Teko ea tsoekere ea mali: tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea biochemical

Glucose (k'habohaedreite e bonolo, monosaccharide) e kenella ka lijo. Ts'ebetsong ea saccharide cleavage, ho lokolloa matla a itseng, e leng se hlokahalang bakeng sa lisele tsohle, lisele le litho tsa motho ho boloka bophelo ba bona bo tloaelehileng.

Phallo ea tsoekere ea mali ke e 'ngoe ea litekanyetso tsa mantlha tsa ho hlahloba bophelo bo botle ba motho. Ho fetola tekano ea tsoekere ea mali ka nqa e le 'ngoe (hyper- kapa hypoglycemia) ka tsela e mpe haholo ho ama bophelo bo botle ka kakaretso le ts'ebetso ea litho tsohle tse ka hare le litsamaiso.

Ha ts'ilo ea lijo, tsoekere e tsoang lijong e fetoha likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale, tseo tsoekere e leng eona e ka sehloohong. Bophahamo ba mali a eona bo laoloa ke insulin (hormone ea pancreatic). Ha boemo ba glucose bo le holimo, ho hlahisoa insulin e ngata. Leha ho le joalo, palo ea insulin e patiloeng ke makhopho a lekanyelitsoe. Ebe tsoekere e fetelletseng e kenngoa ka har'a sebete le mesifa ka mofuta oa "tsoekere" (glycogen), kapa mofuta oa "triglycerides" liseleng tse mafura.

Hang ka mor'a ho ja, boemo ba tsoekere ea mali bo nyoloha (bo tloaelehileng), empa bo tsitsa kapele ka lebaka la ketso ea insulin. Letšoao le ka fokotseha kamora ho qeta nako e telele ho itima lijo, khatello e matla ea 'mele le kelello. Maemong ana, manyeme a hlahisa hormone e 'ngoe - mohanyetsi oa "insulin" (glucagon), o eketsang glucose, o etsa hore lisele tsa sebete li fetole glycogen ho khutlela glucose. Kahoo 'meleng ho na le ts'ebetso ea ho itaola khatello ea mali. Lintho tse latelang li ka e senya:

• tsoalo ea lefu la tsoekere mellitus (metabolism ea tsoekere e mpe),
• tlolo ea mosebetsi oa sephiri oa manyeme,
• tšenyo ea autoimmune ho manyeme,
• boima ba 'mele, botenya
• liphetoho tse amanang le lilemo
• khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng (boholo ba li-carbohydrate tse bonolo lijong),
• joala bo sa foleng,
• khatello ea maikutlo

Boemo bo kotsi ka ho fetisisa ke ha khatello ea tsoekere maling e nyoloha haholo (hyperglycemia) kapa e fokotseha (hypoglycemia). Maemong ana, tšenyo e ke keng ea fetoloa ea litho tsa litho tsa kahare le lits'ebetso li fetoha: pelo, liphio, methapo ea mali, methapo ea methapo, bokong, bo ka lebisang lefung.

Hyperglycemia e ka boela ea hlaha nakong ea kemaro (lefu la tsoekere). Haeba u sa lemohe bothata ka nako e loketseng 'me u nka mehato ea ho bo felisa, ka nako eo, ho mosali ho ima ho ka hlaha le mathata.

Teko ea mali a biochemical bakeng sa tsoekere e khothalletsoa ho etsoa nako e le 'ngoe ka lilemo tse 3 ho bakuli ba lilemo tse ka tlase ho 40 le nako e le' ngoe ka selemo ho ba leng kotsing (lefutso la lefu la tsoekere, lefu la ho ferekana, joalo-joalo). Sena se tla thusa ho thibela nts'etsopele ea maloetse a behang bophelo kotsing le mathata a bona.

• Tlhahlobo ea Prophylactic ea bakuli ba kotsing ea lefu la tsoekere,
• Boloetse ba tšoelesa ea tšoelesa ea senya, tšoelesa ea qoqotho, sebete, marenene.
• Ho beha leihlo boemo ba mofuta oa 1 le bakuli ba lefu la tsoekere ba 2 ba fumanang kalafo, hammoho le ho hlahlojoa ha hemoglobin le C-peptide,
• Nts'etsopele e belaelloang ea lefu la tsoekere la moetsana (gechiki ea libeke tse 24),
• Ho Nona Haholo
• Prediabetes (ho mamella tsoekere e sa sebetseng hantle).

Hape, sesupo sa tlhahlobo ke motsoako oa matšoao:

• lenyora le matla
• khafetsa ho ntša,
• ho nona ka potlako / ho theola boima ba 'mele,
• takatso e matla ea lijo
• ho ruruha ho feteletseng (hyperhidrosis),
• bofokoli bo akaretsang le ho tsekela, ho felloa ke letsoalo,
• monko oa acetone e tsoang molomong,
• lebelo le phahameng la pelo (tachycardia),
• ho sitisoa ha pono
• eketseha habonolo ea tšoaetso.

Lihlopha tsa likotsi tsa lefu la tsoekere:

• Age 40+
• Ho nona haholo, (botenya ba ka mpeng)
• Phello ea tlhaho ea lefu la tsoekere.

Ngaka ea endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, ngaka ea bongaka, ngaka e buoang le lingaka tse ling tse ikhethang kapa litsebi tse akaretsang li ka fetolela liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea mali bakeng sa tsoekere.

Glucose ea mali

Litekanyetso tsa 1 tsa laboratori:

Melao ea Helix Lab 1:

bana ba fetang lilemo tse 14
banna
basali bao e seng baimana

Mefuta ea tsoekere, ho latela se boletsoeng L. Danilova, 2014 2:

Mehopolo ea litšupiso e nkiloeng bukeng ea litšupiso A. Kishkun, 2007 3:

Tsoekere e phahameng (hyperglycemia)

• Lefu la tsoekere:
  • 7.0 mmol / L le kaholimo ka mpeng e se nang letho
  • 11.1 mmol / L le kaholimo ho lihora tse peli kamora lijo.
• Lefu la tsoekere nakong ea boimana
• Mathata a tsamaiso ea endocrine le manyeme,
• Ho hloleha ha Hormonal
• Pancreatitis (ho ruruha ha manyeme ka mokhoa o sa foleng kapa o bohloko haholo,
• Pancreatic oncology,
• Ho se sebetse hantle ha litho tsa ka hare: sebete, a liphio, litsoelesa tsa adrenal,
• Ho hloleha ho ts'oarela ha renal
• Hyperthyroidism (hypersecretion ea li-hormone tse iodine),
• Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome (tlhahiso e eketsehang ea cortisol ea lihormone ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal),
• Acromegaly (ho hlohlona ha gouta ea ka ntle)

• khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la ho sithabela maikutlo haholo, ho buuoa ka thata, ho nyekeloa ke pelo kapa ho otloa ke mokokotlo, ho opeloa ke bohloko,
• Lijo tse se nang botsitso (ho ata lenaneng la lihlahisoa tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata),
• ho nka meriana: diuretics, antidepressants, corticosteroids, lihormone, salicylates, lithium, dilantin, epinephrine, jj.

Ho latela liphuputso tsa morao-rao, maemo a phahameng a tsoekere ea mali a eketsa kotsi ea ho ba le mofets'e oa lefu la sebete ho batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere le lefu la tsoekere la 4.

Glucose e tlase (hypoglycemia)

• Pherekano ea pancreatic
• Hypothyroidism (tlhahiso e sa lekanang ea lihomone tsa qoqotho),
• Insulinoma (hangata e le neignloplasm e ka koahelang insulin),
• Mafu a sebete, liphio, litsoelesa tsa adrenal, incl. hampe
• ho hloleha ha adrenal (lefu la Addison),
• Hypopituitarism (tlolo ea secretion ea lihormone ke pituitary gland),
• Glycogenosis (sehlopha sa mafu a lefutso a bakiloeng ke tlolo ea motsoako le ho phatloha ha glycogen ka lebaka la bofokoli bo teng ba li-enzyme tse fapaneng).

• ho itima lijo nako e telele, ho latela lijo tse matla kapa ho itima lijo,
• tlolo ea ts'ebetso ea ka mpeng, mathata a amanang le lefu, maemo a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso,
• overdose ea insulin kapa lithethefatsi tse ling tse theolelang tsoekere,
• a noesa joala joala (chefo),
• tlhekefetso ea joala
• ho ikoetlisa ka matla
• feberu
• ho sebelisa meriana: li-steroid, amphetamine, jj.

Litokisetso tsa tlhahlobo

Biomaterial bakeng sa thuto ke mali a venous kapa a capillary, ao sampole ea eona e etsoang ho latela li-algorithm tse tloaelehileng.

