Li-hormone tsa pancreatic

Ke polypeptide e nang le liketane tse peli A le B, tse amanang pakeng

li-disulfide bridges, ho insulin ea motho ea li-amino acid le li-MM 5.7 D.

E entsoe ka liseleng tsa manyeme ka mokhoa oa proinsulin, ka sebopeho sena

e kentsoe ka har'a likhalase tsa sephiri 'me e se e ntse e le insulin le C - peptide.

Kenya ts'ebetso le secretion:

• tsoekere ea mali, mokhoako oa ho patela insulin ke 5.5 mmol / l,

• acid e mafura le li-amino acid,

• Lihomone tsa GIT: cholecystokinin, sephiri, gastrin, enteroglucagon, gastric

• ho pepesetsoa nako e telele ho li-hormone tsa kholo, glucocorticoids, estrogens, pro

Kamora ho tlama insulin ho receptor, domain enzymatic e a sebetsa

receptor. Kaha e na le ts'ebetso ea tyrosine kinase, e phosphorylates

• ts'ebetso ea glycolysis le glycogenogeneis

• mofuta o eketsehileng oa TAG le VLDL

• e susumetsa moea oa ho tsamaisa glucose liseleng

• e ntlafatsa ho tsamaisoa ha li-amino acid tse sa nkeng lehlakore mesifa

• e susumetsa phetolelo, e leng ribosomal protheine synthesis

• e susumetsa moea oa ho tsamaisa glucose liseleng

• e butse synthet ea lipoprotein lipase

• E fokotsa mosebetsi oa lipase tse ka hare

P A T O L O G I

Mellitus e itšetlehileng ka insulin le e seng insulin

GL Y K A G O N

Ke polypeptide e nang le li-amino acid tse 29 tse nang le molek'hule

boima ba 3485 E le halofo ea bophelo ba metsotso e 36.

E etsoa ka liseleng tsa manyeme le liseleng tsa mala a manyane.

Fokotsa tšebeliso ea tsoekere.

• Ho kenya ts'ebetso ea gluconeogenesis le glycogenolysis

E eketsa ts'ebetso ea li-TAG-lipase ea methapo ea kutlo ea li-hormone.

Pancreas, lihormone le matšoao a eona

Makhopho - tšepe ea bobeli e kholo ka ho fetisisa tsamaisong ea tšilo ea lijo, boima ba eona ke 60-100 g, bolelele ke 15-22 cm.

Ts'ebetso ea endocrine ea manyeme e etsoa ke lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans, tse nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea lisele. Hoo e ka bang 60% ea lisebelisoa tsa islet pancreatic ke lisele tsa β. Ba hlahisa lihormone insulin, e amang mefuta eohle ea metabolism, empa haholo-holo e fokotsa tsoekere ea plasma.

Tafole. Li-hormone tsa pancreatic

Insulin (polypeptide) ke protheine ea pele e hlahisitsoeng kantle ho mmele ka 1921 ke Baileys le Banti.

Insulin e eketsa ka mokhoa o hlollang ho kenella ha membrane ea lisele tsa mesifa le mafura bakeng sa tsoekere. Ka lebaka la sena, tekanyo ea phetoho ea tsoekere ho lisele tsena e eketseha ka makhetlo a ka bang 20 ha e bapisoa le phetoho ea glucose ho lisele ntle le insulin. Liseleng tsa mesifa, insulin e khothalletsa mofuta oa glycogen o tsoang tsoekere, le liseleng tse mafura - mafura. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea insulin, boteng ba membrane ea sele bo boetse bo eketseha bakeng sa li-amino acid tse tsoang moo liprotheine li kenngoeng liseleng.

Sa feiga. Lihormone tse ka sehloohong tse amang glucose ea mali

Hormone ea bobeli ea pancreatic glucagon - E sirellelitsoe ke lisele tsa lihlekehleke (tse ka bang 20%). Glucagon ke polypeptide ka tlhaho ea eona ea lik'hemik'hale, le mohanyetsi oa insulin ka phello ea 'mele. Glucagon e ntlafatsa ho phatloha ha glycogen ho sebete 'me e eketsa boemo ba tsoekere ho plasma ea mali. Glucagon e thusa ho bokella mafura ho tsoa litsing tsa mafura. Lihormone tse ngata li sebetsa joalo ka glucagon: STH, glucocorticond, adrenaline, thyroxine.

Tafole. Litlamorao tse ka sehloohong tsa insulin le glucagon

Mofuta oa phapanyetsano

Insulin

Glucagon

E eketsa phumano ea membrane ea lisele tsa tsoekere le ts'ebeliso ea eona (glycolysis)

E susumetsa motsoako oa glycogen

E fokotsa tsoekere e maling

E susumetsa glycogenolysis le gluconeogeneis

E na le phello e khahlanong le eona

E eketsa tsoekere ea mali

Palo ea 'mele ea ketone maling e ea fokotseha

Palo ea 'mele ea ketone maling e eketseha

Hormone ea boraro ea manyeme ke zangolotear e patiloe ke lisele tse 5 (hoo e ka bang 1-2%). Somatostatin e thibela ho ntšoa ha glucagon le ho monya glucose ea ka mpeng.

Hyper- le hypofunction ea manyeme

Ha hypofunction ea manyeme e etsahala lefu la tsoekere. E tšoauoa ke matšoao a 'maloa, ketsahalo eo ho eona ho amanang le ho eketseha ha tsoekere ea mali - hyperglycemia Tsoekere e ntseng e eketseha maling, ke ka lebaka leo e leng filtrate e bonoang e lebisang 'neteng ea hore renal tubule epithelium ha e amohe tsoekere ka botlalo, ka hona e hloekisoa ka har'a moroto (glucosuria). Ho na le tahlehelo ea tsoekere ka har'a moroto - ho ntša metsi tsoekere.

Palo ea moroto o ile oa eketseha (polyuria) ho tloha ho 3 ho isa ho 12, mme maemong a sa tloaelehang, ho fihlela lilitha tse 25. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore tsoekere e sa lomosoang e eketsa khatello ea osmotic ea moroto, e ts'elang metsi ho eona. Metsi ha a kenngoe ka mokhoa o lekaneng ke marang-rang, 'me palo ea moroto o ntlafalitsoeng ke liphio e ea eketseha. Ho fokola hoa metsi ho baka lenyora ho bakuli ba lefu la tsoekere, e lebisang ho tšebeliso e ngata ea metsi (hoo e ka bang 10 l). Mabapi le ho pepesetsoa ha tsoekere moriring, tšebeliso ea liprotheine le mafura e le lintho tse netefatsang hore metabolism ea matla a mmele e eketseha haholo.

Ho fokola ha oxidation ea tsoekere ho lebisa ho mofetsong oa metabolism oa mafura. Lihlahisoa tsa oxidation e sa phetheheng ea mafura li thehoa - 'mele ea ketone, e lebisang phetohong ea mali ho ea lehlakoreng la acid - acidosis. Ho bokelloa ha 'mele oa ketone le acidosis ho ka baka boemo bo tebileng, bo ka behang lefu - lefu la tsoekere, e etsahalang ka ho felloa ke kelello, ho hema ka thata le phallo ea mali.

