Babuelli ba lefu la tsoekere

Synthetic antidiabetesic mahlahana (synthetic hypoglycemic agents, li-agent tsa hypoglycemic tsa molomo) - lithethefatsi tse fokotsang tsoekere ea mali 'me li sebelisetsoa ho phekola lefu la tsoekere. Lesebelisoa tsohle tsa antidiabetesic tse fumanehang li fumaneha ka foromo ea letlapa.

Pathogenesis ea lefu la tsoekere mellitus e ipapisitse le khaello ea insulin, e ka bakoang ke tlhahiso e sa lekanang ea insulin ke li-β-cell tsa li-islets tsa Langerhans (lefu la tsoekere le itšetlehileng ka lefu la tsoekere la mellitus), kapa litlamorao tse sa lekaneng tsa insulin (lefu la tsoekere le sa ts'oaneng le lefu la tsoekere la II kapa mellitus II. Ho latela sena, lithethefatsi tsa hypoglycemic li arotsoe ka lithethefatsi tse eketsang tlhahiso ea insulin ke li-β-cell tsa li-islets tsa Langerhans, le lithethefatsi tse eketsang kutloisiso ea lisele tsa mmele ho insulin.

Amino Acid Derivatives

Mokhoa oa ts'ebetso: tsosa secretion ea "insulin" ka li-islets tsa Langerhans. Ka tloaelo, ka keketseho ea litekanyetso tsa tsoekere, ho tsamaisoa ha tsoekere ho ea ho lisele tsa β tsa lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans hoa hlohlelletsoa. Ka ho tsamaisa phapang e sebelisang transporter e khethehileng (GLUT-2), tsoekere e kenella ka har'a lisele tsa β-cell le phosphorylates, e lebisang keketseho ea sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa ATP, tse thibelang lits'ebetso tse itšetlehileng ka KP tsa KP (KP)_ATPliteishene). Ka blockade K_ATP-Meketjana, tsoalo ea K + e tsoang seleng e ea senyeha, 'me ho hlaha lesapo la setho. Ka depolarization ea membrane ea sele, liteishene tsa Ca 2+ tse itšetlehileng ka eona li bulehile, mme boemo ba Ca 2+ ho cytoplasm ea β-lisele boa eketseha. Ca 2+ ions e kenya tšebetsong microfilaments ea contractile le ho khothaletsa ho tsamaea ha likhalase tse nang le insulin ho ea membrane ea sele, ho kenyelletsoa ha granules ka membrane, le insulin exocytosis.

Lintho tse tsoang ho Sulfonylurea li sebetsa ho li-receptor tse ikhethang tsa mofuta oa 1 (SUR1) K_ATP-mena le ho thibela liteishene tsena. Ntlheng ena, depolarization ea membrane ea sele e etsahala, liteishene tsa Ca 2+ tse itšetlehileng ka motlakase lia kenngoa, 'me ho kenella liseleng tsa Ca 2+ ho eketseha. Ka keketseho ea boemo ba Ca 2+ ho lisele tsa β-ho tsamaea ha granules ka insulin ho ea membrane ea plasma, ho kenyelletsoa ha granules ho membrane le insulin exocytosis.

Ho boetse ho lumeloa hore lintho tse tsoang ho sulfonylurea li eketsa kutloisiso ea lisele tsa mmele ho insulin le ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea tsoekere maling.

Litlamorao tsa hypoglycemic tsa sulfonylurea derivatives ha lia itšetleha haholo ka boemo ba glucose maling (bo hlakola kamano pakeng tsa glucose le insulin secretion). Ka hona, ha u sebelisa lintho tse tsoang ho sulfonylurea, hypoglycemia ea khonahala.

Li-derivatives tsa Sulfonylurea li sebelisetsoa mofuta oa II lefu la tsoekere mellitus (tlhahiso e sa lekaneng ea insulin, kutlo e fokotsang kutloisiso ea lithane ho insulin. Ka mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la mellitus le amanang le ts'enyeho ea lisele tsa β-lithethefatsi tsena ha li na thuso.

Liphetho tsa sulfonylureas tsa moloko oa pele - chlorpropamide, tolbutamide (butamide) li fanoe ka tekanyetso e kholo, etsa lintho haufinyane.