• Sampole ea mali e etsoa hoseng (8.00 - 11.00) mme e tiile ka mpeng e se nang letho. Lijo tsa ho qetela li lokela ho ba bonyane lihora tse 8-14 pele ho ts'ebetso,
• Bosiu u ka se sebelise lisepa tse monate, lijo tse mafura le tse halikiloeng,
• Hape, letsatsi pele ho tlhahlobo, ho hlokahala hore ho kenyele tšebeliso ea joala, lino tse matla,
• Lihora tse 3-4 pele ho sampole ea mali, ha e khothalletsoe ho tsuba,
• Letsatsing la tlhatlhobo, o hloka ho itšireletsa khatello ea maikutlo le kelellong.

Teko ea tsoekere ea lapeng

Lapeng, hoa khonahala ho etsa tlhahlobo ea boithabiso u sebelisa glucometer.

Lerotholi la mali a capillary ho tloha monoana le tšeloa moqomong oa liteko, o kentsoeng sesebelisoa se balang tlhaiso-leseling ebe se etsa tlhahiso ka metsotso e 'maloa. Mofuta ona oa ho tsebahala o bonolo haholo ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere le thellisitsoeng, hobane le u lumella ho itaola ka boikemelo litekanyetso tsa tsoekere ea mali neng kapa neng.

Mokhoa o mong oa ho laola tsoekere ea mali ke ho bona acetone moeeng o tsoang mochineng o sebelisa sesebelisoa se nkehang se nang le li-slide tsa sensation tse lahliloeng. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona o bonts'a litlamorao tse fosahetseng tsa ba tsubang, hobane acetone le eona ke sehlahisoa sa motsoako oa mosi oa koae.

• 1. Tlhahisoleseling e tsoang liteisheneng tsa Attitro le Helix.
• 2. L.A. Danilova, MD, prof. Ho sekaseka mali, moroto le maro a mang a tlhaho ea motho ka nako e fapaneng ea lilemo, - SpecLit, 2014.
• 3. A.A. Kishkun, MD, prof. Tataiso ea mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea laboratori, - GEOTAR-Media, 2007.
• 4. Han H., Zhang T. Ts'oaetso ea tsoekere ea mali le kotsi ea lefu la sebete: tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng le tlhahlobo ea meta-lithuto tsa bao e tla ba lithuto. - Oncotarget. 2017 Jul 25,8 (30)
• 5. Miriam E Tucker. A Breathalyzer ea Lefu la tsoekere? Acetone e ka Botleng e Bontša Matla a Mali. - Medscape, Nov, 2016.

Glucose ke eng le karolo ea eona ea tlhahlobo ea biochemical

Tsoekere ea mali e bitsoa glucose. Ke ntho e bitsang kristale e pepeneneng. 'Meleng, tsoekere e bapala karolo ea mohloli oa matla. E entsoe ka 'mele o monya lijo tsa lik'habohaedreite le ho fetola mabenkele a glycogen sebeteng. Taolo ea khatello ea tsoekere ea mali e etsahala ka lebaka la lihormone tse peli tse ka sehloohong tse hlahisoang ke manyeme.

Ea pele ho tsena e bitsoa glucagon. E thusa ho eketsa tsoekere ea mali ka ho fetola mabenkele a glycogen. Insulin e bapala karolo ea mohanyetsi. Mesebetsi ea eona e kenyelletsa ho tsamaisa glucose ho lisele tsohle tsa 'mele ho li tlatsa ka matla. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea eona, boemo ba tsoekere bo theoha 'me motsoako oa glycogen sebeteng oa hlasimoloha.

Teko ea mali a biochemical bakeng sa tsoekere e ka bonts'a tlolo ea boemo ba eona. Ho na le bothata ka lebaka la lintlha tse latelang:

• Ho fifala ha pono ea insulin ke lisele tsa 'mele.
• Ho hloleha ha manyeme ho kopanya insulin ka botlalo.
• Ho se sebetse hantle ka mpeng, ka lebaka la ho ts'oaroa ha nama ea nama ea nama ea kolobe.

Ho fokotseha kapa keketseho ea khatello ea tsoekere ho kenya letsoho kholisong ea mafu a fapaneng. Ho li thibela, tlhahlobo ea mali a biochemical bakeng sa tsoekere e etsoa. E khothalletsoa haholo-holo maemong a latelang:

• ponts'o ea semelo sa setšoantšo sa kliniki ea lefu la tsoekere:
  • lenyora
  • ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele kapa botena,
  • khafetsa ho ntša
  • molomo o omileng.
• mohlala, tlhaho ea lefutso, haeba motho ea tsoang ho beng ka eena a e-na le lefu la tsoekere,
• khatello ea mali
• bofokoli bo akaretsang le bokhoni bo tlase ba ho sebetsa.

Teko ea mali a biochemical e etsoa ntle ho phoso nakong ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka le bakeng sa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng. Kamora lilemo tse 40, ho eletsoa hore batho ba e etse bonyane hanngoe ka selemo, haholoholo ha ho na le lintho tse behang kotsing.

Mali a fanoa bakeng sa ho sekasekwa maemong a laboratori ea litleliniki tse ikemetseng le litsi tsa bongaka tsa mmuso. Mofuta oa tlhahlobo o khethoa ho latela litšobotsi tsa mokuli le lefu la ho belaela. Mefuta e latelang ea tlhahlobo ea biochemical e sebelisoa haholo ho khetholla khatello ea tsoekere le likarolo tse amanang le eona.

• Boithuto ba biochemical ba likarolo tsa mali bo sebelisoa ka bobeli e le prophylaxis le molemong oa tlhahlobo ho bona lefu ka nepo. Ka lebaka la tlhahlobo, setsebi se tla khona ho bona liphetoho tsohle 'meleng, ho kenyelletsa ho fetoha ha maemo mokhoeng oa tsoekere. Biomaterial e nkiloeng ho mokuli e sebetsoa ka laboratoring ea biochemical.

• Teko ea mamello ea glucose e etselitsoe ho khetholla phallo ea tsoekere ho plasma. Sampole ea pele ea mali e nooa hoseng ka mpeng e se nang letho. Mokuli o lumelloa feela hore a noe metsi, 'me matsatsi a mabeli pele ho tlhahlobo, o lokela ho khaotsa ho noa joala le ho ja lijo tse kotsi ebile ho le thata ho li ja. Kamora metsotso e 5-10, motho o fuoa khalase ea tsoekere e hloekisitsoeng e qhibilihileng. Nakong e tlang, sampole ea mali e tla etsoa makhetlo a 2 le phapang ea metsotso e 60. Teko ea ho mamella tsoekere e etsoa ho netefatsa kapa ho hanyetsa lefu la tsoekere.
• Teko ea ho mamella C-peptide e bontša hore na lisele tsa beta tsa sehlekehleke sa Langerhans li sebetsa hakae. Ho latela sephetho sa tlhahlobo, motho a ka ahlola mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere le katleho ea mofuta oa kalafo.
• Boithuto ba hemoglobin ea glycated bo etsoa ho fumana boemo ba tsoekere likhoeling tse 3 tse fetileng. E thehoa ka ho kopanya glucose e sa koaeloang le hemoglobin. Bakeng sa likhoeli tse 3, hemoglobin e nang le glycated e nka lintlha ka tsoekere e ngata nakong ena. Ka lebaka la nepahalo ea sephetho, ho khothaletsoa hore bohle ba lefu la tsoekere ba fetisetse tlhahlobo ho laola nts'etsopele ea lefu lena.
• Tlhahlobo ea biochemical bakeng sa motsoako oa fructosamine e etsoa ka sepheo se tšoanang le tlhahlobo ea hemoglobin ea glycated. Leha ho le joalo, maemong ana, liphetho li bonts'a tekanyo ea tsoekere ea tsoekere libekeng tse peli tse fetileng. Teko e sebetsang ke ho fetola mofuta oa kalafo bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere le ho tseba mofuta oa eona oa morao ho basali baimana le batho ba nang le phokolo ea mali.