Pancreatic hyperfunction ke lefu le sa tloaelehang haholo. Insulin e ngata maling e baka tsoekere e matla ho eona - hypoglycemiae ka lebisang ho lahleheloang ke kelello - hypoglycemic coma. Lebaka ke hobane tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng e ameha haholo ka khaello ea glucose. Ho hlahisoa ha tsoekere ho tlosa liketsahalo tsena kaofela.

Molao oa ts'ebetso ea pancreatic. Ho hlahisoa ha insulin ho laoloa ke mochine o seng molaong oa karabelo ho latela ho kenella ha glucose maling a mali. Ho eketseha ha tsoekere ea mali ho eketsa tlhahiso ea insulin, athe hypoglycemia, ho etsoa ha insulin, ho fapana le hoo, e thibetsoe. Tlhahiso ea insulin e ka nyoloha ka ho susumetsa ha methapo ea kutlo ea mpa.

Mosebetsi oa pancreatic endocrine

Makhopho (boima ba batho ba baholo 70-80 g) e na le mosebetsi o tsoakaneng. Lisele tse nang le chefo ea tšoelesa li hlahisa lero la ho silila, le ntseng le tšeloa khanya ea duodenum. Ts'ebetso ea endocrine ka har'a manyeme e etsoa ke lihlopha (ho tloha ho tse 0,5 ho isa ho tse peli) tsa lisele tse tsoang epithelial, tse bitsoang lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans (Pirogov-Langerhans) 'me li etsa karolo ea 1-2% ea boima ba eona.

Taolo ea Paracrine ea lisele tsa li-isanger tsa Langerhans

Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea lisele tsa endocrine lihlekehlekeng:

• lisele tse ka bang 20% ​​li etsa glucagon,
• β-cell (65-80%), e hlophisa insulin,
• δ-cell (2-8%) synthesizing somatostatin,
• Lisele tsa PP (ka tlase ho 1%) li hlahisa pancreatic polypeptide.

Bana ba banyenyane ba na le lisele tsa G tse hlahisang gastrin. Lihormone tse ka sehloohong tsa "pancreatic" tse tsamaisang lits'ebetso tsa metabolic ke insulin le glucagon.

Insulin - polypeptide e nang le liketane tse peli (ketane ea A e na le masalla a 21 a amino acid le mokokotlo oa B oa litsala tse 30 tsa amino acid) tse kopantsoeng hammoho ka marokho. Insulin e tsamaisoa ke mali haholo sebakeng se lokolohileng 'me litaba tsa eona ke 16-160 mkU / ml (0.25-2.5 ng / ml). Ka letsatsi (lisele tse 3 tsa motho ea phetseng hantle li hlahisa li-insulin tse 35-50 (hoo e ka bang likarolo tsa 0.6-1.2 / kg ea boima ba 'mele).

Tafole. Mekhoa ea ho tsamaisa glucose ka seleng

Mofuta oa lesela

Mochine

Ho hlokahala protheine ea "glut-4 carriers" bakeng sa sephetho sa "glucose" membrane ea sele

Tlas'a tšusumetso ea "insulin", protheine ena e tloha sebopeho sa "cytoplasm" le "glucose" e kena seleng ka ho kenella

Ho hlohlelletsa ka insulin ho lebisa hoketseho ea tekanyo ea tsoekere ka seleng ka lebaka la 20- 40. Ho tsamaisoa ha tsoekere maling le mesifa ea adipose ho latela insulin.

Liprotheine tse fapa-fapaneng tsa glucose transporter (GLUT-1, 2, 3, 5, 7) li teng ka har'a membrane ea sele, e kenang kahara membrane ho sa tsotelehe insulin

U sebelisa liprotheine tsena ka ho kenella habonolo, tsoekere e fetisoa ka seleng ke gradient ea mahloriso

Lithane tse sa itšetlehang ka insulin li kenyelletsa: bokong, gastrointestinal epithelium, endothelium, lisele tse khubelu tsa mali, lilense, li-is-cell tsa li-isanger tsa Langerhans, medulla ea liphio, li-seminal vesicles

Secretion ea insulin

Sekhukhu sa "insulin" se arotsoe ka basal, ho ba le morethetho o boletsoeng oa circadian, hape o susumetsoa ke lijo.

Secretion ea basal e fana ka boemo bo bongata ba tsoekere maling le lits'ebetsong tsa anabolic 'meleng nakong ea ho robala le nakong ea linako tse pakeng tsa lijo. Ke hoo e ka bang 1 U / h mme liakhaonto bakeng sa 30-50% ea secretion ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea insulin. Secretion ea basal e fokotsoa haholo ka ho ikoetlisa ka nako e telele kapa ho bolaoa ke tlala.

Secretion e susumetsoang ke lijo ke keketseho ea secretion ea basal e bakoang ke takatso ea lijo. Bophahamo ba eona ke 50-70% ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Secretion ena e netefatsa tokiso ea boemo ba tsoekere maling maling tlasa maemo a ho eketsoa ho eketsehileng ka mpeng, mme e etsa hore ho khonehe ho monya le ho sebelisa lisele hantle. Ho teba ha sephiri ho latela nako ea letsatsi, ho ba le maemo a mekha e 'meli. Palo ea "insulin" e kenngoeng maling e lekana le palo ea lik'habohaedreite tse nkiloeng 'me e fihla ho 1-2,5 U ea insulin bakeng sa lik'habohaedreite tse ling le tse ling tsa hoseng (hoseng 2-2,5 U, thapama - 1-1.5 U, ka shoalane - hoo e ka bang 1 U ) Le leng la mabaka a ho itšetleha hona ha insulin secretion ka nako ea letsatsi ke boemo bo phahameng maling a li-hormone tsa contrainsular (haholo-holo cortisol) hoseng le ho fokotseha ha eona mantsiboea.

Sa feiga. Mokhoa oa secretion oa insulin

Karolo ea pele (e hlobaetsang) ea secretion ea insulin ha e tšoarelle ebile e amana le exocytosis ke lisele tsa β-lihormone tse seng li bokelletsoe lipakeng tsa lijo. Ke ka lebaka la ts'usumetso e matlafatsang liseleng tsa β -s eseng tsoekere e ngata joalo ka lihormone tsa mokokotlo oa gastrointestinal - gastrin, enteroglucagon, glycine, glucagon-peptide 1, e kentsoeng maling nakong ea lijo le ho hlohlona. Karolo ea bobeli ea secretion ea insulin e bakoa ke ketso ea seculin ea insulin liseleng tsa p ke eona glucose ka boeona, boemo boo maling a bona bo nyolohang ka lebaka la ho amoheloa ha eona. Ketso ena le secretion e eketsehileng ea insulin e ntse e tsoela pele ho fihlela boemo ba tsoekere bo fihlella bo tloaelehileng ho motho ea fuoeng, i.e. 3.33-5.55 mmol / L maling a venous le 4.44-6.67 mmol / L maling a capillary.

