
Maano a ho phekola lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 a lokela ho ikemisetsa ho etsa hore lits'oaetso tsa pathogenetic tse bakang lefu lena, ke ho fokotsa khatello ea insulin le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea β-cell.
Mekhoa e akaretsang ea kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere:
- ts'oaetso ea pele (nakong ea mamello ea tsoekere e sa sebetseng),
- maqheka a ho phekola ka bohale a reretsoeng ho fihlela sepheo sa pele sa lipheo tsa glycemia,
- tšebeliso e ka sehloohong ea phekolo e kopaneng,
- kalafo e sebetsang ea insulin ho fumana puseletso ea carbohydrate metabolism.
Mekhoa ea sejoale-joale bakeng sa matšeliso a lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, le khothalletsoang ke Lekhotla la Europe la Ts'oaetso ea Lefu la Ts'oaetso ka 2005, e fana ka maikutlo a hore glycemia e ka tlase ho 6.0 mmol / L, le lihora tse 2 kamora ho ja ka tlase ho 8 mmol / L, glycated HbA1c hemoglobin ka tlase ho 6.5% , Normolipidemia, khatello ea mali ka tlase ho 140/90 mm RT. Art., Index ea boima ba 'mele ka tlase ho 25 kg / m2. Liphetho tsa UKPDS li re lumelletse ho fihlela qeto ea hore kotsi ea nts'etsopele le kholo ea mathata a mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la 2 le kholo ea lefu lena li its'etleha ka kotloloho ho boleng ba taolo ea glycemic le boemo ba HbA1c (I. M. Stratton, A. L. Adler, 2000).
Hajoale, ho na le mekhoa eo e seng ea meriana le ea meriana eo e ka rarollang bothata ba insulin. Mekhoa e se nang kotsi e kenyelletsa lijo tse nang le khalori e tlase e reretsoeng ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele, le ho ikoetlisa. Ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ho ka fumaneha ka ho latela lijo tse nang le khalori e tlase e nang le mafura a ka tlase ho 30%, mafura a tlase ho 10%, le mafura a fetang 15 g / kg ka letsatsi, hammoho le ho ikoetlisa kamehla.
Bakuli ba ka khothaletsoa ho ikoetlisa hangata ka ho ikoetlisa ka matla (ho tsamaea, ho sesa, ho thella, ho palama baesekele) ho nka metsotso e 30 ho isa ho e 5 ho isa ho e 5 ka beke, hammoho le mefuta e meng ea boikoetliso ba 'mele (J. Eriksson, S. Taimela, 1997). Ho ikoetlisa ho matlafatsa tsoekere e ikemetseng ea "insulin", ha keketseho ea boikoetliso ea tsoekere e ikemetse ka ntle le ts'ebetso ea "insulin". Ho feta moo, nakong ea boikoetliso ho na le phokotso e makatsang ea maemo a insulin maling. Ho ts'oaroa ha glucose ea mesifa ho eketseha le ha ho theoha ha maemo a insulin (N. S. Peirce, 1999).
Lijo le tšebetso ea 'mele li theha motheo oa kalafo ea bakuli bohle ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la 2,' me ke karolo ea kalafo e hlokahalang bakeng sa kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere la 2 - ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa kalafo ea hypoglycemic.
Phekolo ea lithethefatsi e fanoa maemong ao ho ona mehato ea ho ja le ho ikoetlisa ho eketsehileng ka likhoeli tse 3 li sa lumelle ho fihlela sepheo sa kalafo.Ho latela mekhoa ea ts'ebetso, lithethefatsi tsa molomo tsa hypoglycemic li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo tse kholo:
- ho ntlafatsa secretion ea "insulin" (secretogens):
- ketso ea nako e telele - Litlatsetso tsa sulfonylureas tsa moloko oa 2 le oa 3: glycazide, glycidone, glibenclamide, glimeperide,
- Ketso e khuts'oane (batsamaisi ba prandial) - glinides: repaglinide, nateglinide,
- thiazolidinediones: pioglitazone, rosiglitazone,
Monotherapy ea molomo e thibelang lefu la sethoathoa ka kotloloho e ama e le 'ngoe feela ea lihokahano tsa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Ho bakuli ba bangata, kalafo ena ha e fane ka taolo e lekaneng ea tsoekere ea mali ka nako e telele, 'me ho na le tlhoko ea kalafo e kopaneng. Ho latela UKPDS (R. C. Turner et al., 1999), monotherapy ka lithethefatsi tsa molomo tsa hypoglycemic kamora lilemo tse 3 ho tloha qalong ea kalafo e ne e sebetsa feela ho bakuli ba 50%, mme kamora lilemo tse 9 ho 25% feela. Sena se lebisa thahasellong e ntseng e eketseha mefuteng e fapaneng ea kalafo ea ho kopanya.
Phekolo ea ho kopanya e etsoa haeba ho ka ba le ho hloleha ha monotherapy ka moriana oa pele o theolelang tsoekere o boletsoeng lethal dose le leholo. Ho bohlokoa ho sebelisa litlhare tse kopanyang secretion ea insulin le kutloelo-bohloko ea lisele tsa thipa ho ea ketsong ea insulin.
Motsoako o kopaneng oa lithethefatsi:
- sulfonylurea derivatives + biguanides,
- sulfonylurea derivatives + thiazolidinediones,
- glinides + biguanides,
- glinides + thiazolidinediones,
- biguanides + thiazolidinediones,
- acarbose + lithethefatsi life kapa life tsa hypoglycemic.
Joalokaha lipatlisiso tsa liphuputso li bonts'itse, ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha hemoglobin e ngata haholo nakong ea phekolo e kopaneng le lithethefatsi tse peli tsa molomo ha e felle ho 1,7% (J. Rosenstock, 2000). Ntlafatso e tsoetseng pele ho phumants'o ea metabolism ea carbohydrate e ka fumaneha ka ho sebelisa motsoako oa lithethefatsi tse tharo kapa ka ho eketsa insulin.
Merero ea ho fana ka litlhare tse kopantsoeng e ka tsela e latelang.