• Ho khetholla mokokotlo oa lactate (lactic acid) ho ka bolela ka ho teba ha eona le boemo ba nts'etsopele ea lactocytosis (acidization ea mali). Lactic acid e hlahisoa ka lebaka la tsoekere ea anaerobic 'meleng. Teko ena e thusa ho thibela nts'etsopele ea mathata a lefu la tsoekere.
• Biochemistry ea mali bakeng sa tsoekere ho basali ba baimana e etsoa ho sa kenye letsoho mofuta oa nakoana oa lefu la tsoekere. E etsoa, ​​joalo ka tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea tsoekere ea glucose, empa haeba boemo ba eona bo eketseha pele ho tšebeliso ea tsoekere, joale sampole e eketsehileng ea biomaterial ha e hlokehe. Haeba u belaela lefu la tsoekere, mosali oa moimana o fuoa khalase ea tsoekere e qhibilihileng. Kamora tšebeliso ea eona, mali a fanoa ka makhetlo a 2-4 le phapang ea metsotso e 60.
• Tlhahlobo e potlakileng e etsoa lapeng le glucometer. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo, o tla hloka lerotholi le le leng la mali le sebelisitsoeng moqomong oa liteko le metsotso e 30-60. ho tseba hore na sesebelisoa se na le tsoekere e kae. Ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ke hoo e ka bang 10% e tlaasana le liteko tsa laboratori, empa ho ba lefu la tsoekere ho bohlokoa haholo, hobane ka linako tse ling ho nka makhetlo a 10 ka letsatsi ho a sekaseka.

Ho bokelloa ha biomaterial bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa laboratori ho etsoa hoseng ka mpa e se nang letho. Ho fumana liphetho tse nepahetseng, ho thibetsoe ho nwa haholo kapa ho nwa jwala ka kotloloho matsatsi a 2 pele ho tlhahlobo. Letsatsi pele ho monehelo, ho molemo ho qoba khatello ea kelello le 'mele mme ho bohlokoa hore u robale hantle bosiu. Haeba ho khonahala, litsebi li khothaletsa ho khaotsa ho sebelisa meriana matsatsi a 2 pele u nka biomaterial.

Bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea limithara ha ho hlokahale ho latela litlhahiso tse ikhethileng. Teko e ka etsoa ho sa tsotelehe nako ea letsatsi kapa boemo ba mokuli.

Ho etsa tlhahlobo ea glucose

Tlhahlobo ea tsoekere ea mali e khothalletsoa hore e noe hang ka selemo ho batho ba nang le:

• Ho nona haholo
• Bofebe bo fosahetseng
• Khatello ea mali e phahameng.

Hape o lokela ho hlahloba tsoekere ea mali hang hang ha matšoao a latelang a hlaha:

• Boikutlo bo sa feleng ba molomo o omileng, o tsosetsang lenyora,
• Ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka lijo tse tloaelehileng,
• Bofokoli le mokhathala ntle le khatello ea maikutlo,
• Ponahalo ea sebopeho se pustular letlalong le ho ikutloa eka e loma,
• Ho fokolisa kakaretso ea sesole sa 'mele, se hlahisoang ke sefuba le pholiso e mpe ea leqeba.

Ho fumana leseli le tšepahalang ka litekanyo tsa tsoekere, hoa hlokahala ho phethahatsa litlhokahalo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa pele ho sampole ea mali. Pele ho tsohle, ho bohlokoa haholo ho fana ka mali ka mpeng e se nang letho. Lijo tsa ho qetela ha lia lokela ho ba pele ho lihora tse 12. Ntle le moo, ha ua lokela ho noa joala bonyane matsatsi a mmaloa pele ho tlhahlobo.

U ka tseba ka boikemelo boemo ba tsoekere ea mali ka sesebelisoa se khethehileng - glucometer. Ho bonolo haholo ho e sebelisa mme sephetho se ka fumaneha ka nako ea kotara ea hora.

Keletso! U lokela ho tseba hore ho motho e moholo ea phetseng hantle, boemo ba glucose maling bo lokela ho tloha ho 3.5 ho isa ho 5.5 mmol / L. Tlhahlobo ea bobeli e fanoa haeba letšoao le kaholimo ho 6.0 mmol / L. Ka nako e ts'oanang, boemo ba tsoekere bo kaholimo ho 7.0 mmol / L bo bonts'a monyetla o moholo oa ho ba le lefu la tsoekere.

Mabaka a Liphetoho tsa Tsoekere

Ho na le lisosa tse fapaneng tsa ho eketseha ha tsoekere. Sena se ka etsahala hanyane nakong ea ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea 'mele' meleng oa motho. Lingaka li khetholla lisosa tse latelang tsa lapeng:

• Ho eketsa boikoetliso ba 'mele,
• Maemo a sithabetsang
• Ho ja limatlafatsi-mmele tse ngata.

Hape, maemong a mang a pathological, keketseho ea nakoana ea tsoekere e ka bonoa. Maemong a joalo, mabaka a sena a ka hlaha ka lebaka la tse latelang:

• Tšoaetso ea vaerase kapa baktheria e bakang feberu,
• Letšoao le sa feleng la bohloko ba tšimoloho efe kapa efe,
• Ho otla ha pelo ka pelo

• Burns ea libaka tse kholo tsa letlalo,
• Bohloko bo hlokofatsang ba kelello libakeng tse senyehileng tsa boko bo ikarabellang bakeng sa ho monya tsoekere.
• Ho ts'oaroa ha sethoathoa.

Keketseho e tsitsitseng ea tekanyo ea tsoekere maling, e netefatsoang ke liteko tse phetoang, e ka hlaha ho mafu a fapaneng a behang bophelo ba motho kotsing e kholo. Pele ho tsohle, maemo a tsoekere a phahameng a bontša nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere.

Hape, lisosa tsa tsoekere e phahameng ea mali li ka amahanngoa le mafu a mang, e leng:

• Maloetse a tsamaiso ea lijo
• Pathologies ea sebete,
• Hormonal ho leka-lekana,
• Mathata le litho tsa tsamaiso ea endocrine.

Litsela tsa ho Fokotsa Tsoekere

Haeba, ka mor'a ho hlahlobisisa khafetsa, boemo ba tsoekere bo phahameng bo netefalitsoe, mehato e potlakileng e lokela ho nkuoa ho e fokotsa. Ngaka e lula e fana ka litlhare tsa kalafo, 'me li latela hore na boemo ba mokuli bo qala joang:

• Haeba kamora ho fumana ts'oaetso, khahlanong le semelo sa tsoekere e eketsehang, ha ho mafu a fumanoeng, ho ja lijo tse nang le khabone e fokolang ho ka fokotsa palo ea tsoekere maling.
• Ha ho netefatsa nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere mellitus kapa li-pathologies tse ling tse tebileng tsa litho le lits'ebetso, lithethefatsi tse khethehileng li tla hlokahala ho theola boemo ba tsoekere.

Kajeno, ho na le meriana e mengata e fapaneng e thusang ho boloka tsoekere e tloaelehileng ea mali. Empa ka nako e ts'oanang, ho bohlokoa haholo ho lula u lekola boemo ba ntho ka thuso ea glucometer.

Le ha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho latela phepo e nepahetseng le ho khaotsa ho tsuba le joala. Likhoka tse kotsi li hloka tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea livithamini le liminerale, tse eketsang litlamorao tse mpe tsa litekanyo tse phahameng tsa tsoekere 'meleng.

Keletso! Haeba tlhahlobo e bonts'a boemo bo phahameng ba tsoekere, u ka se khone ho inahana. Ketso tsohle li tlameha ho hokahanngoa le ngaka.

Ha o netefatsa litekanyo tse phahameng tsa tsoekere, ho bohlokoa ho etsa hore tšebetso ea 'mele e tloaelehe. Hoa hlokahala ho tlohela mokhoa oa ho lula fatše, ho etsa bonnete ba ho ikoetlisa hoseng, hammoho le ho hlophisa boikoetliso ba 'mele ho latela lilemo le boemo ba' mele.

Ho fokotsa tsoekere ea mali, o tla hloka tlhahlobo e felletseng. Sena se tla lumella ngaka ho theha lisosa tsa tsoekere e eketsehileng, ka hona, fana ka kalafo ka nepo.

Malebela mabapi le tsoekere e phahameng

U ka theola boemo ba hau ba tsoekere ka ho hlahloba tsela eo u jang ka eona. Pele ho tsohle, o hloka ho khetha kantle ho li-carbohydrate tse bonolo, tse fumanehang ho:

• liswiti, jeme le lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa confectionery,
• Litholoana tse tsoekere, mohlala, morara, mahapu, lifeiga, libanana,
• nama e mafura, le masose,
• Li-juices tsa indasteri le limmapa,
• li-ketchups tsa indasteri le mayonnaise.

Lijo tse sebelisoang lijong li lokela ho ba le lik'habohaedreite tse lekaneng le fiber. E na le thuso ebile e khothalelitsoe ho kenyelletsoa lethathamong le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tsoekere ke:

• Nama e halikiloeng ea nama
• Sesepa sa letlalo le lihlahisoa tsa lebese le bolila,
• Buckwheat, harese, oat le perela ea harese,
• Litholoana tse bolila le monokotsoai,
• Meroho e halikiloeng e sa tsoa khuoa
• Meroho e lohiloeng, e tala le e phehiloeng ntle le litapole.