Insulin e sebetsa liseleng tse fumanehang ka ho susumetsa li-receptor tsa 1-TMS tsa membrane e nang le ts'ebetso ea tyrosine kinase. Lisele tse ka sehloohong tsa insulin ke li-hepatocytes tsa sebete, myocyte ea mesifa ea mokokotlo, adipocytes ea lithane tsa adipose. E 'ngoe ea litlamorao tsa eona tsa bohlokoa ke ho fokotseha ha tsoekere ea mali; lisebelisoa tsa insulin ka ho monya tsoekere e ngata maling maling ke lisele tse fumanehang ho eona. Sena se fihlelloa ka ho kenya tšebetsong mosebetsi oa bahahlauli ba transmembrane glucose (GLUT4), ba kentsoeng kahara membrane ea plasma ea lisele tse shebiloeng, le ho eketsa sekhahla sa phetisetso ea tsoekere ho tsoa maling ho ea liseleng.

E entsoe ke insulin ea 80% ka har'a sebete, phomolo lipelong le linthong tse nyane liseleng tsa mesifa le mafura. Bophelo ba halofo ea bona bo tsoa maling bo nka metsotso e mene.

Litlamorao tse ka sehloohong tsa insulin

Insulin ke hormone ea anabolic 'me e na le litlamorao tse ngata liseleng tse ka sehloohong tsa lisele tse fapaneng. Ho se ho boletsoe hore e 'ngoe ea litlamorao tsa eona tse ka sehloohong - ho theola boemo ba tsoekere maling e bonts'oa ka ho eketsa ho monya ha eona ka lisele tse hlotsitsoeng, ho potlakisa lits'ebetso tsa glycolysis le oxidation ea lik'habohaedreite ho tsona. Ho hlohlelletsa motsoako oa glycogen sebeteng le mesifa ka insulin ho phahamisa ho theoha ha boemo ba glucose, le khatello ea gluconeogeneis le glycogenolysis ka har'a sebete. Insulin e phahamisa ho kenngoa ha li-amino acid ka lisele tse etselitsoeng ho eona, e fokotsa catabolism hape e tsosetsa ho hlophisoa ha protheine liseleng. E boetse e khothalletsa ho fetoloa ha tsoekere e le mafura, ho bokellana ha li-triacylglycerols ho li-adipocytes tsa lithane tsa adipose, le ho thibela lipolysis ho tsona. Ka hona, insulin e na le phello e akaretsang ea anabolic, e ntlafatsa ho hlophisoa ha lik'habohaedreite, mafura, liprotheine le li-acid tsa acid ho lisele tse hlaseloang.

Insulin e na le litlamorao tse ling ho lisele, tse arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo ho latela lebelo la ponahatso. Litlamorao tse potlakileng e lemohile metsotsoana e seng mekae ka mor'a ho hokahana ha hormone ho receptor, mohlala, ho monya ha tsoekere, amino acid, potasiamo ke lisele. Liphetoho ho sa buuoe ka metsotso e seng mekae ho tloha qalong ea ts'ebetso ea hormone - thibelo ea ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme tsa protheine ea catabolism, ts'ebetso ea motsoako oa protheine. Litlamorao tse bakiloeng insulin e qala lihora tse ngata ka mor'a hore e tlameletsoe ho li-receptors - phetisetso ea DNA, phetolelo ea mRNA, lebelo le potlakileng la seleng le ho ikatisa.

Sa feiga. Mokhoa oa ketso ea insulin

Mohlophisi ea ka sehloohong oa basal secretion ea insulin ke glucose. Keketseho ea litaba tsa eona maling e ea boemong bo kaholimo ho 4,5 mmol / L e tsamaisana le keketseho ea secretion ea insulin ke mochini o latelang.

Glucose → e nolofalelitse ho kenella ka ho nka karolo ha protheine transmitter GLUT2 ho β-cell → glycolysis le ho bokelloa ha ATP → ho koaloa ha mecha ea potasiamo e amehang ho ATP + ka seleng → ho bokelloa ha li-ion tsa Ca2 + ho cytoplasm → ho eketseha ha insulin exocytosis. Secretion ea insulin e hlohlelletsoa ka tsela e ts'oanang le keketseho ea litekanyetso tsa mali tsa galactose, mannose, β-keto acid, arginine, leucine, alanine le lysine.

Sa feiga. Taolo ea secretion ea insulin

Hyperkalemia, sulfonylurea derivatives (lithethefatsi bakeng sa kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2), ho thibela menyetla ea potasiamo ea membrane ea plasma ea lisele tsa β, e eketsa ts'ebetso ea bona ea lekunutu. Ho eketsa secretion: gastrin, siriin, enteroglucagon, glycine, glucagon-peptide 1, cortisol, hormone ea kholo, ACTH. Keketseho ea secretion ea insulin ka acetylcholine e bonoa holim'a ts'ebetso ea lefapha la parasympathetic la ANS.

Thibelo ea secretion ea insulin e bonoa ka hypoglycemia, tlasa ts'usumetso ea somatostatin, glucagon. Catecholamine e hlahisitsoeng ke ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea SNS e na le phello ea thibelo.

Glucagon - peptide (masala a 29 a amino acid) a entsoeng ke lisele tsa isletar ea lisebelisoa tsa manyeme. E tsamaisoa ke mali sebakeng se lokolohileng, moo litaba tsa teng e leng 40-150 pg / ml. E fana ka litlamorao ho lisele tsa sepheo, e susumetsang li-7-TMS receptors le ho eketsa boemo ba cAMP ho bona. Bophelo ba halofo ea lihormone ke metsotso e 5-10.

Ketso e kopaneng ea "glucogon:"

• E susumetsa li-lets-cell tsa lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans, tse eketsang secretion ka insulin
• O kenya insulinase ea sebete
• E na le litlamorao tse khahlanong le metabolism.

Moralo oa sistimi e sebetsang e ts'ehetsang maemo a tsoekere a mali hantle bakeng sa metabolism

Litlamorao tse ka sehloohong tsa glucagon 'meleng

Glucagon ke hormone ea catabolic le mohanyetsi oa insulin. Ho fapana le insulin, e eketsa tsoekere ea mali ka ho ntlafatsa glycogenolysis, ho hatella glycolysis, le ho tsosa gluconeogenesis ho hepatocytes ea sebete.Glucagon e kenya ts'ebetso lipolysis, e baka ho eketseha ha mafura a tsoang ho cytoplasm ho ea mitochondria bakeng sa β-oxidation ea bona le ho theha 'mele ea ketone. Glucagon e matlafatsa catabolism ea protheine ho li-tishu mme e eketsa synthesis ea urea.

Secretion ea Glucagon e ntlafatsoa ke hypoglycemia, ho fokotseha ha maemo a amino acid, gastrin, cholecystokinin, cortisol, le hormone ea ho hola. Secretion e ntseng e eketseha e bonoa ka ts'ebetso e ntseng e eketseha ea SNS le ho susumetsa ha of-AR ka li-catecholamines. Sena se etsahala nakong ea ho ikoetlisa ka matla, tlala.

Secretion ea Glucagon e thibetsoe ka hyperglycemia, litekanyetso tse ngata tsa mafura le 'mele oa ketone maling, le tlasa ts'usumetso ea insulin, somatostatin le sephiri.

Pancreatic endocrine dysfunction li ka hlaha ka mokhoa o sa lekanang kapa o mongata haholo oa ho boloka lihormone 'me oa lebisa ho tlolo ea molao o matla oa glucose homeostasis - nts'etsopele ea hyper- kapa hypoglycemia.