- Qalong, nakong ea monotherapy ka moriana oa pele o theolelang tsoekere, haeba ho hlokahala, eketsa tekanyetso ho fihlela e fihla.
- Haeba kalafo e sa sebetse, eketsa ho eona e le lithethefatsi tsa sehlopha se seng ka tekanyo e tloaelehileng ea kalafo.
- Ka ts'ebetso e sa lekanang, ho kopanya ho eketsa tekanyetso ea moriana oa bobeli ho ea holimo.
- Ho kopantsoe lithethefatsi tse tharo ho ka etsahala haeba litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tse fetileng li sa sebetse.
Ka lilemo tse fetang tse 30, litokisetso tsa sulfonylurea li lutse sebakeng se ka sehloohong kalafong ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Ketso ea lithethefatsi ea sehlopha sena e amahanngoa le secretion e eketsehileng ea insulin le maemo a eketsehang a insulin e potolohang, empa ha nako e ntse e feta ba lahleheloa ke bokhoni ba bona ba ho boloka taolo ea glycemic le mosebetsi oa β-cell (J. Rachman, M. J. Payne et al., 1998). Metformin ke lithethefatsi tse ntlafatsang kutloisiso ea lithane ho insulin. Mochine o ka sehloohong oa ts'ebetso ea metformin e etselitsoe ho felisa khanyetso ea insulin le ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea tsoekere e ngata ke sebete. Metformin e na le bokhoni ba ho hatella gluconeogeneis ka ho thibela li-enzyme tsa ts'ebetso ena ho sebete. Boteng ba insulin, metformin e eketsa ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere ea mesifa ka ho kenya ts'ebetso ea "insulin receptor tyrosine kinase" le translocation ea GLUT4 le GLUT1 (li-glucose transmit) liseleng tsa mesifa. Metformin e eketsa ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere ke mala, (e ntlafatsa anaerobic glycolysis), e iponahatsang ka ho fokotseha hoa boemo ba glucose maling bo phallang ho tsoa ka mpeng. Tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea metformin e na le phello e ntle ho metabolism ea lipid: e lebisa ho fokotseha ha cholesterol le triglycerides maling. Mochine oa ts'ebetso oa metformin ke antihyperglycemic, eseng hypoglycemic.Metformin ha e fokotse boemo ba tsoekere maling maling ka tlase ho boemo ba eona bo tloaelehileng, ka hona, ka monotherapy ea metformin ha ho na maemo a hypoglycemic. Ho latela bangoli ba 'maloa, metformin e na le tšusumetso ea anorectic. Bakeng sa bakuli ba fumanang metformin, ho fokotseha ha boima ba 'mele ho shejoa, haholo-holo ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha lisele tsa adipose. Kameho e ntle ea metformin mefuteng ea mali ea fibrinolytic ea mali ka lebaka la khatello ea inhibitor ea plasminogen-1 e netefalitsoe.
Metformin ke sethethefatsi se tsamaiso ea sona e fokotsang khafetsa mathata a lefu la tsoekere le a mangata a amanang le lefu la tsoekere hape a ama tebello ea bophelo ba bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Phuputso e lebelletsoeng UK (UKPDS) e bonts'itse hore metformin e fokotsa sekhahla sa lefu ho lisosa tse amanang le lefu la tsoekere ka 42% ho tloha nakong ea tlhahlobo ea mafu, lenane la batho ba shoang ka 36%, le liketsahalo tsa mathata a lefu la tsoekere ka 32% (IM) Stratton, AL Adler et al., 2000).
Motsoako oa li-Biguanides le sulfonylurea e tsoang ho tsona o bonahala e le taba, hobane e ama lihokela tsa pathogenesis tsa lefu la tsoekere la 2: e tsosa secretion mme e eketsa kutloisiso ea lithane ho insulin.
Bothata bo ka sehloohong ntlafatsong ea litokisetso tse kopaneng ke khetho ea likarolo tse nang le takatso e ntle ea biolo mme li na le pharmacokinetics tse ka bapisoang. Ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko tekanyo eo likarolo tsa eona li tsoang letlapeng bakeng sa ho fihlela likhahla tse nepahetseng tsa mali ka nako e nepahetseng.
Letlapa le sa tsoa hlahisa li-glucovans, ts'ebetso le polokeho ea lona le ithutoang hantle litekong tse atolositsoeng tsa kliniki e reriloeng hantle.
Glucovans ke tlhophiso ea letlapa le kopaneng, le kenyeletsang metformin le glibenclamide. Hajoale ho hlahisoa mefuta e 'meli ea litekanyetso Russia, e nang le letlapa le le leng: metformin - 500 mg, glibenclamide - 5 mg le metformin - 500 mg, glibenclamide - 2,5 mg.
Ho na le mathata a mang a botekgeniki a ho kopanya metformin le glibenclamide letlapeng le le leng. Glibenclamide ha e qhibilihe hantle, empa e ts'oarehile hantle tharollong e kahara pampitšana ea mala. Ka hona, pharmacokinetics ea glibenclamide e itšetlehile haholo ka mofuta oa eona oa litekanyetso. Ho bakuli ba fumanang micronized le mofuta o tloaelehileng oa glibenclamide, khatello e phahameng ea lithethefatsi ho plasma e ne e fapane haholo.
Theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea li-glucovans e ikhethile (S. R. Donahue, K. C. Turner, S. Patel, 2002): glibenclamide ka sebopeho sa likaroloana tsa boholo bo hlalositsoeng ka thata li abeloa ka mokhoa o tšoanang matrix ea metformin e qhibilihang. Sebopeho sena ke sona se khethollang sekhahla sa ho lokolloa ha glibenclamide maling. Ha u nka li-glucovans, glibenclamide e hlaha maling ka potlako ho feta ha u sebelisa glibenclamide joaloka letlapa le arohaneng. Pejana ho fihlela katleho e kholo ea glibenclamide ho plasma ha u nka li-glucovans ho u lumella ho nka lithethefatsi ka lijo (H. Howlett, F. Porte, T. Allavoine, G. T. Kuhn, 2003). Mekhoa ea boleng bo phahameng ba glibenclamide ha u sebelisa sethethefatsi se kopaneng le monotherapy li tšoana. Pharmacokinetics ea metformin, eo e leng karolo ea glucovans, ha e fapane le ea metformin, e fumanehang ka sebopeho se le seng sa lithethefatsi.