Ho bohlokoa hape ho latela litlhahiso tse latelang ha u hlophisa ho fepa:

• Lijo li lokela ho ba teng ka nako e tšoanang,
• U hloka ho ja khafetsa, bonyane makhetlo a 5 ka letsatsi, empa ka nako e tšoanang likarolo li lokela ho ba nyane,
• Ho hlokahala hore u tsebe ho latela sethala sa khalori ea lijana eseng ho ja haholo.

Ka potlako, o ka fokotsa tsoekere maling maling ka ho kenyelletsa lero le meroho lijong. Motsoako oa setso o sebelisoang haholo ke lero le tsoang litapole, li-beet, khabeche, artichoke ea Jerusalema. Maemong ana, likarolo li ka nkuoa ka ho lekana.

Tekanyo e eketsehileng ea tsoekere e maling ha ea lokela ho ba koluoa. Ntho ea mantlha ha e na boikarabelo ho lefu la methapo, empa ho nka mehato eohle ea ho phekola lefu lena, ho latela litlhahiso le litlhahiso tsa ngaka.

Litokisetso tsa tlhahlobo ea biochemical li etsahala joang?

Pele o fana ka mali, o hloka ho itokisetsa ka hloko ts'ebetso ena. Ba nang le thahasello ea ho fetisa tlhahlobo ka nepo ba hloka ho nahana ka litlhoko tse 'maloa tse bonolo tse bonolo:

• fana ka mali feela ka mpeng e se nang letho,
• mantsiboea, ka le hlahlamang la tlhahlobo e tlang, o ka se noe kofi e matla, tee, ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura, lino tse tahang (tse qetang ho le molemo li se ke tsa nka matsatsi a 2-3),
• ha ho tsubelo bonyane hora pele ho tlhahlobo,
• ka tsatsi le leng pele liteko li nkuoa, ha ho na thuso ho sebelisa mekhoa efe kapa efe ea mafura - ho ea sauna, bathhouse, hape motho eo ha aa lokela ho itlhahisa ka matla ho ikoetlisa ka matla,
• o hloka ho fetisa liteko tsa laboratori hoseng, pele ho lits'ebetso tsa bongaka,
• motho ea itokiselitseng tlhahlobo, ha a se a fihlile ka laboratoring, o hloka ho khutsisa hanyane, ho lula metsotso e fokolang le ho ts'oara moea oa hae,
• karabo ea potso ke hore na ho ka khoneha hore o hlatsoe meno pele o nka liteko: e le hore u tsebe ho fumana tsoekere e maling hantle, hoseng pele ho thuto, u hlokomolohe ts'ebetso ena ea bohloeki, hape u se ke ua noa tee le kofi,
• ha ea lokela ho nkuoa pele ho sampole ea mali lithibela-mafulithethefatsi tsa li-hormonal, diuretics, jj.
• libeke tse peli pele ho thuto, o hloka ho khaotsa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse amang lipidska madi li-statins,
• haeba o hloka ho fetisa tlhahlobo e felletseng hape, hona ho tlameha ho etsoa ka nako e le 'ngoe, laboratori le eona e lokela ho tšoana.

Ho nchafatsa tlhahlobo ea mali a biochemical

Haeba tlhahlobo ea mali a kliniki e entsoe, tlhahlobo ea matšoao e etsoa ke setsebi. Hape, ho hlalosoa ha matšoao a tlhahlobo ea biochemical ea mali ho ka etsoa ho sebelisa tafole e khethehileng, e bonts'ang matšoao a tloaelehileng a liteko ho batho ba baholo le bana. Haeba pontšo efe kapa efe e fapana le e tloaelehileng, ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko sena mme o bone ngaka e ka "balang" litholoana tsohle ka nepo. Haeba ho hlokahala, biochemistry ea mali e laetsoe: profil e atolositsoeng.

Tafoleng ea ho hlatsoa lihlahisoa tsa biochemical tsa mali ho batho ba baholo

li-globulins (α1, α2, γ, β)

21.2-34.9 g / l

Kahoo, tlhahlobo ea mali e nang le biochemical e etsa hore ho khonehe ho etsa tlhahlobo e qaqileng ho lekola mosebetsi oa litho tsa ka hare. Ho hlalosa sephetho ho u thusa ho "bala" ka nepo livithamini, macro- le microelements, Li-enzyme, lihormone mmele o a hloka. Biochemistry ea mali e khona ho bona boteng ba li-pathologies metabolism.

Haeba o hlakola matšoao a fumanoeng, ho bonolo haholo ho tsebahatsa lefu lena. Biochemistry ke thuto e qaqileng ho feta OAC. Ka sebele, ho thathamisoa ha matšoao a tlhahlobo ea mali ka kakaretso ha ho lumelle ho fumana lintlha tse joalo tse qaqileng.

Ho bohlokoa haholo ho khanna lithuto tse joalo ha ea boimana. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo e akaretsang nakong ea kemolo ha e fane ka monyetla oa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling e phethahetseng. Ka hona, biochemistry ho basali baimana e laetsoe, e le molao, likhoeling tsa pele le ho trimester ea boraro. Ka boteng ba li-pathologies tse ling le bophelo bo botle, tlhahlobo ena e etsoa khafetsa.

Liraboratiking tsa sejoale-joale, ba khona ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho lekola matšoao a fumanehang ka lihora tse 'maloa. Mokuli o fuoa tafole eo ho eona ho bontšitsoeng lintlha tsohle. Ka lebaka leo, ho a khonahala le ho ikemela hore na ho ba le lipalo tsa mali ho tloaelehile hakae ho batho ba baholo le ho bana.

Litafole tse hlalositsoeng tsa tlhahlobo ea mali ka kakaretso ho batho ba baholo le litlhahlobisong tsa biochemical li hlalositsoe ka ho lekanya lilemo le bong ba mokuli. Ntle le moo, tloaelo ea biochemistry ea mali, joalo ka tloaelo ea tlhahlobo ea mali ea kliniki, e ka fapana ho basali le ho banna, ho bakuli ba banyenyane le ba baholo.

Hemogram- Ena ke tlhahlobo ea mali ea bongaka ho batho ba baholo le bana, eu lumella ho fumana palo ea likarolo tsohle tsa mali, hammoho le likarolo tsa bona tsa morphological, karolelano lisele tse tšoeu tsa malidikahare hemoglobin le ba bang

Kaha biochemistry ea mali ke thuto e rarahaneng, e boetse e kenyelletsa liteko tsa sebete. Ho chora ha tlhahlobo ho u lumella ho fumana hore na ts'ebetso ea sebete e tloaelehile. Hendatic indices e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetholla li-pathologies tsa setho sena. Lintlha tse latelang li etsa hore ho khonehe ho lekola sebopeho le tšebetso ea sebete: ALT, GGTP (tloaelo ea GGTP ho basali e tlase haholo), Li-enzyme alkaline phosphatase boemo bilirubin le protheine e felletseng. Liteko tsa Hepatic li etsoa haeba ho hlokahala ho theha kapa ho netefatsa bokuli.

Cholinesteraseikemiselitseng ho fumana botebo botaoa le boemo ba sebete, hammoho le mesebetsi ea eona.

Tsoekere ea mali boikemisetso ba ho lekola mesebetsi ea tsamaiso ea endocrine. Lebitso la tlhahlobo ea tsoekere ea mali le ka fumanoa ka kotloloho laboratoring. Tlhahiso ea tsoekere e ka fumanoa ka foromo ea liphetho. Tsoekere e bontšoa joang? E emeloa ke lentsoe "glucose" kapa "GLU" ka Senyesemane.

Tloaelo e bohlokoa CRP, kaha ho tlola matšoao ana ho bontša kholo ea ho ruruha. Letšoao AST e bonts'a mekhoa ea methapo e amanang le timetso ea lisele.

Letšoao MIDlitekong tsa mali ho khethoa nakong ea tlhahlobo e akaretsang. Tekanyo ea MID e u lumella ho hlalosa nts'etsopele allergy, mafu a tšoaetsanoang, khaello ea mali, joalo-joalo. Letšoao la MID le u lumella ho lekola boemo ba tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung.

ICSUKe sesupo sa khatello ea maikutlo hemoglobin ka sele e khubelu ea mali. Haeba ICSU e phahame, mabaka a sena a hlaha ka lebaka la khaello ea Vithamine B12 kapa folic acidhammoho le congenital spherocytosis.

MPV - boleng bo bohareng ba molumo o lekantsoeng palo ea liplatelete.

Lipidograme fana ka qeto ea matšoao a kakaretso k'holeseterole, HDL, LDL, triglycerides. Sesebelisoa sa lipid se etselitsoe ho bona mathata a metabolism ea lipid 'meleng.

Moo li-electrolyte tsa mali e bontša tsela e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso ea metabolic 'meleng.

SeromucoidKe karoloana ea liprotheine lero la malie kenyeletsang sehlopha sa li-glycoprotein. Ha a bua ka taba ea hore seromucoid ke seo e leng sona, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore haeba lisele tse sebetsanang li senyehile, li senyehile kapa li senyehile, li-seromucoid li kena ka plasma ea mali. Ka hona, li-seromucoids li ikemiselitse ho bolela esale pele tsoelo-pele lefuba.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) Na ho joalo enzymee kenya letsoho ho oxidation ea tsoekere le ho hlahisa lactic acid.

Patlisiso mabapi le osteocalcine etselitsoeng ho hlahloba lefu la masapo le manonyeletso.

Tlhaloso C-protein e sebetsang (CRP, PSA) ho motho e moholo le ho ngoana ho etsa hore ho khonehe ho tseba nts'etsopele ea tšoaetso e matla ea parasitiki kapa ea baktheria, lits'oaetso tsa ts'oaetso, neoplasms.

Tlhahlobo ho ferritin(protheine e rarahaneng, "depracellular iron depot" e kholo) e etsoa ka lipelaelo tse belaetsang tsa hemochromatosis, maloetse a sa foleng le a sa foleng.

Teko ea mali bakeng sa ASO bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetholla mathata a mangata ka mor'a ts'oaetso ea streptococcal.

Ntle le moo, lipontšo tse ling li ikemiselitse, 'me ho latela lipalo tse ling (li-protein electrophoresis, jj.). Tloaelo ea tlhahlobo ea mali a biochemical e bontšoa litafoleng tse khethehileng. E bonts'a tloaelo ea tlhahlobo ea mali a biochemical ho basali, tafoleng e boetse e fana ka leseli mabapi le litefiso tse tloaelehileng ho banna. Empa leha ho le joalo, mabapi le mokhoa oa ho lekola tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea mali le ho bala tlhaiso ea tlhahlobo ea biochemical, ho molemo ho botsa setsebi se tla lekola sephetho ka botlalo le ho fana ka kalafo e loketseng.

Ho etsa qeto ea biochemistry ea mali ho bana ho etsoa ke setsebi se khethileng lithuto. Bakeng sa sena, ho sebelisoa le tafole eo ho eona ho bontšitsoeng moelelo oa bana ba lipontšo tsohle.

Ka meriana ea bongaka ea liphoofolo, ho boetse ho na le litekanyetso tsa methapo ea mali a biochemical bakeng sa lintja le likatse - sebopeho sa biochemical sa mali a liphoofolo se bontšoa litafoleng tse lumellanang.

Se boleloang ke matšoao a itseng tlhahlobong ea mali se tšohloa ka botlalo ka tlase.

Kakaretso ea protheine ea serum, likaroloana tsohle tsa protheine

Protein e bolela ho hongata 'meleng oa motho, kaha e nka karolo ho hlahisoeng ha lisele tse ncha, tsamaisong ea lintho le ho etsoa hoa lihlong ho itsireletsa.

Protein e na le 20 ea bohlokoa amino acid, le tsona li na le lintho tse sa bonahaleng, livithamini, lipid le masala a carbohydrate.

Karolo ea metsi e na le liprotheine tse ka bang 165, ho feta moo, sebopeho sa tsona le karolo ea tsona 'meleng li fapane. Liprotheine li arotsoe likarolo tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa liprotheine:

Kaha tlhahiso ea liprotheine e etsahala haholo ka har'a sebete, boemo ba bona bo bontša ts'ebetso ea eona ea maiketsetso.

Haeba protheine e bontša hore mmele o bontša ho fokotseha hoa protheine e felletseng, ketsahalo ena e hlalosoa e le hypoproteinemia. Boemo bo tšoanang bo bonoa maemong a latelang:

• ka tlala ea protheine - haeba motho a hlokomela tse ling jatloaelo ea ho ja limela
• haeba ho na le keketseho ea protheine ka moroto - le proteinurialefu la liphio ea boimana,
• haeba motho a lahleheloa ke mali a mangata - ka ho tsoa mali, linako tse boima,
• haeba ho chesa haholo,
• ka thabo e feteletseng, pericarditis exudative, ascites,
• ka nts'etsopele ea neoplasms e mpe,
• haeba sebopeho sa protheine se senyehile - le cirrhosishepatitis
• ka ho fokotseha ha ho kenngoa hoa lintho - ka pancreatitis, prick, enteritis, jj.
• kamora tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea glucocorticosteroids.

Boemo bo eketsehileng ba protheine 'meleng ke hyperproteinemia. Phapang pakeng tsa hyperproteinemia e felletseng le e amanang.

Khōlo e lekanyelitsoeng ea liprotheine e ba teng ha ho ka etsahala hore karolo ea mokelikeli ea plasma e lahlehe. Sena se etsahala haeba ho hlatsa khafetsa ho tšoeroe ke k'holera.

Keketseho e phethahetseng ea protheine e tsejoa haeba lits'ebetso tsa ho ruruha li etsahala, myeloma.

Likarolo tsa ntho ena ka 10% lia fetoha ka phetoho ea maemo a 'mele, le nakong ea ha motho a ikoetlisa.

Hobaneng ha likarolo tsa protein li fetoha?

Likaroloana tsa liprotheine - li-globulin, albin, fibrinogen.

Bioassay e tloaelehileng ea mali ha e bolele boikemisetso ba fibrinogen, e bonts'ang ts'ebetso ea ho fetoha ha mali. Coagulogram- Ts'ebetso eo letšoao lena le ikemiselitsoeng ho eona.

Boemo ba likarolo tsa liprotheine bo phahamisoa neng?

Boemo ba Albumin:

• haeba tahlehelo ea metsi e hlaha nakong ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang,
• ka ho chesa.

Li-globulins:

• le mafu a systemic ea lisele tse sebetsanang (ramatiki, dermatomyositis, scleroderma),
• ka ho ruruha ha purulent ka mokhoa o thata,
• ka ho chesa nakong ea hlaphoheloe,
• nephrotic syndrome ho bakuli ba nang le glomerulonephritis.

Β- li-globulins:

• le hyperlipoproteinemia bathong ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, atherosulinosis,
• e nang le leqeba la ho tsoa mali ka mpeng kapa ka mpeng,
• le lefu la nephrotic,
• ho hypothyroidism.

Li-globulin tsa gamma li phahame maling.

• ka tšoaetso ea vaerase le baktheria,
• le maloetse a methapo ea methapo e amanang le (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma),
• le allergies
• bakeng sa ho chesoa
• ka tlhaselo ea helminthic.

Karolo ea protheine e fokotsoa neng?

• matsatsing a masea ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele ea lisele tsa sebete,
• ho edema mats'oafo
• nakong ea kemolo
• le mafu a sebete,
• ka ho tsoa mali
• boemong ba ho bokellana ha plasma methapong ea 'mele,
• le maqeba a bolaeang.

Boemo ba metabolism ea Nitrojene

'Meleng ha se feela kaho ea lisele. Li boetse lia bola, 'me metheo ea naetrojene ea ipokella. Ho ba teng ha tsona ho hlaha ka har'a sebete sa motho, li pepesetsoa liphio. Ka hona, haeba matšoaonaetrojene metabolism e phahamisitsoe, e kanna ea sitisa tšebetso ea sebete kapa ea liphio, hammoho le ho phatloha ho hoholo ha protheine. Matšoao a sehlooho a metabolism ea naetrojene - moeinine, urea. Ntho e sa tsejoeng hangata ke ammonia, creatine, nitrogen e setseng, uric acid.

Urea (urea)

Mabaka a keketseho:

• glomerulonephritis, a hlobaetsang le a sa foleng,
• nephrosermosis,
• pyelonephritis,
• chefo e nang le lisebelisoa tse fapaneng - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, salate ea mercury,
• khatello ea kelello ea methapo
• lefu la ho senyeha
• polycystic kapa lefubaseso
• ho hloleha ha rems.

Mabaka a ho fokotsa:

• tlhahiso ea moroto e eketsehileng
• Tsamaiso ea tsoekere
• ho hloleha ha sebete
• hemodialysis,
• fokotseha hoa mekhoa ea metabolic,
• ho itima lijo
• hypothyroidism.

Mabaka a keketseho:

• ho hloleha ha rems ka mefuta e boima le e sa foleng,
• qotsitsoe lefu la tsoekere,
• hyperthyroidism,
• acromegaly
• bowel,
• mesifa dystrophy
• chesa.