Liphetho tsa sulfonylureas tsa moloko oa bobeli - glibenclamide, glycidone, glycoslide, glimepiride, glipizide - li ngotsoe ka tekanyetso e tlase haholo, li tšoarella nako e telele, litla-morao tsa tsona ha li phatlalatsoe haholo. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la phello ea nako e telele (lihora tse 12-24), lithethefatsi tsena li kotsi haholo ho latela monyetla oa hypoglycemia. Hajoale, boholo ba litokisetso tsa sulfonylurea tsa moloko oa bobeli li sebelisoa. Lintho tse tsoang Sulfonylurea li fanoa ka molomo metsotso e 30 pele ho lijo.

Litlamorao tsa tse tsoang ho sulfonylurea:

• Hypoglycemia
• Ho nyekeloa ke pelo, tatso ea tšepe e ka hanong, bohloko ka mpeng
• Ho fumana boima
• Hypersensitivity ho joala
• Hyponatremia
• Litla-morao tse ling, Photodermatosis
• Ts'ebetso ea sebete e sa sebetseng
• Leukopenia

Amino Acid Derivatives

Nateglinide e hlahisoa ke phenylalanine. E na le phello e potlakileng ea morao-rao ea thibelo ho K_ATP-Litekanyetso tsa β-lisele tsa sesebelisoa sa islet. E khutlisa secretion ea "insulin" ea pele ho ts'usumetso ea ho ts'oaroa ke tsoekere (e sieang mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la II). E baka secretion ea "insulin" ka mor'a metsotso e 15 ea ho ja. Lihoreng tse 3-4 tse tlang, boemo ba insulin bo khutlela ho ba mantlha. Nateglinide e phahamisa secretion ea insulin ho latela boemo ba tsoekere. Ka tekanyo e tlase ea tsoekere, nateglinide ha e na phello e ntle ho secretion ea insulin. Secretion ea "insulin" e bakoang ke nateglinide e fokotseha ka sekhahla sa tsoekere, kahoo hypoglycemia ha e tsoelepele ka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

2. Mohopolo oa methati ea ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ea t-activin, interferon, BCG, levamisole

Ha li-immunostimulants, lintho tsa biogenic (litokisetso tsa thymus, li-interferon, li-interleukin-2, BCG) le metsoako ea maiketsetso (mohlala, levamisole) li sebelisoa. Ts'ebetsong ea bongaka, ho sebelisoa litokisetso tse ngata tsa thymus tse nang le phello ea immunostimulating (thymalin, tactivin, jj.). Li amana le polypeptides kapa liprotheine. Tactivin (T-activin) e etsa hore palo le ts'ebetso ea T-lymphocyte (maemong a thibelo ea lijo), e hlohlelle tlhahiso ea li-cytokines, e khutlisetse ts'ebetso e hatisitsoeng ea li-T-killer 'me ka kakaretso e eketsa tsitsipano ea boits'oaro ba cellular. E sebelisoa maemong a thibelo ea mafu a mmele (kamora kalafo ea radiation le chemotherapy ho bakuli ba mofets'e, ka liprotheine tse sa foleng le tsa ho ruruha, jj), lymphogranulomatosis, lymphocytic leukemia, multiple sclerosis. Li-Interferons tsa sehlopha sa li-cytokine li na le litla-morao, li-immunostimulating le antiproliferative. A, b le y-interferon li khethollotsoe. Phello e tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ea ho itšireletsa mafung ke interferon-y. Matla a immunotropic a li-interferon a bonahala ts'ebetsong ea li-macrophages, T-lymphocyte le lisele tsa tlhaho tsa 'molai. Etsa tlhahiso ea li-interferon tsa tlhaho tse fumanoang maling a motho ea fanang ka liphallelo (interferon, interlock), hammoho le li-interferon tse ling (reaferon, intron A, betaferon). Li sebelisoa kalafong ea tšoaetso ea vaerase e 'maloa (mohlala, ntaramane, hepatitis), hammoho le ho mafu a itseng a hlahala (le myeloma, lymphoma tsoang lisele tsa B). Ntle le moo, seo ho thoeng ke li-interferonogens (mohlala, halofo ea dan, prodigiosan), e eketsang tlhahiso ea li-endferon tse ling, ka linako tse ling li sebelisoa e le li-immunostimulants. Li-interleukin tse ling, ka mohlala, li-recombinant interleukin-2, li boetse li fanoa e le li-immunostimulants. BCG e sebelisetsoa ente khahlanong le lefuba. Hona joale, ka linako tse ling BCG e sebelisoa kalafong e rarahaneng ea lihlahala tse mpe tse mpe. BCG e hlohlelletsa macrophage mme, ho hlakile, T-lymphocyte. Kameho e 'ngoe e ntle e ile ea bonoa ho leeme leukemia e mpe haholo, mefuta e meng ea li-lymphomas (e sa amaneng le Hodgkin's lymphoma), mofets'e oa mofetše oa mala le sefuba, le mofets'e oa kankere ea senya. E 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tsa maiketsetso ke levamisole (decaris). E sebelisoa ka mokhoa oa hydrochloride. E na le ts'ebetso e phatlalalitsoeng ea anthelmintic, hammoho le phello ea immunostimulating. Mokhoa oa ho qetela ha o hlake hantle. Ho na le bopaki ba hore levamisole e na le tšusumetso ho li-macrophages le T-lymphocyte. Ha a fetole tlhahiso ea li-antibodies. Ka hona, phello e kholo ea levamisole e bonahatsoa maemong a tloaelehileng a ho itšireletsa mafung. E sebelisoa bakeng sa ho itšireletsa mafung, mafu a mang a sa foleng, ramatiki le ramatiki. IRS-19, ribomunil, interferon gamma, aldesleukin, thymogen, litokisetso tsa tiron, echinacea, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporin, basiliximab.