Boithuto ba katleho ea li-glucovans bo entsoe ka lihlopha tsa bakuli ba sa kang ba fihlela taolo e lekaneng ea glycemic nakong ea monotherapy ka glibenclamide le metformin (M. Marre, H. Howlett, P. Lehert, T. Allavoine, 2002). Liphetho tsa boithuto bo bongata bo bontšitse hore liphetho tse ntle li fumanoe ka lihlopha tsa bakuli ba nkang li-glucovans. Kamora libeke tse 16 tsa kalafo, HBa1c le boleng bo potlakileng ba glucose sehlopheng sa bakuli ba nkang li-glucovans ka tekanyo ea metformin + glibenclamide 500 mg / 2,5 mg e fokotsehile ka 1,2% le 2.62 mmol / l, ka ho latellana, ka karolelano ea metformin + glibenclamide 500 mg / 5 mg ka 0.91% le 2.43 mmol / L, ha ba le sehlopheng sa bakuli ba nkang metformin, matšoao ana a fokotsehile feela ka 0.19% le 0.57 mmol / L, le sehlopheng sa bakuli ho nka glibenclamide, ho 0,33% le 0,73 mmol / L, ka ho latellana.Ho feta moo, phello e phahameng ea lithethefatsi tse kopaneng e fumanoe ka litekanyetso tse tlase tsa ho qetela tsa metformin le glibenclamide ha li bapisoa le tse sebelisoang ho monotherapy. Kahoo, bakeng sa litokisetso tse kopaneng, litekanyetso tse kholo tsa metformin le glibenclamide e ne e le 1225 mg / 6.1 mg le 1170 mg / 11.7 mg (ho latela mofuta oa litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi), ha ka monotherapy, litekanyo tse phahameng tsa metformin le glibenclamide e ne e le 1660 mg le 13.4 mg Kahoo, leha ho na le litekanyetso tse tlase tsa lithethefatsi tsa antidiabetic, tšebelisano ea methapo ea metformin le glibenclamide, e sebelisitsoeng ka mokhoa oa pilisi e kopanyang, e fana ka phokotso e boletsoeng ho feta ea tsoekere ea mali ho feta monotherapy.
Ka lebaka la tšebeliso e potlakileng ea glibenclamide ho tsoa ho moriana o kopaneng ho ea maling nakong ea kalafo le li-glucovans, taolo e sebetsang haholoanyane ea litekanyetso tsa tsoekere ka mor'a lijo e fihlelitsoe ho bapisoa le monotherapy le likarolo tsa eona (S. R. Donahue et al., 2002).
Tlhahlobo ea ho khutlisa e boetse e bontšitse hore li-glucovans li fokotsa HbA1c haholo ho feta ts'ebeliso e kopaneng ea glucophage le glibenclamide. Liphetho tsa boithuto li bontšitse hore ha ho fetisoa bakuli ho tsoa ts'ebelisong e kopaneng ea glucophage le glibenclamide ho tsamaiso ea li-glucovans, ho fokotseha ho hoholo ho boemo ba HbAlc ho ile ha bonoa (ka karolelano ea 0.6%), 'me phello e boletsoe haholo ho bakuli ba nang le boemo ba pele ba HbA1c> 8%. Ho ile ha boela ha bontšoa hore li-glucovans li lumella taolo e sebetsang haholo ea boemo ba postprandial ba glycemia ho feta ts'ebeliso e kopaneng ea glibenclamide le metformin (S. R. Donahue et al., 2003).
Pontšo ea ho khethoa ha li-glucovans ke: mofuta oa tsoekere ea 2 ho batho ba baholo ba nang le katleho ea monotherapy e fetileng le metformin kapa glibenclamide, hammoho le phetisetso ea kalafo e fetileng ka lithethefatsi tse peli: metformin le glibenclamide. Contraindication ho khethoa ha metformin le glibenclamide le tsona ke khanyetsano ea ho khethoa ha glucovans.
Mathata a mantlha mabapi le mamello ho li-glucovans e le tlhophiso e kopaneng e nang le glibenclamide le metformin ke matšoao a hypoglycemia le litlamorao tse tsoang pōpelong ea gastrointestinal. Ho fokotsa tekanyetso ea lithethefatsi tse khahlanong le lefu la tsoekere ho fokotsa kotsi ea litlamorao. Khafetsa ea mathata a hypoglycemia le dyspeptic ho bakuli ba sa kang ba amohela lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere ka nako e telele, ha ho nka li-glucovans li ne li le tlase haholo ho feta ka monotherapy e nang le glibenclamide le metformin. Bakeng sa bakuli ba neng ba amohela litokisetso tsa metformin kapa sulfonylurea khafetsa, litla-morao tsa litla-morao tsena ha li ntse li nka li-glucovans li ne li tšoana hantle le nakong ea monotherapy e nang le likarolo tsa eona. Khafetsa, matšoao a hypoglycemia nakong ea phekolo ka glibenclamide (ka bobeli monotherapy le lithethefatsi, le ka sebopeho se kopaneng) li ile tsa bonoa ho bakuli ba nang le boemo ba HbA1c ba pele ka tlase ho 8,0 mmol / L. Ho ile ha boela ha bontšoa hore ho batho ba tsofetseng ha ho na keketseho ea maemo a hypoglycemia kalafo ea li-glucovans.