Hyperglycemia - hona ke keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali. E ka ba e hlobaetsang le e sa foleng.

Hyperglycemia e hlobaetsang hangata hangata ke 'mele, kaha hangata o bakoa ke ho ata ha tsoekere maling le kamora ho ja. Nako ea eona hangata ha e fetelle lihora tse 1-2 ka lebaka la hore hyperglycemia e thibela secretion ea glucagon mme e tsosa secretion ea insulin. Ka keketseho ea tsoekere ea mali ka holimo ho 10 mmol / l, e qala ho pepesetsoa ka har'a moroto. Glucose ke ntho e sebetsang ka bongata, 'me ho fetella ha eona ho tsamaisana le keketseho ea khatello ea mali ea osmotic, e ka lebisang ho fokolng ha lisele, nts'etsopele ea li-diosis tsa osmotic le tahlehelo ea li-electrolyte.

Hyperglycemia e sa foleng, moo boemo bo ntseng bo eketseha ba tsoekere maling bo tsoela pele ho qeta lihora, matsatsi, libeke kapa ho feta, bo ka baka tšenyo ho lisele tse ngata (haholo-holo methapo ea mali) mme ka hona e nkuoa e le boemo ba pelehi ba 'mele. Ke letšoao le khethollang sehlopha sa mafu a metabolic le dysfunctions tsa endocrine.

E 'ngoe ea tse tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa le e mpe har'a tsona ke lefu la tsoekere (DM), e amang palo ea batho ba 5-6%. Linaheng tse tsoetseng pele moruong, palo ea bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere e imena habeli lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse 10-15. Haeba lefu la tsoekere le hlaha ka lebaka la tlolo ea secretion ea "insulin" ke "cell" lefu la tsoekere - lefu la tsoekere 1. Lefu lena le lona le ka hlaha ka ho fokotseha hoa matla ha insulin ho lisele tse fumanehang ho batho ba baholo, mme e bitsoa mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere - SD-2. Ka nako e ts'oanang, maikutlo a lisele tse lebisitsoeng ho ea ketsong ea insulin a fokotseha, a ka kopanngoeng le tlolo ea ts'ebetso ea sephiri ea li-p-cell (tahlehelo ea karolo ea 1 ea secretion ea lijo).

Hyperglycemia (keketseho ea litekanyetso tsa glucose ea mali tse potlakileng ka holimo ho 5.55 mmol / L) ke sesupo se tloaelehileng sa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1 le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Ha boemo ba tsoekere ea mali bo nyolohela ho 10 mmol / L kapa ho feta, tsoekere e hlaha ka har'a moroto. E eketsa khatello ea osmotic le bophahamo ba moriti oa ho qetela 'me sena se tsamaisana le polyuria (keketseho ea khafetsa le molumo oa moriti o hlahisitsoeng ho fihlela ho isa ho l 800 / letsatsi). Mokuli o qala ho nyoroa le ho kenella ka bongata mokelikeling (polydipsia) ka lebaka la khatello e eketsehang ea mali le urine. Hyperglycemia (haholo-holo e nang le DM-1) hangata e tsamaisana le ho bokelloa ha lihlahisoa tsa oxidation e sa felletseng ea mafura acid - hydroxybutyric le acetoacetic acids (mmele oa ketone), e bonahatsoang ke ponahalo ea monko o ikhethang oa moea o tsoang le (kapa) moroto, nts'etsopele ea acidosis. Maemong a tebileng, sena se ka baka tlolo ea tsamaiso ea methapo e kholo - nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere le tsamaeang le ho lahleheloa ke letsoalo le lefu la 'mele.

Likahare tsa insulin e eketsehileng (mohlala, nakong ea phekolo ea "insulin" kapa ho tsosa secretion ea eona ka litokisetso tsa sulfanylurea) li lebisa ho hypoglycemia. Kotsi ea eona ea hore tsoekere e sebetsa e le karolo e ka sehloohong ea matla bakeng sa lisele tsa boko mme, ha khatello ea eona e theotsoe kapa e le sieo, kelello e ferekana ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng, tšenyo le (kapa) lefu la methapo ea kutlo. Haeba tekanyo ea tsoekere e theotsoeng e nka nako e telele ho lekana, joale lefu le ka hlaha. Ka hona, hypoglycemia e nang le phokotseho ea tsoekere ea mali e ka tlase ho 2.2-2.8 mmol / l) e nkoa e le boemo boo ho bona ngaka e ikhethang e lokelang ho fana ka thuso ea pele ho mokuli.

Hypoglycemia hangata e aroloa hore e be le mafolofolo, e etsahalang kamora ho ja le ka mpeng e se nang letho. Sesosa sa hypoglycemia e sebetsang ke secretion ea insulin ka mor'a ho ja ka tlolo ea lefutso ea tsoalo (fructose kapa galactose) kapa phetoho ea kutloisiso ea amino acid leucine, hammoho le ho bakuli ba insulinoma (tumello ea β-cell). Lisosa tsa ho itima lijo hypoglycemia e ka ba - ho haella ha lits'ebetso tsa glycogenolysis le (kapa) gluconeogeneis ka har'a sebete le liphio (ho etsa mohlala, ka lebaka la khaello ea lihormone tsa "contra-hormonal") "glucagon"

Hypoglycemia e iponahatsa ka lihlopha tse peli tsa lipontšo. Boemo ba hypoglycemia ke khatello ea kelello bakeng sa 'mele, ha o arabela ho nts'etsopele eo ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea kutloelo-bohloko e ntseng e eketseha, boemo ba catecholamine maling bo eketseha, bo bakang tachycardia, mydriasis, ho thothomela, mofufutso o batang, ho nyekeloa le pelo le tlala e matla. Bohlokoa ba 'mele ba ts'ebetso ea hypoglycemia ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko e teng ts'ebetsong ea methapo ea neuroendocrine ea catecholamines ho potlakisa ho bokolla tsoekere maling le ho etsa hore boemo ba eona bo fetohe. Sehlopha sa bobeli sa matšoao a hypoglycemia se amahanngoa le ho se sebetse hantle ha tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Li bonahatsoa mothong ka ho fokotseha ha tlhokomelo, nts'etsopele ea hlooho ea hlooho, maikutlo a tšabo, ho ferekana, ho akheha, ho akheha, ho holofala ha nakoana, komisi. Tsoelo-pele ea bona e bakiloe ke khaello e matla ea li-substrates tsa matla ho li-neuron tse sa khoneng ho amohela ATP e lekaneng molemong oa glucose. Li-Neurons ha li na mokhoa oa ho hlahisa tsoekere ka mokhoa oa glycogen, joalo ka hepatocytes kapa myocyte.