Baetsi

Moetsi oa lithethefatsi oa Beat ke k'hamphani ea lithethefatsi ea Eli Lilly le Company, e thehiloeng ka 1876 Indianapolis (USA, Indiana).

Ena ke k'hamphani ea pele ea meriana e qalang tlhahiso ea liindasteri ea insulin ka 1923.

Khamphani e nts'etsapele le ho hlahisa meriana bakeng sa batho ba rekisitsoeng ka katleho linaheng tse fetang lekholo, 'me liprofinseng tse 13 ho na le lifeme bakeng sa tlhahiso ea bona.

Tataiso ea bobeli ea k'hamphani ke tlhahiso ea meriana bakeng sa litlhoko tsa meriana ea bongaka ea liphoofolo.

Lilly le Company ba bile teng Moscow lilemo tse fetang mashome a mabeli. Motheo oa khoebo ea hae Russia ke setsi sa meriana bakeng sa kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere, empa ho na le lintlha tse ling tse ikhethang: neurology, psychiatry, oncology.

Moemeli ea sebetsang oa lithethefatsi ke li-microgram tse 250 tsa exenatide.

E eketsehileng ke sodium acetate trihydrate, glacial acetic acid, mannitol, metacresol le metsi bakeng sa ente.

Baeta e fumaneha ka mofuta oa lipene tsa silika tse ka lahloang ka tharollo e bolileng ea ente tlasa letlalo metsotso e 60 pele e e ja hoseng le mantsiboea.

Baeta e khothalletsoa kalafo ea "mellitus" e sa itšetleheng ka insulin (mofuta II) ho tsamaisa taolo ea glycemic:

• ka mokhoa oa monotherapy - khahlano le nalane ea lijo tse matla tsa carb tse tlase le ts'ebetso e ntle ea 'mele,
• ka har'a kalafo:
  • le tlatsetso ea lithethefatsi tse theolelang tsoekere (metformin, thiazolidinedione, sulfonylurea derivatives),
  • bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea metformin le basal insulin.

Maemong ana, melemo ea sulfonylurea e ka hloka phokotso ea litekanyetso. Ha o sebelisa Byeta, o ka fokotsa tekanyetso e tloaelehileng ka 20% mme oa e fetola tlas'a taolo ea glycemia.

Bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse ling, regimen ea pele e ke ke ea fetoloa.

Ka molao, lithethefatsi tsa sehlopha sa "incretin" li khothalletsoa hore li lae hammoho le li-agents tse ling tsa hypoglycemic ho matlafatsa ts'ebetso ea bona le ho liehisa tumellano ea insulin.