Ho latela melao ea ngaka hampe ke e 'ngoe ea litšitiso tse ka sehloohong kalafong e atlehileng ea bakuli ba nang le li-pathologies tse fapaneng. Liphetho tsa lithuto tse ngata li bonts'a hore ke karolo ea boraro feela ea bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ba khomarelang ka nepo kalafo e khothalletsoang. Tlhokahalo ea ho nka lithethefatsi tse 'maloa ka nako e ts'oanang e ama ho latela tumello ea mokuli le litlhahiso tsohle tsa ngaka mme e ama boleng ba kalafo haholo. Tlhahlobo e khutlisetsang ya data ho bakuli ba 1920 e ile ea fetisoa, ea fetisoa ho tloha monotherapy ea molomo ka metformin kapa glibenclamide ho tsamaiso e tšoanang ea lithethefatsi tsena kapa ho metformin / glibenclamide e kopaneng ea lithethefatsi.Liphetho tsa boithuto li bonts'itse hore hara bakuli ba noang moriana o kopaneng, mofuta oa kalafo o ile oa bonoa hangata ho feta har'a bakuli ba fetiselitsoeng ho tsamaiso e tšoanang ea metformin le glibenclamide (77% le 54%, ka ho latellana). Ha ba fetisetsa bakuli ho tloha monotherapy hang-hang ho ba moriana o kopaneng, ba ile ba qala ho nka maikutlo a nang le boikarabelo haholoanyane ho latela kalafo (ho tloha ho 71 ho isa ho 87%).
Li-Glucovans tse nkiloeng le lijo. Tekanyo ea lithethefatsi e khethoa ke ngaka ka bonngoe ho mokuli e mong le e mong - ho latela boemo ba glycemia. Ka tloaelo, tekanyetso ea pele ke Letlapa le le leng la "glucovans" 500 / 2,5 mg ka letsatsi.
Ha o khutlisa phekolo ea motsoako e fetileng le metformin le glibenclamide, tekanyetso ea pele ke matlapa a 1-2 a 500 / 2,5 mg, ho latela litekanyetso tse fetileng tsa monotherapy. Tekanyetso e lokisoa libeke tse ling le tse ling tse 1-2 kamora ho qala kalafo, ho latela boemo ba tsoekere. Tekanyo e kholo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ke matlapa a 4 a glucovans 500 / 2,5 mg kapa matlapa a 2 a glucovans 500/5 mg.
Hona joale, litokisetso tse kopaneng le litekanyetso tse tsitsitseng tsa metformin le sulfonylurea li se li hlahisitsoe 'me li sebelisoa ka mafolofolo (Tafole ea 1). E 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tsena ke glibomet, e leng motsoako oa glibenclamide (2,5 mg) le metformin (400 mg). Letšoao bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ke lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ka ho se sebetse hantle ha kalafo ea ho ja kapa monotherapy ka lithethefatsi tsa molomo tsa hypoglycemic. Mokhoa o khothalelitsoeng oa moriana o kenyelletsa qalong lethal dose ea pilisi e le 'ngoe ka letsatsi le lijo, le khetho ea mohato ka mohato. Tekanyetso e nepahetseng e nkuoa e le karolo ea 2 ea letlapa le le leng. Tekanyetso e kholo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ke matlapa a 4 - matlapa a 2 makhetlo a 2 ka letsatsi. Glibomet ke sethethefatsi sa pele se kopantseng tsoekere se kopaneng Russia. Liphetho tsa lithuto tsa kliniki li bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea eona e phahameng, polokeho, mamello e bonolo le ts'ebeliso e bonolo ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 (M. B. Antsiferov, A. Yu. Mayorov, 2006). Ka nako e ts'oanang, litekanyetso tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa substrate e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e entsoeng ka lithethefatsi li ile tsa theoha ka makhetlo a mabeli ho feta tekanyetso e sebelisitsoeng nakong ea monotherapy e fetileng, 'me phello ea ho fokotsa tsoekere e ne e phahame haholo. Bakuli ba hlokometse ho fokotseha ha takatso ea lijo, ho tsitsisa boima ba 'mele le ho se be teng ha maemo a hypoglycemic.
Glitazones (sensitizer) e emela sehlopha se secha sa lithethefatsi tse eketsang kutloisiso ea methapo ho insulin mme li ipakile li sebetsa hantle kalafong ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 (Clifford J. Bailey et al., 2001). Meriana ea sehlopha sena (pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) ke lijana tsa maiketsetso tsa li-receptor g tsa nyutlelie tse hlahisoang ke peroxisome proliferator (PPARg). Ts'ebetso ea PPARg e fetola polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea metabolic joalo ka adipopoisis, phetiso ea li-insulin, sephethephethe sa "glucose" (Y. Miyazaki et al., 2001), e lebisang ho fokotseha ha ho hanana ha litho tsa mmele ketsong ea insulin liseleng tsa sepheo. Ho tishu ea adipose, phello ea glitazones e lebisa ho thibelo ea mekhoa ea lipolysis, ho bokelleng ha triglycerides, e lebisang ho fokotseheng hoa boemo ba FFA maling. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho fokotseha ha maemo a FFA ea plasma ho phahamisa ts'ebetso ea tsoekere ea tsoekere ke mesifa le ho fokotsa gluconeogenesis. Kaha li-FFA li na le phello ea lipotoxic ho lisele tsa β, ho fokotseha ha tsona ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea morao.
Li-glitazones li khona ho eketsa polelo le ho fetisoa ha glucose transporter ea glut4 holim'a adipocyte ha e arabela ketsong ea insulin, e hlahisang ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere ka lithane tsa adipose. Li-glitazones li ama phapang ea li-preadipocytes, tse lebisang ho keketseho ea karolo ea tse nyane, empa e le hloko haholoanyane litlamorao tsa lisele tsa insulin. Ho vivo le vitro glitazones e fokotsa tlhahiso ea leptin, ka hona e ama bongata ba lithane tsa adipose ka tsela e sa tobang (B.Spiegelman, 1998), hape e kenya letsoho phapang ea lithaelese tse sootho tsa adipose.