Ngaka (ho kenyeletsa le ngaka ea meno) e lokela ho itokisetsa maemo a joalo mme e khone ho fana ka thuso ea pele ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere haeba ho na le hypoglycemia. Pele o tsoela pele ka kalafo ea meno, ho bohlokoa ho tseba hore na mokuli o na le mafu afe. Haeba a na le lefu la tsoekere, mokuli o lokela ho botsoa ka lijo, litekanyetso tsa insulin tse sebelisoang le ho ikoetlisa ka tsela e tloaelehileng. Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea ts'ebetso ea kalafo ke kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho ba le hypoglycemia ho mokuli. Kahoo, ngaka ea meno e lokela ho ba le mofuta oa tsoekere e se e loketse - lipakete tsa tsoekere, liswiti, lero le tsoekere kapa tee. Haeba mokuli a bontša matšoao a hypoglycemia, o lokela ho emisa hang hang ts'ebetso ea kalafo mme haeba mokuli a tseba, mo fe tsoekere ka mokhoa o fe kapa ofe ka hanong. Haeba boemo ba mokuli bo ntse bo mpefala, mehato e lokela ho nkuoa hang-hang ho fana ka tlhokomelo e nepahetseng ea bongaka.

Karolo ea glucagon 'meleng, mochini oa ketso

Boko, mala, menoana le sebete ke tsona tse ka sehloohong tsoekere e sebelisang tsoekere. Mohlala, tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng e ja ligrama tse 4 tsa tsoekere ka hora e le 'ngoe. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa haholo ho boloka boemo ba eona bo tloaelehileng ka mehla.

Glycogen - ntho e bolokiloeng haholo ka har'a sebete, ke pokello ea ligrama tse 200. Ka bofokoli ba glucose kapa ha ho hlokahala matla a eketsehileng (boikoetliso ba 'mele, ho matha), glycogen e putlama, e tlatsa mali ka glucose.

Ho boloka hona ho lekane bakeng sa metsotso e ka bang 40. Ka hona, lipapaling hangata ho boleloa hore mafura a chesa feela ka mor'a thupelo ea halofo ea hora, ha matla ohle a sebopeho sa tsoekere le glycogen a sebelisoa.

Makhopho ke a makhopho a secretion e tsoakiloeng - e hlahisa lero la mala, le kenyellelitsoeng ka har'a duodenum 12 mme le hlahisa lihormone tse ngata, ka hona, lisele tsa eona li khethollotsoe ka mokhoa o sebetsang. Lisele tsa alpha li etsa glucagon lihlekehlekeng tsa Langerhans. Ntho ena e ka etsoa ke lisele tse ling tsa litho tsa thipa ea mpa.

Ho na le mabaka a 'maloa a bakang ho bolokoa ha hormone:

1. Ho fokotseha ha khatello ea tsoekere ho litekanyetso tse tlase haholo.
2. Boemo ba insulin.
3. Keketseho ea maemo a mali a amino acid (haholo-holo, alanine le arginine).
4. Boikoetliso bo feteletseng (mohlala, nakong ea koetliso e mafolofolo kapa e boima).

Mesebetsi ea glucagon e amana le mekhoa e meng ea bohlokoa ea biochemical le ea mmele:

• ho eketseha ha mali lipelong,
• ho boloka tekanyo e nepahetseng ea motlakase ka ho eketsa tekanyo ea sodium excretion, e ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea methapo ea pelo,
• tsosoloso ea lisele tsa sebete,
• ts'ebetso ea lipilisi tsa insulin
• ho eketseha ha calcium ka liseleng.

Boemong bo sithabetsang, bo nang le ts'okelo bophelong le bophelo bo botle, hammoho le adrenaline, litlamorao tsa 'mele tsa glucagon lia bonahala. E senya glycogen ka mafolofolo, ka tsela eo, e eketsa tsoekeree thusa phepelo ea oksijene ho fa mesifa matla a eketsehileng. Ho boloka tsoekere e tsoekere, tsoekere e sebelisana ka mafolofolo le cortisol le somatotropin.

Boemo bo phahameng

Ho eketsa secretion ea glucagon ho tsamaisana le pancreatic hyperfunction, e hlahisoang ke li-pathologies tse latelang:

• hlahala sebakeng sa lisele tsa alpha (glucagonoma),
• ts'ebetso ea ho ruruha e matla litsobeng tsa manyeme (pancreatitis),
• Tšenyo ea lisele tsa sebete (cirrhosis),
• ho se sebetse hantle hantle ha renal
• mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere
• Lefu la Cushing.

Maemo afe kapa afe a sithabetsang (ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso, likotsi, ho chesa), acute hypoglycemia (khatello e tlase ea glucose), boleng ba lijo tsa protheine lijong li baka ho eketseha ha maemo a glucagon, 'me mesebetsi ea litsamaiso tsa' mele tse ngata e senyehile.

Boemo bo tlase

Khaello ea glucagon e hlaha kamora ho buuoa ka pancreatic (pancreatectomy). Hormone ke mofuta oa o khothalletsang tšebeliso ea lintho tse hlokahalang maling le ho hlokomela homeostasis. Tekanyo e fokotsang ea li-hormone e bonoa ka cystic fibrosis (lefutso la liphatsa tsa lefutso le amanang le ho senya litšoelesa tsa endocrine), le pancreatitis ka mokhoa o sa foleng.

Ho hlahlobisisa - moelelo - mokhoa oa ho nka

Boemo ha glucagon e thehoa ka bongata bo na le litlamorao tse mpe. Mmele o na le tsoekere e ngata, mafura acid. Maemo a qheletsoeng ka thoko ha a kotsi, empa ho eketseha khafetsa ha mohopolo oa lihormone ho baka tachycardia, khatello ea mali le li-pathologies tse ling tsa pelo. Kotsi ea ho ba le neoplasms e mpe ke eona ntho e boima ka ho fetisisa.

Ho haelloa ke tsoekere ka nako e telele ho lebisa ho ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng, ho tsekela, ho ferekana kelellong, ho thothomela ha liphello, makhopho, bofokoli le ho nyekeloa hoa pelo.

Bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa ha li-hormone ho nka sampole ea mali ea venous. Ho fumana sephetho se tšepahalang, o hloka ho se itokisetsa:

• Bakeng sa lihora tsa 10-12 pele thuto e hana ho ja.
• Qoba tšebeliso ea insulin, catecholamine le lithethefatsi tse ling tse amang ts'ebetso. Haeba taolo ea lithethefatsi e sa hlakoloe, sena se bontšoa ka tsela ea tlhahlobo.
• Pele ho sampole ea mali, mokuli o hloka ho robala le ho phomola metsotso e 30.

Ketso ea pharmacological

Ka moriana, glucagon ea maiketsetso e sebelisetsoa merero ea phekolo ka mekhoa e matla ea hypoglycemia le maemo a amanang le pathological. Ntho e tšoanang le tsoekere e sebelisetsoa ho phekola lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Bakeng sa ts'oaetso, moriana o hlokahala lithutong tsa litho tsa thipa ea ka mpeng.

Lithethefatsi tse thehiloeng ho lihormone li laetsoe ke lingaka. Ts'ebetso ea meriana ea glucagon e etselitsoe:

• Keketseho ea khatello ea tsoekere,
• imolla mesifa ea mesifa,
• phetoho lipalo tsa lipallo tsa pelo.

Matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi

Tšusumetso ea lihormone ho hlaseloa ha glucose le glycogen e sebelisetsoa ho phekola li-pathologies tse fapaneng. Matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ke a latelang:

• hypoglycemia e matla, ha tsoekere e sa sebetse ka lerotholi,
• ho hatella sepheo sa ts'ebetso ea mpa ea mpa ka nako ea tlhahlobo ea radiation,
• bakuli ba nang le mafu a kelello e le kalafo e tšosang,
• acute diverticulitis (ho ruruha ha mala le ho thehoa ha li-protrusions tse nang le mokotla),
• Psychology
• ho phomotsa mesifa e boreleli ea mala.