Ts'ebeliso ea exenatide ha e hlahisoe bakeng sa:

• motho ka mong o tloaetse ho hlaseloa habonolo ke lintho tseo mori o leng ho tsona,
• "insulin" e amanang le lefu la tsoekere
• ho hlaba ka liphekolo kapa ho fokola hoa sebete,
• maloetse a tsamaiso ea tšilo ea lijo, a tsamaeang le "peresis" ("contrility" e fokotsehileng) ea mpeng,
• ho ima le ho anyesa,
• a hlobaetsang kapa a neng a kile a tšoaroa ke pancreatitis.

Se ke oa ngolla bana ho fihlela ba ba batho ba baholo.

Ho lokela hore ho sebelisoe tlhokomeliso ka tšebeliso e kopaneng ea li-exenatide le litokisetso tsa molomo tse hlokang ho huloa ka potlako ho tsoa mokokotlong: ha lia lokela ho nkuoa pele ho hora e le 'ngoe pele ho ente ea Bayet kapa lijong tse sa amaneng le tsamaiso ea tsona.

Khafetsa liketsahalong tse bohloko ha u sebelisa Byet ho tloha ho 10 ho isa ho 40%, ba bontšoa haholo ke ho nyekeloa pelo nakoana le ho hlatsa mohato oa pele oa kalafo. Ka linako tse ling likarabelo tsa lehae li ka hlaha sebakeng sa ente.

Menahano ea lithethefatsi

Lefu la tsoekere le tšaba pheko ena, joalo ka mollo!

U hloka ho kenya kopo ...

Potso ea ho khutlisetsa Bayet ka tharollo e 'ngoe, joalo ka molao, e ka hlaha tlasa maemo a latelang:

• mori ha o theohe tsoekere
• litlamorao li bonahatsoa haholo,
• Theko e phahame haholo.

Litlhare tsa Baeta li-drug - lithethefatsi tse nang le kalafo e tšoanang le e netefalitsoeng - ha li.

Li-analogues tsa eona tse felletseng tlasa laesense e tsoang ho Lilly le Company li hlahisoa ke Bristol-Myers squibb Co (BMS) le AstraZeneca.

Linaha tse ling li rekisa Byetu tlasa sehlahisoa sa litlama sa Bydureon.

Baeta Long ke moemeli oa hypoglycemic ea nang le moemeli ea tšoanang (exenatide), ketso feela ea nako e telele. Analogue e felletseng ea Baeta. Mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso - ente e le 'ngoe ea ho ikatisa ka matsatsi a supileng.

Sehlopha sa lithethefatsi tse tšoanang le "incretinin" se kenyeletsa Victoza (Denmark) - sethethefatsi se fokotsang tsoekere, ntho e sebetsang ke liraglutide. Ka thepa ea kalafo, matšoao le li-contraindication, e tšoana le Baete.

Li-agonists tsa Incretin li na le foromo e le 'ngoe ea litekanyetso - ente.

Sehlopha sa bobeli sa sehlopha sa lithethefatsi tsa incretin se emeloa ke lithethefatsi tse hatellang tlhahiso ea enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4). Li na le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa limolek'hule le thepa ea meriana.

Li-inhibitors tsa DPP-4 li kenyelletsa Januvia (Netherlands), Galvus (Switzerland), Transgenta (Jeremane), Ongliza (USA).

Joalo ka Baeta le Victoza, li eketsa maemo a insulin ka ho eketsa nako ea li-insretin, ho thibela tlhahiso ea glucagon le ho tsosa phello ea sele ea pancreatic.

Feela u se ke oa ama sekhahla sa ho lokolloa ha mpa mme u se ke ua kenya letsoho ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele.

Pontšo ea ts'ebeliso ea sehlopha sena sa lithethefatsi le eona ke "mellitus" ea mofuta oa insulin e sa itšetleheng ka mofuta oa monotherapy kapa hammoho le lithethefatsi tse ling tse fokotsang tsoekere.

Ho nka tekanyetso ea kalafo ha e bake tsoekere ea mali, hobane ha phallo ea eona ea 'mele e fihla, khatello ea tsoekere e ea emisa.

O mong oa melemo ke mokhoa oa bona oa litekanyetso ka mokhoa oa matlapa bakeng sa tsamaiso ea molomo, e leng se u lumellang ho kena kahare ho moriana 'meleng ntle le ho fetohela ente.

Foromo ea litekanyetso

Tharollo bakeng sa tsamaiso e poteletseng.

1 ml ea tharollo e na le:

ntho e sebetsang: exenatide 250 mcg,

Baeti: sodium acetate trihydrate 1.59 mg, acetic acid 1.10 mg, mannitol 43.0 mg, metacresol 2.20 mg, metsi a ente q.s. ho fihlela 1 ml.

Tharollo e sa bonahaleng ea 'mala.

Mali

Exenatide (Exendin-4) ke agonist e kang gluypagide receptor agonist mme ke 39 amino acid amidopeptide. Li-insretin, joalo ka glucagon-peptide-1 (GLP-1), e ntlafatsa secretion ea glucose e itšetlehileng ka glucose, e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea sele ea beta, e hatella secretion e sa lekanyetsoang le ho fokotsa butle-butle ka mpeng ka mor'a ho kenella maling a mangata ka kakaretso. Exenatide ke "matla" a "incretin mimetic" a matlafatsang "insulin secretion" mme a na le litlamorao tse ling tse amanang le "incretin" tse ntlafatsang taolo ea glycemic ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2.

Amino acid e latellanang ea extenatide ka mokhoa o ts'oanang e latellana le tatellano ea GLP-1 ea motho, ka lebaka leo e kopanyang le ho kenya tšebetsong li-receptors tsa GLP-1 ho batho, tse lebisang ho kenyelletso e eketsehileng ea glucose le secretion ea insulin ho tsoa lisele tsa pancreatic beta ka ho nka karolo ha cyclic AMP le / kapa ho saena ho hoholo hoa lets'oao. mekhoa. Exenatide e khothalletsa ho lokolloa ha insulin ho tsoa lisele tsa beta ha ho e-na le mokelikeli o mongata oa tsoekere. Exenatide e fapana ka sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale le ts'ebetso ea pharmacological ho tsoa ho insulin, sulfonylurea derivatives, D-phenylalanine derivatives le meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones le alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.

Exenatide e ntlafatsa taolo ea glycemic ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la 2 ka lebaka la mekhoa e latelang.

Secretion ea "gluulin" e itšetlehileng ka eona maemong a hyperglycemic, exenatide e ntlafatsa secretion ea glucose e itšetlehileng ka glucose ho tsoa lisele tsa pancreatic beta. Sekhahla sena sa "insulin" sea fela ha tsoekere ea mali maling e fokotseha 'me e atamela ka tsela e tloaelehileng, ka tsela eo e fokotsa kotsi e ka bang teng ea hypoglycemia.

Karolo ea pele ea karabo ea insulin: secretion ka insulin nakong ea metsotso e 10 ea pele, e tsejoang e le "karolo ea pele ea karabo ea insulin", ha e na bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2. Ntle le moo, tahlehelo ea karolo ea pele ea karabo ea insulin ke tšenyo ea pele ea ts'ebetso ea sele ea beta ho mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere. Tsamaiso ea extenatide e khutlisetsa kapa e ntlafatsa haholo likarolo tsa pele le tsa bobeli tsa karabo ea insulin ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2.

Secretion ea Glucagon: ho bakuli ba nang le mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere le hyperglycemia, tsamaiso ea extenatide e hatella secretion ea tsoekere e ngata.Leha ho le joalo, exenatide ha e kena-kenane le karabelo e tloaelehileng ea glucagon ho hypoglycemia.

Ho ja lijo: Tsamaiso ea exenatide e lebisa ho fokotseha ha takatso ea lijo le ho fokotseha ha lijo.

Ho tšolla mpa: ho ile ha bontšoa hore tsamaiso ea exenatide inhibits gastric motility, e liehisang ho felloa ke matla. Ho bakuli ba nang le mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 mellitus, kalafo ea extenatide ho monotherapy le hammoho le litokisetso tsa metformin le / kapa sulfonylurea li lebisa ho fokotseha ha khatello ea glucose e potlakileng, mahloriso a postprandial glucose, hammoho le HbA1c, ka ho etsa joalo ho ntlafatsa taolo ea glycemic ho bakuli bana.