Glitazones e ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere ea mesifa. Joalokaha ho tsebahala, ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, ho na le tlolo ea ts'ebetso e khothalletsoang ea insulin ea "insulin receptor phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase" mesifa. Phuputso e bapisitsoeng e bontšitse hore, khahlanong le nalane ea ts'ebetso ea troglitazone, ts'ebetso e susumetsoang ea insulin ea phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase e eketsehile makhetlo a ka bang 3. Khahlano le semelo sa kalafo ea metformin, ha ho liphetoho tse entsoeng mosebetsing oa enzyme ena (Y. Miyazaki et al., 2003).
Liphetho tsa liphuputso tsa laboratori li fana ka maikutlo a hore glitazones (rosiglitazone) e na le phello e sirelletsang khahlanong le β-lisele, e thibela lefu la β-lisele ka ho matlafatsa kholo ea tsona (P. Beales et al., 2000).
Ketso ea li-glitazones, e reretsoeng ho hlola khanyetso ea insulin le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa β, ha e u lumelle feela hore u boloke taolo ea glycemic e khotsofatsang, empa hape e thibela tsoelo-pele ea lefu lena, ho fokotseha ho eketsehileng ha ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa β-tsoelo-pele le ho eketseha ha mathata a macrovascular. Ka ho sebetsa hoo e batlang e le likarolo tsohle tsa metabolic syndrome, li-glitazones li ka fokotsa kotsi ea ho ba le lefu la pelo.
Hajoale, lithethefatsi tse peli tse tsoang sehlopheng sa thiazolidatedione li ngolisitsoe mme li amohetsoe hore li sebelisoe: pioglitazone (actos) le rosiglitazone.
Pontšo ea ts'ebeliso ea li-glitazones e le monotherapy ke mofuta oa pele oa lefu la tsoekere la 2 le nang le matšoao a ho hanyetsa insulin ka lijo tse sa sebetseng hantle le mofuta oa boikoetliso.
Joaloka phekolo e kopantsoeng, li-glitazones li sebelisoa ha ho se na taolo e lekaneng ea glycemic ha u nka metformin kapa sulfonylurea. Ho ntlafatsa taolo ea glycemic, o ka sebelisa motsoako oa makhetlo a mararo (glitazones, metformin le sulfonylureas).
Motsoako o sebetsang le o loketseng oa glitazones le metformin. Lithethefatsi ka bobeli li na le phello ea hypoglycemic le hypolipidemic, empa mokhoa oa ts'ebetso oa rosiglitazone le metformin o fapane (V. A. Fonseca et al., 1999). Glitazones e ntlafatsa haholo tsoekere e itšetlehileng ka insulin mokokotlong oa marapo. Ketso ea metformin e etselitsoe ho hatella mofuta oa tsoekere bokong. Boithuto bo bontšitse hore ke glitazones, mme eseng metformin, e ka eketsang ts'ebetso ea phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, e 'ngoe ea li-enzyme tsa mantlha tsa phetiso ea lets'oao la insulin, ka makhetlo a fetang a 3. Ntle le moo, ho eketsoa ha glitazone ho phekolo ea metformin ho lebisa ntlafatsong e kholo mosebetsing oa β sele ha o bapisoa le kalafo ea metformin.
Hajoale, ho thehiloe sethethefatsi se secha sa kopanyo - avandamet. Mefuta e 'meli ea moriana ona e khothalletsoa ka tekanyetso e fapaneng ea rosiglitazone le metformin: rosiglitazone 2 mg le 500 mg metformin le rosiglitazone 1 mg hammoho le 500 mg metformin. Regimen e khothalletsoang ke matlapa a 1-2 makhetlo a mabeli ka letsatsi. Moriana ha o na feela phello e boletsoeng e fokotsang tsoekere ha e bapisoa le phello ea karolo ka 'ngoe ka thoko, empa e boetse e fokotsa bongata ba mafura a tlotsitsoeng. Ka 2002, avandamet e ile ea ngolisoa USA, ka 2003 - linaheng tsa Europe. Haufinyane, ponahalo ea sesebelisoa sena Russia e lebelletsoe.
Ho kopana ha li-glitazones tse tsoang ho sulfonylurea derivatives ho lumella motho hore a nke khato e 'meli e kholo ho pathogeneis ea lefu la tsoekere la 2: ho kenya ts'ebetsong seculin ea seculin (li-sulfonylurea derivatives) le ho eketsa kutloisiso ea lisele ho ketso ea insulin (glitazone). Haufinyane, ponahalo ea litheko tse kopaneng tsa lithethefatsi avandaril (rosiglitazone le glimepiride) li lebelletsoe.
Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho bontšoa ke litholoana tsa phuputso e entsoeng ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ba fumaneng monotherapy ka sulfonylureas le metabolism ea carbohydrate, tlatsetso ea rosiglitazone (avandium) e lebisitse ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa boemo ba HbA1c le glycemia lihora tse 2 kamora ho ts'oaroa ha glucose (Tafole ea 2).
Kamora likhoeli tse 6 tsa kalafo e kopaneng, phumants'o ea metabolism ea carbohydrate e fihlelitsoe ho 50% ea bakuli (I.V. Kononenko, T.V. Nikonova, O. M. Smirnova, 2006).Ntlafatso ea boemo ba metabolism ea carbohydrate e ne e tsamaisana le keketseho ea sensitivity ea tishu ho ea ketsong ea li-insulin tsa mehleng ea morao-rao, le ho fokotseha ha basal le postprandial hyperinsulinemia (Lethathamo 3). Liphetho tsa boithuto ba rona li bontšitse mamello e ntle ea ho kopana ha rosiglitazone le litokisetso tsa sulfonylurea.
Melemo e latelang ea phekolo e fokotsang tsoekere e kopantsoeng le melemo ea sulfonylurea le glitazones e ka khetholloa ha ho bapisoa le sotheronylurea monotherapy feela:
- matšeliso a matle bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere ka ho khethoa ka nako e loketseng kalafo ea motswako,
- ho thibela nts'etsopele ea hyperinsulinemia, ho fokotseha ha insulin,
- ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea cell-cell - ka tsela ena e fihlella bokhoni ba ho liehisa phetisetso ea kalafo ea insulin.
Kahoo, sepheo sa kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ke ho fihlela le ho boloka taolo e sebetsang ea tsoekere ea mali, hobane kotsi ea ho tsoala le ho ntlafala ha mathata a lefu la tsoekere la 2 le kholo ea lefu lena li its'etleha ka kotloloho ho boleng ba taolo ea glycemic le boemo ba HbA1c. Ho fihlela matšeliso bakeng sa metabolism ea carbohydrate, algorithm e latelang bakeng sa kalafo ea bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la 2 e ka khothalletsoa ho latela boemo ba hemoglobin ea glycosylated (bona sa feiga. 2). Phekolo ea ho kopanya ke e 'ngoe ea mehato ea mantlha ea ho phekola bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2' me e lokela ho sebelisoa maemong a pejana ho feta kamoo ho tloaeloang ho laetsoa, kaha sena se u lumella ho fihlela taolo ea glycemic e sebetsang hantle, hape e ama hantle metabolic syndrome. Ho feta moo, litokisetso tse kopaneng le lethal dose la likarolo tsa likarolo li na le melemo e 'maloa.
- Ka lebaka la litekanyetso tse tlase tsa kalafo ea litlhare tse kopaneng, mamello ea tsona e molemo, hape le litla-morao tse fokolang li bonoa ho feta ka monotherapy kapa ka litlhare tse fapaneng tsa litlhare tse kopaneng.
- Ha u sebelisa lithethefatsi tse kopaneng, ho na le ts'ehetso e phahameng, kaha palo le khafetsa tsa lipilisi li fokotsehile.
- Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse kopaneng e etsa hore ho be bonolo ho fana ka kalafo ea likarolo tse tharo.
- Ho ba teng ha litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa lithethefatsi tse etsang moriana o kopaneng ho etsa hore ho be bonolo ho khetha mefuta e mengata ea lithethefatsi tse kopaneng.
I.V. Kononenko, molulasetulo oa lithuto tsa bongaka O. M. Smirnova, ngaka ea saense ea bongaka, ESC RAMS, Moscow
Lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere la bobeli - Lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere tse ncha tsa lefu la tsoekere 2.
Bakeng sa ho laola metabolism ea mokuli ea nang le lefu la tsoekere la 2 hantle kamoo ho ka khonehang, lingaka li sebelisa motsoako oa lithethefatsi tse ikhethileng haholo, tseo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e otlang sepheo sa eona. Actos ® le glitazones tse ling ha li eketse feela kutloisiso ea lisele tsa mmele ho insulin, empa hape li fokotsa sekhahla sa tlhahiso ea tsoekere maling le joalo le ho fokotsa kotsi ea mathata a pelo.
Ena ke sehlahisoa sa mekhahlelo e 'meli e thehiloeng holima likarolo tse bolokehileng tsa semela. Boemong ba pele, phello ea kalafo e etsoa ho sebelisoa phepo e nepahetseng ea phepo, khalemelo ea bophelo, le mekhoa e meng.
Ke lipilisi life tsa lefu la tsoekere tse ntle le tse sebetsang haholoanyane? Boemong bona, motho o ba le botenya, haholo mahetla, matsoho le mpa ea hae ea thipa.
Mohloli oa taba
Monna o hloka tsoekere e le mafura, 'me e hlahisoa ho tsoa ho lik'habohaedreite tse fumanoeng ka lijo' me li abuoa ho pholletsa le 'mele ka thuso ea mali. E le ho khotsofatsa sele ka 'ngoe ka matla a hlokahalang, manyeme, a qalang ho hlahisa insulin, a kenyeletsoa mosebetsing. Hormone ena e boetse e thusa tsoekere.
Sekhahla se sa lekaneng sa tsoekere ha se tšose feela komello, empa hape le taba ea hore phello e bolaeang e ka hlaha.
Glypoglycemia e hlaha ka lebaka la tsoekere e sa lekaneng, e kenyelelitsoeng lijong, kapa ka lebaka la tlhahiso e matla ea insulin.
Lefu la tsoekere le arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli:
- Ea pele ke mofuta o itšetlehileng ka insulin. Tabeng ena, batho ba kulang ba qobelloa ho kenya insulin ka nako e lekanang hore ba khone ho sebetsana le tsoekere e hlokahalang. Litekanyetso li beoa ke ngaka e eang.
- Sebopeho se sa ts'epeng insulin.
Haeba ho na le insulin e ngata haholo, sebete se leka ho theha botsitso ka ho hlahisa glycogen. Empa haeba e le sieo kapa e nyane haholo, lithethefatsi li tla u thusa.
Hypoklikimia e hlaha haholo-holo ka lebaka la:
- tekanyo e nepahetseng ea insulin,
- ho theola tsoekere ea mali hangata hangata ka mor'a ho noa joala.
- tlala e telele, lijo tse se nang phepo, ho kenyelletsa le lijo,
- boikoetliso bo phahameng, bo lebisitseng ho se be teng ha glucose le glycogen,
- phekolo ea lithethefatsi, e kenyeletsang lithethefatsi tseo ho leng thata ho li kopanya le lithethefatsi tse etselitsoeng ho phekola lefu la tsoekere, mohlala, Aspirin, Allopurinol.
Haeba motho a se na lefu la tsoekere, joale hypoglycemia e ka baka lefu le leng le le leng le amanang le tsamaiso ea endocrine.
Boemo ba hypoglycemia bo ka ba le litekanyetso tse 3 tsa ho teba, 'me ho theola boemo ba tsoekere, ho leng kotsi le ho feta hore na matšoao le tsona a boletsoe joang:
- Letšoao le ka tlase ho tloaelo ea 3.8 mmol / l, ho nyekeloa, ho tšoha, ho ts'oara ho qala, ho ts'oaroa ha molomo kapa menoana ho ikutloa - ke kamoo sethala se bobebe se bonahatsang ka teng.
- Ka ho teba haholo, ho thata ho tsepamisa mohopolo, mehopolo ea ferekana, motho o bohale haholo. Ho opeloa ke hlooho ho qala, khatello ea ho sisinyeha ha e na letho, ho thata ho bua, ho na le bofokoli bo matla.
- Boemo bo bobe ka ho fetisisa, ha boemo ba tsoekere bo theohile ka tlase ho 2.2 mmol / l, mme bo tsamaisana le ho akheha, ho tsitsipana, sethoathoa, le ho oela ka har'a komello. Mocheso oa 'mele o fokotsoa haholo. Likepe tse poteletseng li qala ho senyeha, tse ka lebisang bofofu le angiopathy.
Lithethefatsi tsa Hypoglycemic li thusa ho boloka 'mele hore o se ke oa o etsa o kotsi haholo. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela ho qala ha lefu lena le ho nka mehato e potlakileng ho le felisa. E sebetsang ka ho fetisisa ntlheng ena ke glucagon. Motsoako ke lihormone tse bolokang makhopho a letlalo, hape li khothaletsa sebopeho sa tsoekere maling.
Haeba motho ea nang le lefu la tsoekere a ke ke a ja kapa oa songoa, tsela e tiileng ke ho kenya tharollo ea glucagon ka methapo, kahare kapa ka thipa. E sebetsa metsotso e 20, 'me ha moriana o sebetsa hantle, motho ea hlokofalitsoeng o lokela ho fuoa lijo le lik'habohaedreite tse jang matla.
Ha moemeli enoa a kena 'meleng, o kenya letsoho keketseho ea khatello ea tsoekere, mme ho na le ts'ebetso ea ho eketsa gluconeogeneis, ke hore, ho thehoa ha tsoekere maling.
Moriana o hlasimolla li-spasms, bophelo ba 'mele oa lona, ha o kenella ka har'a plasma ea mali, ho tloha ho metsotso e meraro ho isa ho e tšeletseng.
Hloekisa mala a hau ka potlako
Ka lebaka la ho tloaeleha ha tlhahiso ea "insulin" ho mokuli, takatso ea lijo e ngata ea fokotseha, e leng molemo haholo ho batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere le ba batenya kapa ba batenya haholo. Lithethefatsi tse fokotsang tsoekere tsa mofuta ona li fanoa maemong a latelang: Maemong a mang, sulfonamides e fanoa hammoho le insulin.
- Lithethefatsi tse ncha tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa mofuta oa 1 le lefu la tsoekere la 2.
- Mekhoa ea kajeno ea kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2
Sehlopha sena sa lichelete se kenyelletsa Januvia, Galvus, Saksagliptin. Likahare Kaha ho na le lithethefatsi tse ngata ho theola tsoekere ea mali, ke nkile qeto ea ho u tsebisa tsona. Bakeng sa bonolo ba hau, ke tla bonts'a ka mabokoseng lebitso le tsebahalang la khoebo, empa hopola hore ho na le tse ling tse ngata.
Ke moetlo oa ho fumana insulin ho latela hore na o nka nako e kae mefuteng e 'maloa ea khetho. Ka hona, ke nkile qeto ea ho etsa sena: Ke bua hakhutšoanyane ka moriana o itseng 'me hang-hang ke fana ka khokahano ho sengolo se seng le se seng se hlalosoang ka botlalo.
Lithethefatsi tse kopantsoeng tse nang le tsoekere li bonolo ho feta hobane litekanyetso tsa motsoako o mong le o mong li tlase ho feta tseo li ka li nkang "ka boena." Latela sehokela mme o fumane leseli le eketsehileng ka hypoglycemic.
Kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere
U ka se kopane joang ka mefuta e joalo 'me u khethe litlhare tse nepahetseng tse theolelang tsoekere? Ka lebaka lena, litekanyetso li behiloeng ke ngaka li tlameha ho shejoa ka hloko li sa natefeloe.
Ho hlakile hore lithethefatsi tse laetsoeng kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ha li hlile ha li tšoanele bakuli ba lefu la tsoekere bao insulin ea hae e sa hlahisoang. Baemeli ba li-meglitinides ke litokisetso tsa Novonorm le Starlix. Ho feta moo, bakuli ba bang ba nona.
E re ke le hopotseng, metsoalle, hore setlhare ka seng se na le lebitso la sona la machaba leo e seng la bophatlalatsi, ka bokhutšoanyane se bitsoa INN. Starlix ® e bolokehile bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho hlaka ea renal le hepatic, ha e lebise ho matlafeng le ho fokotsa kotsi ea hypoglycemia.
Phekolo le phepo e nepahetseng Buka ea Lefu la Tsoekere
Mme e bile ka 1923 e ile ea phatlalala le lefats'e. Ka hona, li mamelloa hamolemo, li na le litla-morao tse fokolang ho fapana le kalafo ea monotherapy kapa ha lefu la tsoekere le sebelisa lithethefatsi tse 'maloa ka thoko.
Empa maemong a mang, esita le ho nka meriana ea molomo ha e na thuso. Bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ba ka ea ntle le litafole tse fokotsang tsoekere nako e telele, le ho boloka boleng bo tloaelehileng ba tsoekere ea mali ka ho latela feela lijo tse tlase tsa carb le ho ikoetlisa ka ho lekaneng 'meleng.
- Bahatisi ba lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2, lenane la lipilisi
- Lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere maling bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2
- Metformin - e tla thusa ka lefu la tsoekere
- Lefu la tsoekere la Amerika lea phekoloa, lipilisi tsa Amerika le
- Phekolo ea lefu la tsoekere - Mofuta oa 2 oa Lithethefatsi Ho Fokotsa Lithethefatsi
- Mofuta oa 2 Ho fokotsa Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi
Setlhare sena se ke ke sa fokotsa tsoekere ka tlase ho boemo ba sona bo tloaelehileng ba 'mele,' me haeba mokuli a phekoloa le eena feela, a ke ke a ba le hypoglycemia. Setlhare sena se rekisoa ho fihlela joale feela webosaeteng ea molao ea moetsi.