Contraindication

"Glucagon ea lithethefatsi" e loants'oa mafu a itseng:

• hypersensitivity ho likarolo tsa moriana,
• hyperglycemia (khatello e phahameng ea tsoekere maling),
• insulinoma (benign, e sa tloaelehang hampe, tumor ea lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans ea manyeme),
• pheochromocytoma (neoplasm e sebetsang ka semoya e tsosetsang secretion ea catecholamines).

Glucagon kapa "Hormone ea tlala" e etsa sephiri makhopho. Ke mohanyetsi oa insulin mme o kenya letsoho ka matla ho bolokeng tsoekere maling. Khaello le khaello ea li-hormone li baka li-pathologies tse fapaneng.

Tlhahiso ea mosebetsi oa glucagon le ts'ebetso

Glucagon ke ntho ea peptide e hlahisoang ke lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans le lisele tse ling tsa pancreatic. Motsoali oa hormone ena ke prroglucagon.

Tšusumetso e tobileng ho motsoako oa tsoekere e na le tsoekere e fumanoeng ke 'mele ho tsoa lijong. Hape, motsoako oa hormone o susumetsoa ke lihlahisoa tsa protheine tse nkiloeng ke motho ka lijo. Li na le arginine le alanine, tse eketsang palo ea ntho e hlalositsoeng 'meleng.

Khopolo ea tsoekere e angoa ke ho ikoetlisa le ho ikoetlisa. Ha mojaro o ntse o eketseha, ke moo ho atisang tlhahiso ea lihormone e leng matla. E boetse e qala ho hlahisoa ka matla nakong ea ho itima lijo. Joaloka moemeli oa tšireletso, ntho e hlahisoa nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo. Ho buoa ha eona ho anngoe ke ho eketseha ha litekanyetso tsa adrenaline le norepinephrine.

Glucagon e sebelisoa ho theha glucose ho tsoa ho li-amino acid tsa protheine. Kahoo, e fa litho tsohle tsa 'mele oa motho matla a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho sebetsa. Mesebetsi ea tsoekere e kenyeletsa:

• ho phatloha ha glycogen ka har'a sebete le mesifa, ka lebaka leo tsoekere e bolokiloeng teng e ntšoa maling mme e sebeletsa metabolism ea matla,
• ho phatloha ha lipids (mafura), le hona ho lebisang phepelong ea matla a mmele,
• tlhahiso ea tsoekere e tsoang lijong tse senang nama ea nama ea kolobe,
• Ho fana ka mali a mangata lipelong,
• ho phahamisa khatello ea mali
• sekhahla sa pelo
• antispasmodic athari,
• keketseho ea litaba tsa catecholamine,
• khothatso ea pholiso ea lisele tsa sebete,
• ho potlakisa tšebetso ea ho hloekisoa ha sodium le phosphorus 'meleng,
• phetoho ea phapanyetsano ea magnesium,
• Ho eketseha ha calcium liseleng,
• ho tlosoa liseleng tsa insulin.

Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore glucagon ha e khothalletse tlhahiso ea tsoekere ho mesifa, hobane ha e na li-receptor tse hlokahalang tse arabelang ho hormone. Empa lenane le bonts'a hore karolo ea taba 'meleng oa rona e kholo haholo.

Glucagon le insulin - li-hormone tse 2 tse loanang. Insulin e sebelisoa ho bokella tsoekere liseleng. E hlahisoa ka serethe se phahameng sa glucose, e boloka e bolokiloe e le teng. Mochine oa ts'ebetso ea glucagon ke hore e lokolla tsoekere ho lisele mme e e tsamaisetse litho tsa 'mele bakeng sa metabolism ea matla. Hape ho lokela ho tsotelloa hore litho tse ling tsa motho li monya tsoekere, leha e sebetsa ka insulin. Tsena li kenyelletsa bokong ba hlooho, mala (likarolo tse ling tsa eona), sebete le liphio ka bobeli.E le hore metabolism ea tsoekere 'meleng e lekane, lihormone tse ling le tsona lia hlokahala - ena ke cortisol, hormone ea tšabo, adrenaline, e amang kholo ea masapo le lisele, somatotropin.

Tloaelo ea hormone le ho kheloha ho eona

Tekanyo ea hormone ea "glucagon" e itšetlehile ka lilemo tsa motho. Ho batho ba baholo, fereko e lipakeng tsa boleng bo tlase le bo holimo e nyane. Tafole e tjena:

Ho kheloha tloaelo ea boholo ba lihormone ho ka supa lefu la kelello. Ho kenyelletsa, ha ho khethoa palo e fokolang ea sehlahisoa, ho ka etsahala tse latelang:

• cystic fibrosis e matla ea litšoelesa tsa endocrine le litho tsa matšoafo,
• ho ruruha ho sa feleng ha manyeme,
• ho fokotseha ha boemo ba glucagon ho hlaha kamora lits'ebetso tsa ho tlosa pancreatic.

Mesebetsi ea glucagon ke ho felisoa ha tse ling tsa li-pathologies tse ka holimo. Ntho e phahameng ea ntho e bonts'a e 'ngoe ea maemo ana:

• tsoekere e eketsehileng ka lebaka la mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere,
• tumello ea pancreatic,
• ho ruruha ho matla makhophong,
• cirrhosis ea sebete (ho nchafala ha lisele ho fetoha lithane tsa tumor),
• tlhahiso e feteletseng ea li-glucocorticoids mabapi le moloko oa lisele tsa tsona tsa tumor,
• ho hloleha ho sa feleng ha meno
• ho ikoetlisa ka ho feteletseng
• khatello ea kelello.

Tabeng ea ho phahama le ho feta ha qoqotho ea ngaka, ngaka e beha lithuto tse ling bakeng sa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea lefu. Ho fumana boemo ba glucagon, biochemistry ea mali e etsoa.

Lisebelisoa tse nang le li-glucagon

Glucagon synthesis e etsoa ho tsoa ho lihormone tsa liphoofolo, ho nka monyetla oa hore li na le ntho ena ea sebopeho se tšoanang. Moriana o lokolloa ka mokhoa oa mokelikeli oa ente le ka mokhoa oa matlapa bakeng sa tsamaiso ea molomo. Liente li fanoa kahare kapa kahare. Moriba o fanoa maemong a latelang:

• lefu la tsoekere le tlase
• kalafo e eketsehileng bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo,
• tlhokeho ea ho imolla mokokotlo oa mala,
• ho theola le ho otlolla mesifa e boreleli,
• ka mafu a pampitsana ea likobo,
• ka tlhahlobo ea radiation ka mpeng.

Taelo e hlalosa hore tekanyetso ea ente e tšeloang methapo kapa haeba ho sa khonehe ho ente mothapo ka methapo, ke 1 ml. Kamora ho ente, keketseho ea boemo ba hormone, e tsamaeang le keketseho ea tekanyo ea tsoekere, e bonoa kamora metsotso e 10.