Mofumahali

Kamora ho tsamaisoa ha subcutaneous ho bakuli ba nang le mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere, exenatide e kenella ka potlako mme e fihlella ho tsepamiso e phahameng ea plasma kamora lihora tse 2.1. Karolelano ea boholo bo boholo (Cmax) ke 211 pg / ml mme sebaka se felletseng se tlas'a khefu ea nako ea mahloriso (AUC)_0-int) ke 1036 pg x h / ml kamora ho tsamaisoa ha subcutaneous ea lethal dose la 10 μg exenatide. Ha e pepesetsoa exenatide, AUC e eketseha ka tekanyo ea keketseho ea lethaliti ho tloha ho 5 μg ho isa ho 10 μg, ha ho sa na le keketseho e lekanang ea Cmax. Phello e ts'oanang e ile ea bonoa ka tsamaiso e poteletseng ea exenatide ka mpeng, thipa kapa lehetla.

Palo ea kabo ea exenatide kamora tsamaiso ea subcutaneous ke lilithara tse 28.3.

Metabolism le excretion

Exenatide e hlahisoa ka ho khetheha ke filtara ea glomerular e lateloang ke tšilafalo ea protheine. Tlhahiso ea Exenatide ke 9.1 l / h mme halofo ea ho qetela ea bophelo ke lihora tse 2.4. Litšoaneleho tsena tsa pharmacokinetic tsa exenatide ke tekanyetso e ikemetseng. Mealo e lekantsoeng ea exenatide e tsejoa kamora lihora tse 10 kamora ho hlaka.

Lihlopheng tse ikhethang tsa bakuli

Bakuli ba nang le ts'oaetso ea renal

Bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le ts'ebetso ea renal e bobebe kapa e leka-lekaneng (clearinine clearance ea 30-80 ml / min), tumello ea extenatide ha e fapane haholo le ho hlakisoa lithutong tse nang le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea renal, ka hona, ho lokisoa ha litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi ha ho hlokahale. Leha ho le joalo, ho bakuli ba nang le ho se sebetse hantle ha methapo ea methapo e felisang methapo, tumello e tloaelehileng e fokotsoa ho 0.9 l / h (bapisoa le 9.1 l / h lithutong tse phetseng hantle).

Bakuli ba nang le ts'ebetso ea sebete e sa sebetseng

Kaha exenatide e pepesoa haholo ke liphio, ho lumeloa hore ts'ebetso ea hepatic e haelloang ha e fetole khatello ea mali le mali. Ba tsofetseng Age ha e ame litšobotsi tsa pharmacokinetic tsa exenatide. Ka hona, bakuli ba seng ba tsofetse ha ba qobelloe ho etsa phetoho ea litekanyetso.

Bana Mofuta oa pharmacokinetics oa exenatide ho bana ha o e-so ithutoe.

Bacha (ba lilemo li 12 ho isa ho 16)

Phuputsong e entsoeng ka pharmacokinetic e entsoeng le bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 sehlopha sa lilemo tse 12 ho isa ho tse 16, tsamaiso ea extenatide ka tekanyo ea 5 μg e ne e tsamaisana le litekanyetso tsa pharmacokinetic tse ts'oanang le tse boneng ho batho ba baholo.

Ha ho na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa banna le basali ho pharmacokinetics of exenatide. Peiso Race ha e na phello e matla ho li-pharmacokinetics tsa exenatide. Phetoho ea moriana o thehiloeng semelong sa morabe ha e hlokahale.

Bakuli ba batenya

Ha ho na khokahano e hlokomelehang pakeng tsa index ea 'mele (BMI) le exenatide pharmacokinetics. Phetoho ea moriana o thehiloeng ho BMI ha e hlokahale.

Matšoao a ho sebelisoa

Type 2 lefu la tsoekere la mellitus e le monotherapy ho kenyelletsa lijo le boikoetliso ho fihlela taolo e lekaneng ea glycemic.

Pheko ea ho kopanya
Type 2 lefu la tsoekere mellitus e le pheko e eketsehileng bakeng sa metformin, sulfonylurea derivative, thiazolidinedione, motswako oa metformin le sulfonylurea derivative kapa metformin le thiazolidinedione ha ho na taolo e lekaneng ea glycemic. Type 2 lefu la tsoekere mellitus e le pheko e eketsehileng ho kopantseng insulin le litokisetso tsa metformin ho ntlafatsa taolo ea glycemic.

Contraindication

• Hypersensitivity ho exenatide kapa excipients tse etsang moriana
• Mofuta oa 1 lefu la tsoekere kapa ho ba teng ha lefu la tsoekere
• Ho se sebetse hantle haholo ha re utloahala (ho reroa tumello ea tumello ea 'mele oa merinine

Liphetoho tse mpe tse etsahetseng khafetsa ho feta maemong a le mong li thathamisitsoe ho latela gradation e latelang: khafetsa (≥10%), hangata (≥1%, 0,1%, 0,01%, kalafo ea ho kopanya

Liphetoho tse mpe tse etsahetseng khafetsa ho feta maemong a le mong li thathamisitsoe ho latela li-gradation tse latelang: khafetsa (≥10%), hangata (≥1%, 0,1%, 0.01%, LEBENKELE LE MOTSOALLE OA LEBITSO LA HOLDER (OWNER) TLHOKOMELISO CHELETE

AstraZeneca UK Limited, United Kingdom 2 Kingdom Street, London W2 6BD, United Kingdom AstraZeneca UK Limited, United Kingdom 2 Kingdom Street, London W2 6BD, United Kingdom

MOEKETSI MOTSAMAI

Baxter Pharmaceutical Solutions ELC, USA
927 South Curry Pike, Bloomington, Indiana, 47403, USA
Baxter Pharmaceutical Solutions LLC, USA
927 South Curry Pike, Bloomington, Indiana 47403, USA

PULA (PAKENG TSE KHOLO)

1. Baxter Pharmaceutical Solutions ELC, USA 927 South Curry Pike, Bloomington, Indiana, 47403, USA Baxter Pharmaceutical Solutions LLC, USA 927 South Curry Pike, Bloomington, Indiana 47403, USA (cartridge)

2. Sharp Corporation, USA 7451 Keebler Way, Allentown, PA, 18106, USA Sharp Corporation, USA 7451 Keebler Way, Allentown, Pennsylvania, 18106, USA (kopano ea mabokose ka pentšele ea syringe)

PAKENG (SEBAKA (SELEMELA) PAKI ()

Enestia Belgium NV, Belgium
Kloknerstraat 1, Hamont-Ahel, B-3930,
Belgium Enestia Belgium NV, Belgium
Klocknerstraat 1, Hamont-Achel, B-3930, Belgium

TLHOKOMELISO LEKHOLO

AstraZeneca UK Limited, UK
Park ea Silk Road Business, Mcclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 2NA, UK
AstraZeneca UK Limited, United Kingdom brSilk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom

Lebitso, aterese ea mokhatlo e lumelletsoeng ke motsamaisi kapa mong'a lengolo la setifikeiti sa bongaka bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea bongaka ho amohela likopo ho moreki:

Moemeli oa AstraZeneca UK Limited, United Kingdom,
ho la Moscow le AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LLC
125284 Moscow, st. Ho baleha, 3, leq. 1

Baeta kapa Victoza: ke eng e betere?

Ka bobeli lithethefatsi ke tsa sehlopha se le seng - li-analogue tsa "incretin" li na le litlamorao tse tšoanang.

Empa Victoza e na le tšusumetso e tsebahalang e thusang ho fokotsa boima ba bakuli ba batenya haholo ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II.

Victoza e na le phello e telele, 'me ho khothalletsoa hore ente ea subcutaneous ea moriana e fanoe hang ka letsatsi mme ho sa tsotelloe lijo, ha Bayetu e lokela ho tsamaisoa habeli ka letsatsi hora e le ngoe pele ho lijo.

Theko ea thekiso ea Viktoza libakeng tsa meriana.

Ngaka e eang teng e etsa qeto ka khetho ea moriana, e nahanela litšobotsi tsa mokuli, ho teba ha litla-morao le ho hlahloba hore na lefu lena le bobe hakae.