Trophic ulcer lefu la tsoekere
Baemeli ba khanyang ba sehlopha sena ke Glucobay le Miglitol. Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se ame data ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsena ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Lethathamo la 5 le fana ka datha ho palo ea bakuli ba kileng ba tšoaroa ke lefu la tsoekere la mantlha la lefu la tsoekere. Ka hona, li-inhibitors tsa DPP-4 le li-agonists tsa GLP-1 li ntse li nka sebaka sa tsona moetlong oa kalafo oa bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Karolo ea li-inhibitors tsa DPP-4 le li-agonists tsa GLP-1 kalafong ea bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 e lula e se na letho ebile e sa feteng 0,2%.
Boemo bona bo na le mabaka a utloahalang: kaha lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II ha le maemong ohle a amanang le khaello ea insulin, tlhahiso e fetelletseng ea hormone ena e ke ke ea ntlafatsa maemo ao lisele li sa qhekelloeng ho ona. Novonorm® e hloka khetho ea lethal dose, empa, joalo ka lithethefatsi tse fetileng, ha e bake hypoglycemia. E sebelisoa ka bobeli ho monotherapy (ha ho sebelisoa meriana e le 'ngoe feela), hammoho le metmorphine kapa insulin.
Ka hona, re tla leka ho fana ka kakaretso ea lithethefatsi tse tsebahalang haholo tsa lefu la tsoekere mme re qale ka meriana e sebelisoang ho phekola lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Lintlha tsena joale ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa keketseho ea palo ea bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere.
Matšoao a bongaka
Phekolo ea Glucagon e khethoa haeba:
- theola tsoekere ea mali
- phekolo ea ho tšoha bakeng sa bokuli ba kelello ea hlokahala.
- e le thuso e thusang nakong ea ts'oaetso ea mpa, mala, mokhoa oa radiology.
Hoa hlokahala ho khutlisetsa glycogen ka har'a sebete le ho thibela hypoglycemia ea bobeli kamora ts'ebetso ea moriana, ngaka e fana ka lik'habohaedreite.
Kamora hore moriana o kene 'meleng, ho ka ba le litla-morao tse bakang ho hloka thabo:
- ho nyekeloa le pelo le ho hlatsa
- karohano ea mmele le ho etsa joalo ka lepotlapotla, ho hlohlona, hangata - angioedema,
- khatello ea khatello.
Ho na le sehlopha sa batho ba sa lokelang ho phekoloa ka glucagon. Setlhare se kopantsoe haeba ho na le:
- hypersensitivity ho efe kapa efe ea likarolo tsa moriana ona,
- mathata le litšoelesa tsa adrenal,
- hypoglycemia ea mofuta o sa foleng oa tlhaho e fapaneng, lisosa li khethoa ke ngaka e eang.
Nakong ea bokhachane le pelehi, kalafo le sethethefatsi ha e eletse, empa haeba ho hlokahala, e ka sebelisoa feela maemong a feteletseng.
Moemeli enoa oa hypoglycemic ke phofo e tiisitsoeng ka bongata, e boetse e na le lisebelisoa tse ling ho latela palo ea lithethefatsi: lactose, glycerin, phenol.
Phofo e ka bobeli e le mofuta o le mong oa lethal dose e nang le solvent, hape e ka sebelisoa hape. E lokela ho bolokoa ka mocheso oa likhato tse 2-8 Celsius, 'me ha ea lokela ho sala e se na khanya ea letsatsi.
Litaelo tsa ho sebelisoa
Tharollo e loketse tšebeliso feela nakong ea lihora tse 24. Moriana o etselitsoe ts'ebetso e sebetsang, ka hona, haeba motho a hlokofetse ka lebaka la bokuli, o lokela ho tsoha ka mor'a metsotso e 5, 'me kamora metsotso e 20 o se a khona ho tsepamisa mohopolo a bile a arabe lipotso ka ho hlaka. Empa haeba mokuli a ntse a sa fole, o tla tlameha ho mo letsetsa ngaka, 'me ho ka etsahala, o tla hloka ho enta glucose kapa dextrose ka methapo.
Glucose e tlameha ho ba teng maling khafetsa, moriana oa hlokahala ha khatello ea mali e thelisoa. Matlapa a glucose a kenella ka potlako maling, 'me phello ea eona e ntle e qala ka potlako ka lebaka la hore ha e tsamaee lits'ebetsong tse ling tsa sebete. E se e le sethaleng sa pele - ha e kena molomong - karolo ea tsoekere e kenella ka har'a mali, 'me karolo e setseng ho tsoa ka mpeng le mala e kenella ka potlako,' me phello e tla ba hantle, ha tsoekere ea mali e phahama le haeba matšoao a le tlase mme boemo ba mokuli bo tlisoa. ka tekanyo e itseng hoo makhopho a sa hlahiseng insulin, haeba e le lefu la tsoekere la II, ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 5, insulin ha e eo 'meleng.
Ha tsoekere e sa theohe ka tlase ho tloaelehileng, tsoekere ho mokuli ea nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II e ke ke ea ba le phello e ntle, hobane pancreatic insulin e hlahisa.
Ke mang ea nang le lefu la tsoekere la tsoekere, tsoekere, 1 g ea eona, e tla eketsa tsoekere ka 0,28 mmol / l, empa ho hlokahala hore u bale palo e hlokahalang hantle.
Glucose ha e hlahisoe feela matlapeng, empa hape e le tharollo ea metsi.
Foromo ena e hlokahala haholo haeba motho a e-na le mofuta o itseng oa bokuli kapa o matla, 'me a sa khone ho koenya moriana.
Mofuta o bonolo ka ho fetisisa oa tsoekere ke gel, ba hloka ho tlotsa marenene le marama bokahong ba bona bo kahare, ebe mokuli ea maemong a tebileng a ke ke a bipeha, mme kamora metsotso e 5 o tla fola.
Hoa hlokahala hore ba nang le matšoao a tsoekere a fokolang ba lule ba e-na le bathusi ba hypoglycemic le bona, hammoho le temoso e lemosang ba bang ka lefu lena le hore na ba lokela ho etsa eng ha motho a fola ka lebaka la tlhaselo ea lefu lena.