Setlhare se ka sebelisoa ho phekola bana. Haeba boima ba lesea bo ka tlase ho 20 kg, lethal dose ha ea lokela ho ba 0.5 ml. Bakeng sa bana ba boima haholo, litekanyetso li tsoa ho 0.5 ho isa ho 1 ml. Haeba phello ea tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi e sa lekana, ente e phetoa kamora metsotso e 12. Ho hlokahala hore u prick sebakeng se seng.

Phekolo ea bana le basali ba baimana e ka etsoa feela tliliniking e tsamaisoa ke setsebi. Ha re ntse re itokisetsa ho fumanoa ke radiation, 0,25 mg ho isa ho 2 mg ea moriana o kenngoa. Tekanyetso, ho latela boemo ba mokuli le boima ba hae, e baloa ke ngaka. Ho thibetsoe ka thata ho nka moriana ka mokhoa ofe kapa ofe ntle le taelo ea ngaka.

Haeba moriana o sebelisetsoa tlhokomelo ea maemo a tšohanyetso, ka mor'a ho a nka, o hloka ho ja lihlahisoa tsa liprotheine, ho noa senoelo sa tee e futhumetseng e tsoekere ebe o robala lihora tse peli.

Haeba tsoekere e ka tlase ho se tloaelehileng, ke lokela ho etsa joang?

Pele ngaka e fihla, o ka eketsa tsoekere ea hau ka ho ja lijo tse itseng. Ho molemo ho ja mahe a linotsi a 50 g, a nang le fructose ea tlhaho, tsoekere le sucrose. Ntle le moo, ke li-fructose tsa maiketsetso feela tse kotsi. Mme ha glucagon le glucose li sa hlahisoe ka bongata bo lekaneng ho re fa tsoekere, tsoekere e lokela ho nkoa e le lijo.

Thusa ho khutlisa tee e nang le jeme. Kamora ho imeloa haholo kapa khatello ea maikutlo, ho bohlokoa ho ja ka thata ka lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng. Lenane la bona le kenyelletsa lijo tsa leoatleng, linate, liapole, chisi, lipeo tsa mokopu, oli ea meroho. Molemo o tla tlisa phomolo ka phapusing ea moea o lekaneng le boroko bo loketseng.

Sena ke eng

Hormone ea polypeptide e thehoa ka har'a manyeme nakong ea phetoho ho tloha ho preproglucagon. Ho hlokahala hore mohanyetsi oa insulin a laole boemo bo nepahetseng ba 'mele oa glycemia' meleng. Molek'hule ea peptide e na le li-amino acid tse 29.

Insulin le glucagon li hokahane: karolo ea bobeli e sitisa tšebetso ea ea pele. Motsoako o nepahetseng oa batsamaisi o thibela ho fokotseha ka sekhahla le keketseho e kholo ea khatello ea tsoekere maling. Tsamaiso ea mohanyetsi oa insulin e khutlisetsa maemo a tsoekere ea mali kapele ka hypoglycemia.

Glucagon e na le lebitso le leng - "hormone ea tlala." Lebaka ke tšusumetso ea lintlha tse 'maloa, tlasa tšusumetso ea' mele o bonts'a ho hloka matla. Taba ea bohlokoa ke ho fihla ha lipontšo ho bokong ka ho fokotseha ha tekanyo ea tsoekere ho kenya ts'ebetsong sechetion ea glucagon, ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ho na le maikutlo a tlala.

Khahlano le mokokotlo oa mosebetsi o boima oa 'mele, boemo ba hormone ea polypeptide bo nyoloha ka makhetlo a 5 kapa ho feta, ka keketseho ea khatello ea alanine le arginine (amino acid), matšoao le ona a eketseha. Ho bana ba tsoetsoeng ke bo-mme ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, secretion ea motho ea loantšang insulin hangata e haella, e ka lebisang ho thehoeng ha neonatal hypoglycemia.

“Pituitary dwarfism” ke eng le ho alafa ho haella ha tlhahiso ea li-hormone tsa kholo? Re na le karabo!

Bala ka mokhoa oa ho nka Siofor e le pheko ea tlhokomelo ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 khaolong ena.

Mesebetsi ea 'mele

Karolo e ka sehloohong ke ho fihlela li-hormone tsa pancreatic le li-glucose tse lekaneng. Hormone ea polypeptide e thibela insulin secretion, e thibela nts'etsopele ea hypo- le hyperglycemia.

Mesebetsi e meng ea glucagon 'meleng:

• taolo ea matšoao a sodium, ho felisoa ha tšitiso ea boemo bo feteletseng, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea pelo le methapo ea mali,
• ho potlakisa ho phatloha ha mafura, ho fokotsa mokokotlo oa cholesterol, ho fokotsa kotsi ea atherosulinosis,
• tšusumetso e matla liseleng bakeng sa kantle ea insulin,
• e potlakisa ho hlaphoheloa ha hepatocytes,
• ts'ebetso ea phallo ea mali ho lits'oants'o tsa tlhaho. Ho haella ha mali lipelong ke e 'ngoe ea lisosa tsa ho senyeha ha nephron, khatello ea methapo, ho sefuba, endocrine le tšebetso e feteletseng ea litho tse bopehileng joaloka mahe a linotsi.

Hormone ea polypeptide e bontša phello e tšoanang le litlamorao tsa adrenaline. Maemong a feteletseng, ha 'mele o arabela khatellong ea kelello, boima bo boholo ba' mele, kotsi e eketsa tsoekere ea glucose hang hang. Phello - mesifa e amohela ka potlako karolo e eketsehileng ea lijo le matla bakeng sa ts'ebetso hanghang khahlanong le semelo sa adrenaline e potlakileng.

Ho etsa tlhahlobo neng

Letšoao le ka sehloohong ke matšoao a bontšang kholo ea hypoglycemia. Maemong a khaello e matla ea tsoekere maling, mokuli o tlameha ho nka tlhahlobo ea li-pancreatic hang-hang hore a utloisise hore na liphapang li tebile hakae boitsebisong ba batsamaisi ba bohlokoa.

Matšoao a mang:

• belaela lefu la tsoekere
• mokuli o theola boima ba 'mele ntle le lebaka le hlakileng
• mothating oa ho fumana hore na hlahala ke efe,
• ka ponahalo ea lekhopho le tlohang 'meleng.

Melao ea boitokisetso

Ho bohlokoa ho latela melao e bonolo:

• ka letsatsi pele ho tlhatlhobo u se ke oa jella lipompong tse ngata, u seke oa sebetsa ka thata, qoba khatello ea maikutlo,
• Pele ho hlahlojoa matsatsi a mabeli, joala bo thibetsoe.
• nako e lekaneng pakeng tsa sampole ea lijo le mali ke ho tloha ho lihora tse 8 ho isa ho tse 10. Ka ho theoha ka sekhahla ha tsoekere, o hloka ho etsa thuto ntle le ho senya nako ho fumana hore na mohanyetsi oa insulin ke mang,
• ha ho se na matšoao bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tšohanyetso, ho hlokahala hore u tle laboratoring hoseng, pele u e-ja. Le uena u ka se noe, e le hore u se qale tlhahiso e sebetsang ea li-enzyme tsa sebete.