Uric acid

Mabaka a keketseho:

• leukemia
• gout,
• Khaello ea Vitamin B-12
• mafu a tšoaetsanoang a tlhaho e hlobaetsang,
• Lefu la Wakez
• lefu la sebete
• lefu la tsoekere le matla
• pathology ea letlalo,
• chefo ea khase ea carbon monoxide, barbiturates.

Glucose e nkoa e le sesupo se ka sehloohong sa metabolism ea carbohydrate. Ke sehlahisoa se ka sehloohong sa matla se kenang ka seleng, kaha ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea sele e itšetlehile ka oksijene le glucose. Kamora hore motho a jelle lijo, tsoekere e kenella ka har'a sebete, ebe e sebelisoa ka mokhoa oo glycogen. Laola mekhoa ena lihormone manyeme - insulinle glucagon. Ka lebaka la ho haella ha tsoekere maling, hypoglycemia ea hlaha, ho fetella hoa eona ho fana ka maikutlo a hore hyperglycemia e etsahala.

Tlokotsi ea khatello ea tsoekere maling e hlaha maemong a latelang:

Hypoglycemia

• ka ho itima lijo nako e telele,
• bakeng sa malabsorption ea lik'habohaedreite - le tsikitlanya, enteritis, jj.
• ka hypothyroidism,
• le methapo e sa foleng ea sebete,
• ka mathata a sa foleng a adrenal cortex,
• ka hypopituitarism,
• haeba ho na le lithethefatsi tse ngata tsa insulin kapa li-hypoglycemic tse nooang ka molomo,
• ho meningitis, encephalitis, insuloma, meningoencephalitis, sarcoidosis.

Hyperglycemia

• le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa pele le oa bobeli,
• ka thyrotooticosis,
• molemong oa ntlafatso ea hlahala gland,
• ka nts'etsopele ea neoplasms ea adrenal cortex,
• na pheochromocytoma,
• bathong ba sebelisang kalafo ea glucocorticoid,
• ho lefu la sethoathoa,
• ka likotsi le maqeba a bokong,
• ka maikutlo a kelello
• haeba chefo ea kh'onate ea monoxide e etsahetse.

Ho senyeha ha metabolism ea pigment 'meleng

Liprotheine tse khethehileng tsa mebala ke li-peptide tse nang le tšepe (koporo, tšepe). Tsena ke myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, cerulloplasmin, jj. BilirubinKe sehlahisoa sa ho felisoa ha liprotheine tse joalo. Ha ho ba teng ha erythrocyte mokokotlong ho fela, bilirubin reductase e hlahisoa ke biliverdin reductase, e bitsoang ka mokhoa o sa tobang kapa oa mahala. Bilirubin ena e na le chefo, ka hona e kotsi 'meleng. Leha ho le joalo, kaha khokahano ea eona e potlakileng le albin ea mali e hlaha, chefo ea 'mele ha e hlahe.

Ka nako e ts'oanang, bathong ba nang le lefu la cirrhosis, hepatitis, ha ho na khokahano le glucuronic acid 'meleng, kahoo tlhahlobo e bonts'a boemo bo holimo ba bilirubin. Ka mor'a moo, bilirubin e sa tobang e tlameletsoe ho glucuronic acid e liseleng tsa sebete, 'me e fetoha bilirubin (DBil) e sa tlameng. Boemo ba eona bo phahameng bo bonoa ho Lefu la Gilbert, biliary dyskinesia. Haeba ho etsoa liteko tsa tšebetso ea sebete, ho li hlakola ho ka bontša boemo bo phahameng ba bilirubin e nepahetseng haeba lisele tsa sebete li senyehile.

Ntle le bile bilirubin e tsamaisoa ho tloha metheong e matla ea hepatic ho ea gallbladder, ebe e isoa duodenum, moo sebopeho se hlahang urobilinogen. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, e kenella maling ho tsoa mpeng e nyane, ho kena lipelong. Ka lebaka leo, moroto o ba le 'mala o mosehla. Karolo e ngoe ea ntho ena koloneng e pepesetsoa li-enzyme tsa baktheria, li fetoha sterkobilinle litsila tse teng.

Jaundice: hobaneng e etsahala?

Ho na le mekhoa e meraro ea tsoelo-pele 'meleng oa lefu la sethoathoa:

• Ho phatloha ho hoholo ha hemoglobin hammoho le liprotheine tse ling tsa pigment. Sena se etsahala ka phokolo ea mali ea hemolytic, ho longoa ke noha le phallo ea methapo ea methapo. Naheng ena, tlhahiso ea bilirubin e etsahala ka mafolofolo, ka hona, sebete ha se na nako ea ho sebetsana le bilirubin e ngata hakana.
• Maloetse a sebete - cirrhosis, hlahala, hepatitis. Ho etsoa ha litho tsa 'mele ho etsahala ka mefuta e tloaelehileng, empa lisele tsa sebete li otla lefu lena ha li na mosebetsi o lekaneng.
• Tlolo ea ka ntle ea bile. Sena se etsahala ho batho ba nang le cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, joalo-joalo Ka lebaka la khatello ea methapo ea methapo, phallo ea bile ka mpeng ea fela, 'me ea bokellana ka har'a sebete. Ka lebaka leo, bilirubin e kena maling.

Bakeng sa 'mele, maemo ana kaofela a kotsi haholo, a tlameha ho phekoloa ka potlako.

Kakaretso ea li-bilirubin ho basali le banna, hammoho le likarolo tsa eona, li hlahlojoa maemong a latelang:

Lipid metabolism kapa cholesterol

Bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea bioloji, lisele li bohlokoa haholo. lipids. Ba kenya letsoho ho aheng ha lebota la sele, ho hlahiseng lihormone tse ngata le bile, vithamine D. Fatty acids ke mohloli oa matla bakeng sa lisele le litho.

Mafura 'meleng a arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro:

• triglycerides (li-triglycerides ke mafura a sa nke lehlakore),
• tloaelehileng k'holeseterole le likarolo tsa eona,
• phospholipids.

Lipid tse maling li khethoa ka mokhoa oa likhomphutha tse joalo:

• Li-chylomicrons (ka sebopeho sa tsona haholo-holo li-triglycerides),
• HDL (HDL, lipoprotein tse phahameng haholo, "cholesterol e ntle"),
• LDL (VLP, lipoprotein tse fokolang "" cholesterol "e mpe),
• VLDL (lipoprotein tse fokolang haholo).

Khopolo ea k'holeseterole e teng tlhahlobisong ea mali ka kakaretso le ea biochemical. Ha ho hlahlojoa k'holeseterole ho etsoa, ​​ho hlakola ho kenyelletsa matšoao kaofela, leha ho le joalo, matšoao a k'holeseterole e phethahetseng, triglycerides, LDL le HDL li bohlokoa haholo.

Ho fana ka mali bakeng sa biochemistry, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore haeba mokuli a ne a tlōtse melao ea ho itokisetsa tlhahlobo, haeba a ja lijo tse mafura, matšoao a ka ba a sa nepahalang. Ka hona, hoa utloahala ho hlahloba cholesterol hape. Maemong ana, ho hlokahala hore u nahane ka hore na u ka etsa tlhahlobo ea mali joang bakeng sa cholesterol. Ho fokotsa ts'ebetso, ngaka e tla u fa mofuta o nepahetseng oa kalafo.

Hobaneng metabolism ea lipid e fosahetse mme e lebisa ho eng?

Kakaretso ea k'holeseterole e nyoloha haeba:

Kakaretso ea k'holeseterole e fokotsehile haeba:

• cirrhosis
• sebopeho se sebe sa sebete,
• ramatiki,
• ho itima lijo
• Hyperfunction ea tšoelesa ea qoqotho le ea parathyroid,
• COPD
• malabsorption ea dintho.

Triglycerides lia eketseha haeba:

• cirrhosis ea joala,
• viral hepatitis,
• bokhoba ba joala
• biliary cirrhosis,
• cholelithiasis
• pancreatitis, a hlobaetsang le a sa foleng,
• ho hloleha ha renal,
• khatello ea mali
• Lefu la pelo ea Ischemic, myocardial infarction,
• lefu la tsoekere, hypothyroidism,
• cerebral thrombosis,
• boimana
• gout
• Down Down
• porphyria e hlobaetsang.

Triglycerides lia fokotsoa haeba:

• Hyperfunction ea tšoelesa ea qoqotho, qoqotho le parathyroid,
• COPD
• malabsorption ea dintho
• khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng.

• ho 5.2-6.5 mmol / l ho na le keketseho e nyane ea cholesterol, leha ho le joalo, ho na le monyetla oa ho ba le lefu la atherosclerosis,
• ka 6.5-8.0 mmol / L, kenyelletso ea k'holeseterole e lekanyelitsoeng, e ka fetoloang ka mokhoa oa ho ja,
• 8,0 mmol / L kapa ho feta - litefiso tse phahameng tsa kalafo tse hlokahalang, leano la lona la ho theola cholesterol, ke ngaka e rerang.

Mehato e mehlano ea dyslipoproteinemia e ikemiselitse ho latela hore na metabolism ea metabolism e fetoha hakae. Boemo bona ke mokhoa oa ho hola mafu a tebileng (atherosulinosis, lefu la tsoekere, jj.).

Li-enzyme tsa mali

Laboraro le leng le le leng la biochemical le lona le rera li-enzyme, liprotheine tse khethehileng tse potlakisang karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale 'meleng.

Li-enzyme tse ka sehloohong tsa mali:

• aspartate aminotransferase (AST, AST),
• alanine aminotransferase (ALT, ALT),
• gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT, LDL),
• alkaline phosphatase (alkaline phosphatase),
• moeine kinase (QC),
• alpha amylase.

Lintho tse thathamisitsoeng li fumaneha kahare ho litho tse fapaneng, maling a bona ho na le tse fokolang haholo. Li-Enzymes maling li lekanngoa ho U / L (likarolo tsa machabeng).

Aspartate aminotransferase (ACAT) le alanine aminotransferase

Li-Enzymes tse ikarabellang phetisetsong ea "aspartate" le "alanine" ho etsoang ke lik'hemik'hale. Karolo e kholo ea ALT le AST e fumanoa liseleng tsa pelo, sebete le mesifa ea masapo. Haeba ho na le keketseho ea AST le ALT maling, hona ho bontša hore lisele tsa litho li felisitsoe. Ka hona, boemo bo phahameng ba li-enzyme tsena ke karolo ea mali a motho, lisele tse eketsehileng li ile tsa shoa, ka hona, ts'enyeho ea setho leha e le sefe. Mokhoa oa ho fokotsa ALT le AST ho latela tlhahlobo le taelo ea ngaka.

Mehato e meraro ea keketseho ea li-enzyme e ikemiselitse:

• Linako tse 1.5-5 - leseli,
• Linako tse 6-10 - karolelano,
• Makhetlo a 10 kapa ho feta - phahameng.

Ke mafu afe a lebisang keketseho ho AST le ALT?

• myocardial infarction (haholoanyane ALT e bonoa),
• acal viral hepatitis (haholoanyane AST e boletsoeng),
• maqeba a mabe le metastasessebeteng
• Tšenyo e kotsi ho lisele tsa sebete,
• lefu la ho senyeha.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Enzyme ena e rera ho tlosoa ha phosphoric acid ho metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale, hammoho le ho tsamaisoa ha phosphorous ka har'a lisele. Mefuta le masapo a alkaline phosphatase a ikemiselitse.

Boemo ba enzyme bo nyoloha ka mafu a joalo:

• myeloma
• osteogenic sarcoma,
• lymphogranulomatosis,
• hepatitis
• bone metastasis
• tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le chefo ea sebete,
• ts'ebetso ea pholiso ea fracture
• osteomalacia, osteoporosis,
• ts'oaetso ea cytomegalovirus.

Gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT, glutamyl transpeptidase)

Ho lokela ho hopoloa, ho tšohla GGT, hore ntho ena e kentse letsoho ho metabolism ea mafura, e jara li-triglycerides le cholesterol. Tekanyo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea enzyme ena e fumanoa lipelong, matsohong a litho tsa senya, makhopho.

Haeba GGT e phahame, lisosa li atisa ho amahanngoa le lefu la sebete. Enzyme gammaglutamine transferase (GGT) e boetse e phahamisitsoe ho lefu la tsoekere mellitus. Enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase le eona e eketseha ha tšoaetso ea mononucleosislino tse tahang ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la pelo. Tlhahisoleseling e felletseng ka GGT - ke eng, e tla joetsa setsebi se hlakisang sephetho sa tlhahlobo. Haeba GGTP e phahame, lisosa tsa ketsahalo ena li ka tsejoa ka ho etsa lithuto tse ling.

Nthabiseng kinase (moeine phosphokinase)

E lokela ho tsotelloa ha ho hlahlojoa CPK ea mali hore ena ke enzyme eo likelello tsa eona tse phahameng li bonoang mesifa ea masapo, myocardium, palo e nyane ea eona e bokong. Haeba ho na le keketseho ea enzine phosphokinase enzyme, lisosa tsa keketseho li amahanngoa le mafu a itseng.

Enzyme ena e kenella ts'ebetsong ea ho fetoha ha moriana, hape e netefatsa hore ho bolokoa metabolism ea matla seleng. Ho hlalosoa likarolo tse tharo tsa QC:

• MM - mo liseleng tsa mesifa,
• MV - mesifa ea pelo
• BB - bokong.

Haeba metaboline ea mali e eketseha, mabaka a sena hangata a amahanngoa le ho timetsoa ha lisele tsa litho tse thathamisitsoeng kaholimo. Haeba creatine kinase maling e phahamisitsoe, lisosa li ka ba ka tsela e latelang:

Matšoao a ho hlahlojoa

Litsebi li khothaletsa ho hlahloba tsoekere ea mali ho bakuli ba lilemo tse fetang 45, ba etsa biochemistry ea mali bonyane hanngoe ka mor'a lilemo tse 'maloa. Taolo e joalo e ke ke ea utloisa batho kotsing. Taolo e joalo e tla thusa ka nako ho khetholla bokuli le ho qoba mathata. Sena se tiisa hore tlhoko ea ho lekola maemo a tsoekere e hlakile.

Matšoao a ho hlahloba tsoekere ea mali a kenyeletsa:

• tlhoko ea kamehla ea ho noha, lenyora,
• keketseho e matla ea boima ba 'mele,
• eseng keketseho ea mofufutso,
• palpitations, ntshetsopele ea tachycardia,
• ho fokotseha hoa pono
• tlhokeho ea ho ntša metsi khafetsa,
• ponahalo ea letsoalo, bofokoli,
• monko o matla oa acetone ha o hema.

Kotsi ke batho:

• eo lilemo tsa hae li kaholimo ho lilemo tse 45,
• ho nona haholo
• ho ba le beng ka motho ba haufi ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, ho ba le liphatsa tsa tlhaho tsa lefutso.

U ka hlakisa maemo ao ho hlokahalang ho a utloisisa hore na tsoekere ea mali e kae ka ho etsa tlhahlobo:

• le lefu la tsoekere, ho sa tsotelehe mofuta,
• ha u ntse u nkile ngoana,
• Ho thibela nts'etsopele ea lefu lena bathong ba kotsing,
• maemong a tšosang,
• nts'etsopele ea sepsis,
• ka mathata a sebete
• ka mafu a tsamaiso ea endocrine,
• Psychology ea gland.

O hloka ho utloisisa hore phetoho efe kapa efe 'meleng e kanna ea se lemohe ho tsoa kantle, empa e bohlokoa bakeng sa litho tse ngata tsa mmele le lisele.

Mehatong ea pele, liphetoho tse joalo li ka bonoa ka ho fetisa tlhahlobo ea mali bakeng sa tsoekere.

Sekhahla sa glucose

Boleng ba "glucose" bo tloaelehileng bo khethiloeng ke biochemistry bo ka fapana, ho latela lilemo tsa mokuli.

Matšoao a tloaelehileng ho latela lilemo:

Ntlafatso ea lefu la tsoekere - e-nooa feela letsatsi le leng le le leng.

Meroallo ea tsoekere nakong ea kemolo ho tloha ho 3,3 ho isa ho 6,6 mmol / litha e nkoa e le ntho e tloaelehileng. Hape, boemo bo ka fetoha nakong ea ho ikoetlisa ka matla, ho nyolohela ho 7.8 mmol / L. Ho bohlokoa hore index ea acid ea lactic nakong ea tlhatlhobo ha e felle ka 2.2 mmol / L.

Fructosamine e Tloaelehileng:

• ho banna - ho fihlela ho 282 μmol / l,
• bakeng sa basali - 351 μmol / l.

Boemo ba hemoglobin bakeng sa mekhahlelo eohle ea lilemo ha boa lokela ho feta 5,7%.

Pele o inehela

Bakeng sa lipatlisiso, mali a capillary kapa a venous a lekane. Ho qala ka shoalane, ke metsi feela a lokelang ho nooa pele ho letsatsi la liteko. Ho khothalletsoa hore u se ke ua sebelisa meriana.

Biochemistry e etsoa ho latela algorithm e tšoanang:

• Lintho tsa tlhahlobo ea gluluose li nkuoa feela hoseng. Ho hlokahala ka mpeng e se nang letho, lijo tsa ho qetela e lokela ho ba bonyane lihora tse 8 pele ho pelehi.
• Pele o etsa tlhahlobo, o ke ke oa ja liswiti, mafura le mafura a mangata haholo.
• Letsatsi pele ho tlhahlobo ho thibetsoe ka tieo ho noa joala le lino tse nang le matla.
• Pele o fana, ha ho kgothaletswe ho tsuba bonyane lihora tse 'maloa.
• Ha ho kgothaletswe ho imetsa mmele ka letsatsi la ho beleha. Ho hlokahala hape ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea kelello le maikutlo.

Ho kheloha hofe kapa hofe ho tloaelehileng ho ka supa ho ba sieo ha li-pathologies 'meleng.

Tlhahlobo ea biochemical

Ho latela tlhahlobo ea mafu, u ka khetha mefuta e fapaneng ea liteko.

Ho tseba boemo ba tsoekere le likarolo tse tsamaeang le eona, ho sebelisoa lihlahlobo tse latelang tsa biochemical:

• Biochemistry ea mali ke mokhoa o akaretsang oa ho etsa lipatlisiso. Ka thuso ea lihlahisoa tse joalo tsa tlhahlobo, ho ka khonahala ho tseba hore na likarolo tsa likarolo tse 'maloa tse hlokahalang bakeng sa li-tishu le' mele li joang. Lefu la tsoekere le etsoa ka laboratoring ea biochemical.
• Teko ea mamello ea glucose ka boikoetliso. Boithuto bona bo tlaleha tsoekere ea plasma. Mali a fanoa feela ka mpeng e se nang letho. Kamora metsotso e 5, mokuli o noa metsi ka tsoekere e qhibilihileng. Terata e latelang ke halofo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lihora tse peli.
• Mamello ea glucose ho C-peptide. U sebelisa tlhahlobo ena, u khona ho lekola ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa beta tse hlahisang li-hormone. Boithuto bo thusa ho tseba mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere, ho bohlokoa ho khetholla mekhoa ea kalafo ea lefu lena ho latela mofuta.
• Patlisiso ka hemoglobin ea glycated. Tlhahlobo ena e bontša kamano ea tsoekere le hemoglobin. Tabeng ena, boleng ba tsoekere bo ama boemo ba hemoglobin.

Teko ea mali e ka etsoa setsing se seng le se seng sa bongaka, poraefete kapa setjhaba, ka li-laboratories tse nang le thepa.

Ho pheta liphetho

O ka etsa tlhahlobo ea mali kae kapa kae, empa ho khetholla ka nepo le ho etsa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ho bohlokoa, e leng ke ngaka feela e etsang. Matšoao a tloaelehileng a fanoa ka holimo, ka hona ho a hlokahala ho nahana ka linyeoe tse nang le lipontšo tse eketsehang.

Ba re ka prediabetes haeba tsoekere e feta 7.8 mmol / L. Tlhahlobo ea tsoekere ea lefu la tsoekere e fuoa bakuli bao index ea tsoekere e fetang 11.1 mmol / litha. Ho feta moo, letšoao le ntseng le eketseha la lactic acid le ka netefatsa lefu lena. Boikemisetso ba ts'oaetso e nepahetseng bo angoa ke letšoao la fructosamine, hemoglobin ea glycated.

Lefu la tsoekere le lula le baka mathata a bolaeang. Tsoekere e ngata haholo e kotsi haholo.

Aronova S.M. e fane ka litlhaloso mabapi le kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere. Bala ka botlalo

Mohlahisi oa alpha

Mesebetsi khalemelo- ho arola lik'habohaedreite tse rarahaneng hore li be bonolo. Amylase (diastasis) e fumanoa matlapeng le makhophong. Ha ho hlahlojoa liteko tse fumanehang marang-rang kapa ke ngaka, ho lebisoa tlhokomelo ho tse peli le ho fokotsa sesupo sena.

Alpha amylase e eketseha haeba ho boletsoe:

• pancreatitis e hlobaetsang
• mofetše wa pancreatic
• li-mumps
• viral hepatitis,
• ho hloleha ha renal renal
• ho ja joala ka nako e telele, le glucocorticosteroids, hellollis.

Alpha amylase ea fokotseha haeba ho ka boleloa:

• myocardial infarction
• thyrotooticosis,
• toxicosisnakong ea kemolo
• pancreatic necrosis e felletseng.

Li-elektrone tsa mali - ke eng?

Sodium le potasiamo ke li-electrolyte tse ka sehloohong maling a motho. Ha ho na ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe ea lik'hemik'hale' meleng e ka etsang ntle le tsona. Iong ea mali - Tlhahlobo, eo ka eona ho etselitsoeng motsoako oa li-microelement maling - potasiamo, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, jj.

Ho hlokahala haholo bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa metabolic le enzymatic.

Mosebetsi oa eona o ka sehloohong ke ho tsamaisa litšusumetso tsa motlakase ka pelong. Ka hona, haeba tloaelo ea ntho ena 'meleng e robehile, hona ho bolela hore motho a ka be a sa sebetse hantle myocardial. Hyperkalemia ke boemo boo maemo a potasiamo a phahameng, hypokalemia e fokotsehang.

Haeba potasiamo e phahame maling, setsebi se lokela ho fumana mabaka le ho a felisa. Ntle le moo, boemo bo joalo bo ka sokela kholo ea maemo a kotsi ho 'mele:

• arrhythmias(Intracardiac block, fibrillation ea atria),
• tlolo ea kutlo ea kutlo
• ho oa HELL,
• pulse fokotsa
• ho akheha.

Maemo a joalo a ka etsahala haeba tekanyo ea potasiamo e eketseha ho 7,15 mmol / L kapa ho feta. Ka hona, potasiamo ho basali le banna e lokela ho beoa nako le nako.

Haeba bioassay ea mali e hlahisa maemo a potasiamo e ka tlase ho 3.05 mmol / L, litekanyetso tse joalo le tsona li kotsi 'meleng. Boemong bona, matšoao a latelang a bonoa:

• ho nyekeloa le pelo le ho hlatsa
• ho hema ka thata
• bofokoli ba mesifa
• bofokoli ba pelo
• ho hlohlona ntle ho tšenyo ea urine le makhopho.

Ho bohlokoa hape hore na sodium e ngata hakae 'meleng, leha taba ena e sa kenelle ka kotlolloho ho metabolism. Sodium e mokelikeling oa kantle ho lisele. E boloka khatello ea osmotic le pH.

Sodium e pepesitsoe ka har'a moroto, ts'ebetso ena e laola aldosterone - hormone ea adrenal cortex.

Hypernatremia, ke hore, maemo a phahameng a sodium, e lebisa ho ikutloeng ho nyoriloeng, ho teneha, ho thothomela ha mesifa le menoang, ho tsukutloa le ho akheha.

Liteko tsa Rheumatic

Liteko tsa Rheumatic- tlhahlobo e felletseng ea mali ea immunochemical, e kenyelletsang thuto ho fumana sesosa sa rheumatoid, tlhahlobo ea li-immune system tse potolohang, boikemisetso ba li-antibodies ho o-streptolysin. Liteko tsa Rheumatic li ka etsoa ka boithatelo, hammoho le karolo ea lithuto tse kenyeletsang immunochemistry. Liteko tsa rheumatic li lokela ho etsoa haeba ho na le litletlebo tsa bohloko manonyeletsong.

Kahoo, tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea tlhahlobo ea mali ea biochemical ke thuto ea bohlokoa haholo ts'ebetsong ea tlhahlobo ea mali. Ho bohlokoa ho ba batlang ho etsa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea mali kapa tlhahlobo ea mali ka polyclinic kapa ka laboratoring ho hlokomela hore laboratori ka 'ngoe e sebelisa sete e itseng ea li-reagents, bahlahlobi le lisebelisoa tse ling. Ka lebaka leo, litloaelo tsa matšoao li ka fapana, tse lokelang ho tsotelloa ha ho ithutoa tlhahlobo ea mali kapa liphetho tsa biochemistry. Pele o bala sephetho, ho bohlokoa ho etsa bonnete ba hore foromo e fanoeng setsing sa bongaka e bonts'a litekanyetso ho hlakola sephetho sa liteko. Tloaelo ea UAC ho bana e bontšoa le liforomong, empa ngaka e lokela ho lekola sephetho.

Batho ba bangata ba thahasella: foromo ea tlhahlobo ea mali 50 - ke eng hona ke hobaneng ke lokela ho e nka? Ena ke tlhahlobo ea ho bona hore na li-antibodies tse 'meleng oa motho li na le tšoaetso. HIV. Tlhahlobo ea f50 e etsoa ka bobeli ka lipelaelo tsa HIV le sepheo sa thibelo ho motho ea phetseng hantle. Ho boetse ho bohlokoa ho itokisetsa thuto e joalo ka nepo.