Mabaka a kheloha

Phetoho ea secretion ea li-pancreatic hormone e latela lintlha tse ngata. Maemong a feteletseng, eseng feela adrenaline, empa le maemo a glucagon a eketseha. Bohlokoa ba fetoha ka lijo tse se nang phepo e nepahetseng, tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tsa protheine (hangata ke baatlelete kapa basali, ba latela mefuta e meng ea lijo). Ho na le li-pathologies tse 'maloa tse amang hampe ts'ebetso ea manyeme le semelo sa li-hormone.

Glucagon e eketsehile

Ho sebelisa secretion ka mokhoa o feteletseng oa hormone ho hlokomeleha khahlanong le mafu le maemo a latelang:

• mofetše wa pancreatic
• lefu la tsoekere
• nts'etsopele ea hypoglycemia,
• Ho kula le lefu la Cushing,
• ho hloleha ha rems
• glucagonoma - hlahala ea lisele tsa alpha tsa lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans,
• cirrhosis ea sebete
• pancreatitis

Litekanyetso tsa Hormone li eketseha haholo nakong ea ho buuoa, maqeba, ho chesa, khatello e matla le khatello ea kelello. Lebaka le leng ke ho ja lijo tse matla tsa protheine ka bongata.

Mokhoa oa ho tsitsisa ts'ebetso ea molaoli

Ho bohlokoa ho sekaseka mabaka a susumetsang secretion ea li-pancreatic hormone. Haeba u tlola melao ea phepo e nepahetseng, takatso ea lijo tsa liprotheine kapa tšebeliso ea liprotheine tse ngata ho theha mesifa, o hloka ho fetola lijo. Ka tekanyo e tlase ea glucagon, palo ea liprotheine e lokela ho eketseha, ka litheko tse matlafatsang - li fokotsehile.

Haeba secretion e eketsehileng ea mohanyetsi oa insulin e amahanngoa le khatello e matla ea kelello kapa ea methapo, ho bohlokoa ho fetola mosebetsi kapa ho tsitsisa microclimate ka lelapeng. Ho kheloha ha nako e telele ha maemo a glucagon a ama hampe secretion ea insulin, ho ka lebisang ho feteng kapa ho fokotseha ha khatello ea glucose. Maemo ka bobeli (hyper- le hypoglycemia) a kotsi 'meleng.

Ka matšoao a bohlokoa a tsoekere (ho fokotseha ho hoholo), ho bohlokoa ho hlahisa analogue ea maiketsetso ea glucagon ea nako ka nako. Kamora ho ente, boemo ba mokuli bo tsitsa kapele, boemo ba tsoekere bo khutlela boemong bo tloaelehileng. Ho bohlokoa ho lekola boleng ba tsoekere bakeng sa lipalo tse nepahetseng tsa kemiso e phethahetseng ea pancreatic.

Ha u khetholla mafu a amang hampe boemo ba mohanyetsi oa insulin, ho hlokahala hore u fumane kalafo tlasa tataiso ea setsebi se ikhethileng. Ts'ebetsong ea tumor, maemong a mangata, ho hlokahala ts'ebetso ea ho tlosa neoplasm. Ts'ebetso ea pathological e ke ke ea qala ts'ebetso ka mpeng le ka mpeng: ho fokotseha kapa ho eketseha ha khatello ea mohanyetsi oa insulin ho plasma ea mali ho sitisa tšilo ea lijo.

Ha u hlaphoheloa mollong le likotsi, butle-butle litekanyetso tsa tsoekere li khutlela ho tse tloaelehileng. Ho bohlokoa ho netefatsa ntlafatso ea kelello ea mokuli e le ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho fetoha ha maemo maemong a mohanyetsi oa insulin.

Ithute ka lisosa tsa cysts tse sebetsang tsa ovari ho basali le ka kalafo ea neoplasms.

Matšoao a ho eketsoa ha thymus ho bana le likhetho tsa kalafo bakeng sa boemo ba methapo e ngotsoe leqepheng lena.

E-ea ho http://vse-o-gormonah.com/vnutrennaja-sekretsija/shhitovidnaya/oftalmopatiya.html mme o bale ka mokhoa oa ho phekola ophthalmopathy ea endocrine le ho thibela nts'etsopele ea mathata a kotsi.

Glucagon ea maiketsetso bakeng sa ho phekola maloetse

Setlama sa lihormone se hlahisoa motheong oa ntho e ntšitsoeng ho makhopho a likhomo le a likolobe. Sebopeho, tsoekere e fumanoeng liphoofolong tsena e ts'oana le karolo ea 'mele oa motho. Moriana oa lihormone ke ente.

Ka ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha khatello ea tsoekere (hypoglycemia), boemo ba mokuli bo ntlafala kamora nako e khuts'oane kamora ho tsamaisoa ha methapo kapa methapo ea 1 ml ea glucagon. Bongoaneng, moriana o lumelloa ho sebelisoa feela ka tlasa tataiso ea setsebi sa endocrinologist. Khetho e ntle ke ho arola tekanyetso e lumellehang ka liente tse peli ho isa ho tse tharo, nako e pakeng tsa liente ho tloha ho metsotso e 10 ho isa ho e 15. Kamora ho khutlisa khatello ea tsoekere, o hloka ho ja le ho noa tee e tsoekere, ebe o phomola hora e le 'ngoe le halofo ho isa ho tse peli. Molemong oa ho phekola maloetse a mang, tekanyetso ea analogue ea tsoekere e entsoeng ka maiketsetso e khethoa ke ngaka e eang.

Basali baimana ba ka fuoa li-hormone ka tieo joalo ka ha li laetsoe ke endocrinologist haeba boleng ba tsoekere bo theohela maemong a bohlokoa. Ho bohlokoa ho khetha tekanyetso e nepahetseng le ea nako ea kalafo. Ka phepo ea tlhaho, sethethefatsi se tsamaisoa feela maemong a tšohanyetso. Nakong ea kalafo, ho hlokahala hore o khoephe lesea ka nakoana matsoeleng.

Glucagon ea maiketsetso e sebelisoa e le karolo ea kalafo e rarahaneng ea li-pathologies tse ngata:

• lefu la tsoekere (ka nts'etsopele ea hypoglycemia),
• spasms ea ka mpeng le mala, ho kenyelletsa le ho hlohlona ho matla,
• ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo
• bokuli ba kelello (e le karolo ea kalafo ea makala).

Mokhoa oa maiketsetso oa tsoekere o bontša litholoana tse ntle litokisetsong tsa bakuli bakeng sa tlhatlhobo ea bohlokoa ea mala a ka tlase le holimo. Hangata lingaka li sebelisa lihormone pele li etsa kalafo ea radiation le radiography.

Hormone ea maiketsetso ha e khethoe:

• ka nts'etsopele ea hyperglycemia,
• ho bana ba banyenyane, boima ba 'mele bo ka tlase ho 25 kg,
• haeba mokuli a na le hlahala ea tlhaho ea adrenal tumor - pheochromocytoma,
• ka nts'etsopele ea insulinoma,
• ka kutloisiso ya ntho e sebetsang.

Fumana lintlha tse ling tsa bohlokoa ka glucagon 'meleng ka mor'a ho shebella video e latelang: