Karolo ea protheine 'meleng oa motho

Bohlokoa bo boholo ba liprotheine bakeng sa 'mele ke ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea tsona.

Mesebetsi ea mantlha e hlahisitsoeng ea liprotheine e bontša bohlokoa ba sehlopha sena sa lintho ho netefatsa bophelo bo tloaelehileng ba motho.

Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, bo-rasaense ba itse:

• 'mele ea liprotheine e ikhethile, mohloli oa bophelo,
• metabolism e sa khaotseng pakeng tsa lintho tse phelang le tikoloho ea hlokahala.

Litokisetso tsena li lula li sa fetohe ho fihlela joale.

Sebopeho sa mantlha sa liprotheine

Litho tse kholo tsa molek'hule ea protheine e bonolo e bitsoang protheine e thehoa ka li-block tse nyane tse hokahaneng ka lik'hemik'hale - li-amino acid tse nang le likarolo tse tšoanang le tse fapaneng. Mefuta e joalo ea sebopeho e bitsoa heteropolymers. Ke baemeli ba 20 feela ba sehlopha sa amino acid ba lulang ba fumaneha liprotheine tsa tlhaho. Karolo ea mantlha ea liprotheine e bonts'oa ke boteng bo tlamang ba khase - C, naetrojene - N, haedrojene - H, oksijene - O. Sulphur - S e fumanoa hangata ho liprotheine tse rarahaneng tse bitsoang liprotheine, lintho tse ling li fumaneha ntle le masala a amino acid. Ka hona, phosphorus - P, koporo - Cu, tšepe - Fe, iodine - I, le selenium - Se e kanna ea ba ka sebopeho sa tsona.

Li-acid tsa Aminocarboxylic tsa protheine ea tlhaho li khetholloa ka sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale le bohlokoa ba tlhaho. Karolelano ea lik'hemik'hale e bohlokoa ho litsebi tsa k'hemistri, tsa tlhaho - ho motho e mong le e mong.

Ka har'a 'mele oa motho ho lula ho e-na le mefuta e' meli ea liphetoho:

• ho phatloha, oxidation, ho lahla lihlahisoa tsa lijo,
• tlholeho ea lintho tse ncha tsa bohlokoa.

Li-amino acid tse 12 tse fumanehang kamehla liprotheineng tsa tlhaho li ka hlahisoa ka tlhaho ea 'mele oa motho. Li bitsoa li ka fetoha.

Li-amino acid tse 8 ha ho mohla li kileng tsa etsoa bathong. Li bohlokoa haholo, li lokela ho fanoa khafetsa ka lijo.

Ho latela boteng ba li-amino-carboxylic acid tsa bohlokoa, liprotheine li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli.

• Liprotheine tse felletseng li na le li-amino acid tsohle tse hlokoang ke 'mele oa motho. Sesebelisoa se hlokahalang sa li-amino acid li na le liprotheine tsa chisi ea chisi, lihlahisoa tsa lebese, likhoho, nama ea likhomo, leoatle le litlhapi tsa metsi a hloekileng, mahe.

• Ho protheine e haelloang, asiti e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta tsa bohlokoa e kanna ea fokola. Tsena li kenyelletsa liprotheine tsa limela.

Ho hlahloba boleng ba liprotheine tsa lijo, sechaba sa bongaka se li bapisa le protheine e "loketseng", e netefalitseng likarolo tsa li-amino acid tsa bohlokoa le tsa bohlokoa. Ka tlhaho, protheine e "loketseng" ha e eo. Haufi le eena joalo ka liprotheine tsa liphoofolo. Hangata, liprotheine tsa limela ha li na ho lekana le motsoako o le mong kapa tse ngata tsa amino acid. Haeba ntho e sieo e eketsoa, ​​protheine e tla phetheha.

Mehloli ea mantlha ea protheine ea limela le liphoofolo

Sechabeng sa saense sa malapeng se nkile karolo boithuto bo qaqileng ba k'hemistri ea lijo, sehlopha sa liprofesa A.P. Nechaev, basebetsi-'moho le eena, le baithuti ba hlahella. Sehlopha se khetholle litaba tsa protheine ka har'a lihlahisoa tsa mantlha tsa lijo tse fumanehang 'marakeng oa Russia.

• Bohlokoa! Lipalo tse khethiloeng li fana ka tlhahiso ea litaba tsa protheine ho 100 g ea sehlahisoa, e lokollotsoe karolong e sa sebetseng.

• Protheine e kholo ka ho fetisisa e fumaneha ka har'a soya, peo ea mokopu le lierekisi (34,9 - 26.3 g).
• Melao e tsoang ho ligrama tse 20 ho isa ho tse 30 e fumaneha peas, linaoa, pistachios le peo ea soneblomo.
• Lialmonde, li-cashews, li-hazelnuts li tšoauoa ka lipalo ho tloha ho 15 ho isa ho 20 gr.
• Li-walnuts, bijoux, lijo-thollo tse ngata (ntle le raese, grits ea poone) li na le ligrama tse 10 ho isa ho tse 15 tsa proteni ka 100 gramu ea sehlahisoa.
• Rice, li-grits tsa poone, bohobe, konofolo, liapole tse omisitsoeng li oela ka har'a 5 ho isa ho 10 gr.
• Ho ligrama tse 100 tsa hop, li-mushroom, litapole, li-prunes, mefuta e meng ea li-beet, litaba tsa protheine li tsoa ho ligrama tse peli ho isa ho tse hlano.
• Li-raisine, li-radish, lihoete, pelepele li na le protheine e nyane, matšoao a tsona ha a fetele ligrama tse peli.

Haeba u ne u sa khone ho fumana ntho ea semela ka mona, protheine e ho eona e tlaase haholo kapa ha e eo ho hang. Mohlala, ka lijusi tsa litholoana ho na le protheine e nyane haholo, ka oli ea meroho ea tlhaho - ho hang.

• Karolelano ea liprotheine e phahameng e fumanoe ho li-roe tsa li-roe, li-chisi tse thata le tse sebetsoang, le nama ea mmutla (ho tloha 21.1 ho isa ho 28.9 g).
• Palo e kholo ea lihlahisoa e na le liprotheine tse 15 ho isa ho tse 10 tsa protheine. Ena ke nonyana, litlhapi tsa leoatleng (ntle le capelin), nama ea likhomo, shrimp, squid, chisi ea cottage, feta chisi, tlhapi ea metsing a hloekileng.
• Capelin, lehe la likhoho, nama ea kolobe e na le ligrama tse 12,7 ho isa ho 15 tsa protheine ka ligrama tse 100 tsa sehlahisoa.
• Yogurt, chisi ea curd e tšoauoa ka lipalo tsa 5 - 7.1 gr.
• Lebese, kefir, lebese le phehiloeng le halikiloeng, tranelate e bolila, tranelate li na le ligrama tse 2,8 ho isa ho tse tharo tsa protheine.

Tlhahisoleseling e mabapi le mehloli ea mantlha ea liprotheine tsa semela le liphoofolo ho lihlahisoa tse entsoeng thekisong ea mahlale a mekhahlelo e mengata (sechu, soseji, ham, soseji) ha e khahlise. Ha e khothalletsoe ho ja kamehla ka tsela e phetseng hantle. Tšebeliso ea nakoana ea lihlahisoa tse joalo ha e bohlokoa.

Karolo ea protheine ho phepo e nepahetseng

Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea metabolic 'meleng, limolek'hule tse ncha tsa protheine li lula li etsoa, ​​ho fapana le tsa khale. Sekhahla sa metsoako ea litho tse fapaneng ha se tšoane. Liprotheine tsa Hormone, ka mohlala, insulin, lia khutlisoa (li boetse li nchafatsoa) kapele haholo, ka lihora, metsotso. Liprotheine tsa sebete, li-membrane tsa mucous tsa ka ka popelong li nchafatsoa matsatsing a 10. Limolek'hule tsa protheine ea boko, mesifa, lithane tse sebetsanang le tsona li khutliselitsoe nako e telele ka ho fetisisa, 'me li ka nka likhoeli tse tšeletseng.

Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso le synthesis e tšoauoa ka tekanyo ea nitrogen.

• Ho motho ea bōpiloeng ea nang le bophelo bo botle ka botlalo, tekanyo ea naetrojene ke zero. Maemong ana, boima ba naetrojene eohle e fanoang ke liprotheine nakong ea phepo e lekane le boima bo hlahisoang ka lihlahisoa tse bolileng.
• Likokoana-hloko tse nyane li ntse li eketseha ka potlako. Tekanyo ea naetrojene e ntle. Ho na le protheine e ngata, ha e fokotsehe hanyane.
• Ho botsofe, batho ba kulang, tekanyo ea naetrojene ha e na eona. Bongata ba naetrojene e hlahisitsoeng ka lihlahisoa tsa metabolic bo boholo ho feta bo fumanoeng ka takatso ea lijo.

Karolo ea protheine ho phepo e nepahetseng ke ho fa motho palo e hlokahalang ea likarolo tsa amino acid tse loketseng ho nka karolo lits'ebetsong tsa biochemical tsa 'mele.

Ho netefatsa metabolism e tloaelehileng, ho bohlokoa ho tseba hore na motho o hloka protheine e kae ka letsatsi.

Litsebi tsa phepo ea lapeng le Amerika li khothaletsa ho ja 0,8 - 1 g ea protheine ka kilo e le 'ngoe ea boima ba motho. Linomoro li karolelanoa ka bongata. Palo e itšetlehile ka lilemo, mosebetsi, mokhoa oa motho oa bophelo. Ka kakaretso, ba khothaletsa ho sebelisa ligrama tse 60 ho isa ho 100 tsa protheine ka letsatsi. Bakeng sa banna ba etsang mosebetsi oa boikoetliso, tloaelo e ka eketsoa ho ligrama tse 120 ka letsatsi. Bakeng sa ba buoang, mafu a tšoaetsanoang, moelelo o boetse o nyolohela ho ligrama tse 140 ka letsatsi. Litsebi tsa lefu la tsoekere li khothaletsoa ka lijo tse nang le liprotheine tse ngata tse ka fihlehang ho li -ggg ka 140g ka letsatsi. Batho ba nang le mathata a metabolic, tloaelo ea ho ba le lefu la sethoathoa, ba lokela ho sebelisa protheine e fokolang haholo. Tloaelo ho tsona ke 20 - 40 ligrama ka letsatsi.

Bakeng sa batho ba amehang lipapaling tse mafolofolo tse eketsang boima ba mesifa, tloaelo e eketseha haholo, ba ka fihlella ligrama tse 1,6-1,8 ka boima ba kilo e le 'ngoe.

• Bohlokoa! Ho bohlokoa hore mokoetlisi a hlakise karabo ea potso ena - ke liprotheine tse kae tse lokelang ho nooa ka letsatsi nakong ea boikoetliso. Litsebi li na le leseli mabapi le litšenyehelo tsa matla bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea boikoetliso, mekhoa ea ho boloka tšebetso e tloaelehileng ea 'mele oa moatlelete.

Bakeng sa ts'ebetsong ts'ebetso ea mesebetsi eohle ea 'mele, ho bohlokoa eseng feela ho ba teng ha li-amino acid ka protheine, empa le ts'ebetso ea ntlafatso ea bona. Limolek'hule tsa protheine li na le mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea mokhatlo, solubility, boemo ba phihlello ea li-enzyme tsa ho silila. 96% ea liprotheine tsa lebese, mahe a robehile hantle. Ho nama, tlhapi, 93-95% ea liprotheine li chekiloe ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng. Mokhelo ke liprotheine tsa letlalo le moriri. Lihlahisoa tse nang le liprotheine tse nang le meroho li chekoa ka 60-80%. Ho meroho, 80% ea liprotheine lia ananeloa, litapole - 70%, ka bohobe - 62-86%.

Karolo e khothalletsoang ea liprotheine tse tsoang mehloling ea liphoofolo e lokela ho ba 55% ea kakaretso eohle ea protheine e ngata.

• Khaello ea protheine 'meleng e lebisa ho liphetoho tsa bohlokoa tsa metabolic. Li-pathologies tse joalo li bitsoa dystrophy, kwashiorkor. Ka lekhetlo la pele, ho ile ha senoloa tlolo ea molao ho baahi ba meloko e hlaha ea Afrika, e neng e tsejoa ka ho leka-lekana ha naetrojene, ts'ebetso ea mala, matla a mesifa le ho hola ka mokhoa o makatsang. Khaello ea karolo ea protheine e ka hlaha le matšoao a tšoanang, a ka bang bonolo ka nako e telele. Ho kotsi le ho feta ke ho haella ha protheine 'meleng oa ngoana. Mathata a joalo a amanang le ho ja a ka baka ho fokola 'meleng le kelellong ho motho ea ntseng a hola.

• Protheine e ngata 'meleng e tletse tšebetso ea kemiso. Moroalo o liphatseng oa eketseha. Ka li-pathologies tse seng li le teng ka har'a lithane tsa liphio, ts'ebetso e ka mpefala. Ho mpe haholo haeba protheine e ngata 'meleng e tsamaisana le ho haella ha likarolo tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa lijo. Mehleng ea khale, linaheng tsa Asia ho ne ho e-na le mokhoa oa ho bolaoa, moo motho ea qosoang a neng a feptjoa nama feela. Ka lebaka leo, mofosi o ile a hlokahala ka lebaka la ho etsoa ha lihlahisoa tsa bola ka mpeng, ka mor'a chefo ena.

Mokhoa o loketseng oa ho fa 'mele protheine o tiisa ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea litsamaiso tsohle tsa bophelo.

Nalane ea ho ithuta

Proteine ​​e qalile ho fumanoa (ka sebopeho sa gluten) ka 1728 ke Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari oa Italy ea tsoang phofo ea koro. Liprotheine li ne li arotsoe sehlopheng se arohaneng sa limolek'hule tsa tlhaho ea lekholo la bo 18 la lilemo ka lebaka la mosebetsi oa setsebi sa metsoako sa Mafora se bitsoang Antoine de Fourcroix le bo-rasaense ba bang ba boneng thepa ea liprotheine ho kopantsha (denature) tlasa ts'usumetso ea mocheso kapa asiti. Ka nako eo, ho ile ha phenyekisoa liprotheine tse kang albin ("lehe le lesoeu"), fibrin (protheine e tsoang maling) le gluteni e tsoang lithollo tsa koro.

Mathoasong a lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, tlhaiso-leseling e itseng e ne e se e fumanoe ka karolo ea mantlha ea liprotheine; ho ne ho tsebahala hore liamino acid li thehoa nakong ea ha ho etsoa liprotheine. Tse ling tsa li-amino acid (mohlala, glycine le leucine) li se li ntse li tsebahala. Ho latela tlhahlobo ea motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale tsa liprotheine, setsebi sa k'hemik'hale sa Madache Gerrit Mulder se ile sa tiisa hore liprotheine tsohle li na le foromo e tšoanang ea matla. Ka 1836, Mulder o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea mofuta oa pele oa sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa protheine. Motheong oa mohopolo oa radicals, o ile a fihlela qeto ea hore likarolo tse nyane tsa liprotheine li na le mofuta o latelang: C₄₀H₆₂N₁₀O₁₂. O bitsitse unit ena "protein" (Pr) (ho tsoa ho Greek. Protos - ea pele, ea mantlha), le theory - "theory protein". Setsoana sa "protheine" ka boeona se hlahisitsoe ke setsebi sa k'hemistri sa Sweden, Jacob Berzelius. Ho latela Mulder, proteni e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le likarolo tse 'maloa tsa liprotheine, sebabole le phosphorus. Mohlala, o khothalelitse ho ngola formula ea fibrin e le 10PrSP. Mulder o ile a boela a ithuta lihlahisoa tsa ho senngoa ha liprotheine - li-amino acid mme ho e mong oa tsona (leucine) ka karolo e nyane ea phoso, o ile a ikemisetsa boima ba molek'hule - 131 daltons. Ka ho bokella data e ncha liprotheine, mohopolo oa liprotheine o qalile ho qosoa, empa, ho sa tsotelehe sena, ho fihlela bofelong ba 1850s e ne e ntse e nkuoa e le naha ka bophara.

Qetellong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, boholo ba li-amino acid tse etsang liprotheine li ile tsa phenyekolloa. Hoetla 1880s. Rasaense oa Russia A. Ya.Danilevsky o hlokometse boteng ba lihlopha tsa peptide (CO - NH) ka molek'hule ea protheine. Ka 1894, setsebi sa 'mele sa Jeremane Albrecht Kossel se ile sa beha khopolo pele ho latela hore na li-amino acid ke likarolo tsa mantlha tsa liprotheine. Mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, setsebi sa k'hemistri sa Jeremane Emil Fischer se ile sa fana ka bopaki ba hore liprotheine li na le masala a amino acid a kopantsoeng ke li-peptide bond. O boetse a etsa tlhahlobo ea pele ea tatellano ea Amino acid le protheine le ho hlalosa sebopeho sa protheine.

Leha ho le joalo, karolo ea mantlha ea liprotheine ho lintho tse phelang e ne e sa lemohuoe ho fihlela ka 1926, ha setsebi sa k'hemistri sa Amerika James Sumner (eo hamorao e neng e le Moputso oa Nobel ho Khemistri) se bonts'a hore encyme ea urease ke protheine.

Ho thata ho khetholla liprotheine tse hloekileng ho entse hore ho be thata ho ithuta. Ka hona, lithuto tsa pele li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa li-polypeptides tseo li neng li ka hloekisoa habonolo ka bongata bo boholo, ke hore, liprotheine tsa mali, mahe a likhoho, li-toxin tse fapaneng, hammoho le li-enzyme tsa digestive / metabolic tse bolokiloeng kamora ho hlaba likhomo. Qetellong ea bo-1950, k'hamphani Armor Hot Dog Co o khonne ho hlakola kilogram ea bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, e fetohileng sepheo sa liteko bakeng sa lithuto tse ngata.

Mohopolo oa hore karolo ea bobeli ea liprotheine ke sephetho sa ho theha litlamo tsa haedrojene pakeng tsa masala a amino acid a ile a beoa pele ke William Astbury ka 1933, empa Linus Pauling o nkuoa e le rasaense oa pele ea atlehileng ho bolela sebopeho sa bobeli sa liprotheine. Hamorao, Walter Kausman, a ipapisitse le mosebetsi oa Kai Linnerstrom-Lang, o ile a kenya letsoho haholo ho utloisiseng melao ea sebopeho sa liprotheine le karolo ea tšebelisano ea hydrophobic ts'ebetsong ena. Bofelong ba bo-1940 le mathoasong a bo-1950, Frederick Senger o ile a theha mokhoa oa tatellano ea protheine, eo ka eona a ileng a etsa qeto ea tatellano ea amino acid ka liketane tse peli tsa insulin ka 1955, a bontša hore liprotheine ke li-polymers tsa mola tsa li-amino acid, mme li se na makhasi (joalo ka tsoekere tse ling. ) liketane, li-colloids kapa cyclols. Proteine ​​ea pele, e leng tatellano ea amino acid eo e thehiloeng ke bo-rasaense ba Soviet / Russia, e ne e le ka 1972 aspartate aminotransferase.

Meetso ea pele ea liprotheine tse fumanoeng ke X-ray diffraction (X-ray diffraction analysis) e ile ea tsebahala ho elella bofelong ba bo-1950 le mathoasong a bo-1960, mme meaho e fumanoeng e sebelisa matla a nyutlelie ea nyutlelie ka bo-1980. Ka 2012, Banka ea Protein Data e ne e e-na le likarolo tse ka bang 87,000 tsa protheine.

Lekholong la bo21 la lilemo, lipatlisiso tsa protheine li se li fetohile boemong bo bocha, ha ho ithutoe liprotheine tse hloekisitsoeng feela, empa le phetoho e ts'oanang ea palo le phetolo ea phetoho ea palo e kholo ea liprotheine tsa lisele ka bomong, lisele kapa lintho tsohle. Sebaka sena sa biochemistry se bitsoa liprotheine. U sebelisa mekhoa ea bioinformatics, ha hoa ka ha khoneha feela ho sebetsana le tlhaiso-leseling ea X-ray, empa hape le ho bolela sebopeho sa protheine ho latela tatellano ea eona ea amino acid. Hona joale, microscopy ea "cryoelectron microscopy" ea li-protein tse kholo le khakanyo ea likarolo tsa likarolo tsa protheine tse sebelisang mananeo a khomphutha li ntse li atamela ho nepahala ha atomiki.

Boholo ba protheine bo ka lekanngoa ho latela masala a amino acid kapa daltons (boima ba molek'hule), empa ka lebaka la boholo ba molek'hule, boima ba protheine bo hlahisoa ka likarolo tse nkiloeng - kilodaltons (kDa). Liprotheine tsa tomoso ka kakaretso li na le masala a 466 amino acid 'me li na le boima ba molek'hule ba li-kDa tse 53. Protheine e kholo ka ho fetisisa e tsejoang hajoale - titin - ke karolo ea mesifa ea mesifa, boima ba molek'hule oa mefuta ea eona e fapaneng (isoforms) e fapana ho tloha ho 3000 ho isa 3700 kDa. Titin ea mesifa ea 'mele (lat. Soleus) ea motho e na le li-amino acid tse 38,138.

Amphotericity

Liprotheine li na le thepa ea amphotericity, ke hore, ho latela maemo, li bonts'a thepa ea acid le ea mantlha. Ho protheine, ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea lihlopha tsa lik'hemik'hale tse khonang ho ionization ka tharollo e nang le metsi: masalla a carboxylic acid ea liketane tsa mahlakore a acid amino acid (asiti ea aspartic le glutamic acid) le lihlopha tse nang le nitrogen tsa liketane tsa mahlakore a li-amino acid tsa mantlha (haholo-holo sehlopha sa isel-amino sa lysine le masala a li-CNH (NH₂) arginine, ho isa tekanyong e nyane haholo - masidazole histidine masala). Protein e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tšoauoa ke ntlha ea isoelectric (pI) - e leng acidity (pH) eo ho eona tjhelete eohle ea motlakase ea limolek'hule tsa protheine ena e leng zero mme, ka ho re, ha li tsamaee ka lebaleng la motlakase (mohlala, ka electrophoresis). Sebakeng sa isoelectric, hydration le solubility ea protheine ha e ea fokola. Boleng ba pI bo ipapisitse le boholo ba masalela a acid le a mantlha a amino acid a protheine: lintlha tsa protheine tse nang le masala a mangata a amino acid, lintlha tsa isoelectric li sebakeng sa acidic (liprotheine tse joalo li bitsoa acidic), le liprotheine tse nang le masala a mantlha, li sebakeng sa alkaline (liprotheine tsa mantlha. ) Boleng ba pI ea protheine bona bo ka fapana ho latela matla a ionic le mofuta oa tharollo ea buffer eo e leng ho eona, hobane letsoai le sa jeleng paate le ama boemo ba ionization ba lihlopha tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa protheine. PI ea proteni e ka khethoa, ho etsa mohlala, ho tloha ka karolo ea lekholo kapa ho tsepamisa mahlo.

Ka kakaretso, pI ea proteni e ipapisitse le ts'ebetso eo e e etsang: ntlha ea mahloelectric ea liprotheine tse ngata tsa vertebrate li tloha ho 5.5 ho isa ho 7.0, empa maemong a mang litekanyetso li robala libakeng tse feteletseng: mohlala, pepsin, enzyme ea protheine ea gastric e nang le acid e matla. lero la pI

1, le salmin - protheine ea protamine ea lebese la saalmon, e leng karolo ea eona eo ho nang le litaba tse ngata tsa arginine - pI

12. Liprotheine tse tlamelehang ho li-acid tsa acid li ka lebaka la tšebelisano ea motlakase le lihlopha tsa phosphate hangata ke tsona liprotheine tse kholo. Mohlala oa liprotheine tse joalo ke histones le protamine.

Liprotheine ke eng?

Liprotheine li na le lik'hemik'hale tse ngata tsa boima ba limolek'hule tse kopantsoeng le masala a amino acid, a kopantsoeng ka tsela e ikhethang. Protein e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le tatellano ea eona ea amino acid, sebaka sa eona sebakeng. Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore liprotheine tse kenang 'meleng ha li kenngoe ke tsona ka sebopeho se sa fetoheng, li robeha li-amino acid' me ka thuso ea tsona 'mele o etsa liprotheine tsa eona.

Li-amino acid tse 22 li nka karolo ho theheng liprotheine, tse 13 tsa tsona li ka fetoloa hore e be tse ling, 9 - phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine, threonine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, methionine - ha li khone ho ba teng. Ho haella ha li-acid tse sa sebetseng 'meleng ha ho amohelehe, hona ho tla lebisa ho sitiseng' mele.

Ho bohlokoa eseng feela taba ea hore protheine e kena 'meleng, empa le hore na li-amino acid li entsoe ka eng!

Protein ke eng?

Liprotheine (liprotheine / polypeptides) - lintho tsa tlhaho, li-polymer tsa tlhaho tse nang le li-amino acid tse mashome a mabeli tse amanang. Ho kopana ho fana ka mefuta e mengata. 'Mele o sebetsana le li-amino acid tse leshome le metso e' meli tse fetohang.

Li-acid tse mashome a robeli tsa bohlokoa tse fumanehang ka proteni li ke ke tsa etsoa ke 'mele, li fuoa lijo. Tsena ke valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo.

Ho etsahalang liprotheine?

Khetholla pakeng tsa phoofolo le meroho (ka tlhaho). Ho hlokahala mefuta e 'meli ea tšebeliso.

Phoofolo:

Lehe le tšoeu le bonolo habonolo ebile le batla le ananeloa ka botlalo ke 'mele (90-92%). Liprotheine tsa lihlahisoa tsa lebese tse belisitsoeng li mpe haholo (ho fihla ho 90%). Liprotheine tsa lebese le lecha le ncha li monya esita le hanyane (hofihlela 80%).
Boleng ba nama ea khomo le tlhapi bo kopantsoeng hantle le li-amino acid tse bohlokoa.

Meroho:

Soy, canola le cottonseed li na le tekanyo e ntle ea amino acid bakeng sa mmele. Ho lijalo, karolelano ena e fokola.

Ha ho na sehlahisoa se nang le tekanyo e loketseng ea amino acid. Phepo e nepahetseng e kenyelletsa ho kopanya liprotheine tsa liphoofolo le meroho.

Motheo oa phepo "ka melao" ke liprotheine tsa liphoofolo. E na le li-amino acid tsa bohlokoa, 'me e fana ka monko o motle oa protheine ea meroho.

Liprotheine li sebetsa 'meleng

Ho ba liseleng tsa lisele, e etsa mesebetsi e mengata:

1. Sireletsa. Ts'ebetso ea sesole sa 'mele ke ho se nke lehlakore ha lintho tse ling. Ho etsoa tlhahiso ea antibody.
2. Lipalangwang. Phepelo ea lintho tse fapaneng, ka mohlala, hemoglobin (phepelo ea oksijene).
3. Laola. Ho boloka boemo ba hau ba lihormone.
4. Propulsion. Mefuta eohle ea motsamao e fana ka actin le myosin.
5. Ka polasetiki. Boemo ba lithane tse amanang le tsona bo laoloa ke litaba tsa collagen.
6. Katleho. Ke thuto ea bohlokoa ebile e potlakisa phetoho ea methapo eohle e fapaneng ea biochemical.
7. Poloko le phetiso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (limolek'hule tsa DNA le RNA).
8. Matla. Phepelo ea mmele ohle ka matla.

Ba bang ba fana ka ho phefumoloha, ba ikarabellang bakeng sa tšilo ea lijo, ho laola metabolism. Protheine ea photosensitive rhodopsin e ikarabella bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea pono.

Lisebelisoa tsa mali li na le elastin, ka lebaka la eona li sebetsa ka botlalo. Protheine ea fibrinogen e fana ka mali.

Matšoao a ho haella ha protheine 'meleng

Khaello ea liprotheine ke ketsahalo e atileng haholo ka lebaka la khaello ea phepo e ntle le mokhoa o mongata oa bophelo ba motho oa mehleng ena. Ka sebopeho se bonolo se bontšoa ka ho tepella le ho se sebetse hantle. Ka keketseho ea bongata bo sa lekaneng, 'mele o supa matšoao:

1. Bofokoli ka kakaretso le ho tsekela. Ho fokotseha hoa moea le ts'ebetso, ponahalo ea mokhathala oa mesifa ntle le mokhathala o khethehileng oa 'mele, tšebelisano e mpe ea metsamao, ho fokolisa tlhokomelo le mohopolo.
2. Ho opeloa ke hlooho le boroko bo ntseng bo mpefala. Ho hlobaela ho teng le ho tšoenyeha ho bakoang ke ho haella ha serotonin.
3. Ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo khafetsa, grunts. Ho haelloa ke li-enzyme le lihormone ho baka khatello ea methapo ea kutlo: ho se khonehe ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ho ba mabifi ho sa utloahaleng, ho ithiba maikutlong.
4. Letlalo le boreleli, makhopho. Ka lebaka la khaello ea protheine e nang le tšepe, phokolo ea mali ea hlaha, matšoao a eona a omileng le a pallor ea letlalo, membrane ea mucous.
5. Ho ruruha hoa lipheletso. Ho na le protheine e tlaase ea plasma e nyatsang letsoai le lengata. Mafura a kenellang hare a bokella mokelikeli marong le maqaqailaneng.
6. Pholiso e fosahetseng ea maqeba le litlolo. Ho lokisa lisele ho thibeloa ka lebaka la khaello ea "thepa ea ho aha".
7. Fragility le moriri tahlehelo, fragility ea lipekere. Ponahalo ea ho thatafala ka lebaka la letlalo le omeletseng, ho phatloha le ho phunyeha ha poleiti ea lipekere ke sesupo se tsebahalang haholo sa mmele mabapi le ho haella ha protheine. Moriri le lipekere li lula li hola 'me hang-hang li arabela khaellong ea lintho tse khothalletsang kholo le boemo bo botle.
8. Ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ho ke keng ha khoneha. Ho nyamela ha lik'hilojule ntle le lebaka le hlakileng ho bakoa ke tlhoko ea 'mele ho lefella ho haella ha protheine ka lebaka la boima ba mesifa.
9. Ho haelloa ke pelo le methapo ea mali, ho bonahala eka o hema hanyane. Lisebelisoa tsa phefumoloho, tšilo le liphatsa tsa lefutso le tsona lia senyeha. Dyspnea e hlaha ntle le ho ikoetlisa ka matla, ho khohlela ntle le sefuba le mafu a vaerase.

Ka ponahalo ea matšoao a mofuta ona, o lokela ho fetola hang-hang mofuta oa lijo le boleng ba lijo, o nahanisise ka tsela eo u phelang ka eona, 'me haeba a mpefala, etela ngaka.

Ho hlokahala protheine e kae bakeng sa ho khothaletsoa

Sekhahla sa tšebeliso ka letsatsi se itšetlehile ka lilemo, bong, mofuta oa mosebetsi. Lintlha ka litekanyetso li hlahisoa tafoleng (ka tlase) mme li etselitsoe boima bo tloaelehileng.
Ho ja lijo tse nang le proteni e ngata ka makhetlo a mangata ke khetho. E mong le e mong o iketsetsa mofuta o bonolo bakeng sa hae, ntho ea bohlokoa ke ho boloka sekhahla sa ho ja letsatsi le letsatsi.

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Likahare tse phahameng tsa protheine lijong

Lijo tse nang le liprotheine tse tsebahalang:

Ho mefuta eohle ea nama, sebaka sa pele ka mor'a hore likhokahano li be nama ea khomo: 18.9 g. Kamora eona, nama ea kolobe: 16.4 g, konyana: 16.2 g.

Lijo tsa leoatleng le squid ke baetapele: 18.0 g.
Litlhapi tse ruileng ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa protheine ke salmon: 21.8 g, joale salmon e pinki: 21 g, pike perch: 19 g, mackerel: 18 g, herring: 17.6 g le cod: 17.5 g.

Har'a lihlahisoa tsa lebese, kefir le tranelate e bolila li tsitsitse maemo: 3.0 g, ebe lebese: 2.8 g.
Li-Grains tse phahameng - Hercules: 13.1 g, millet: 11.5 g, semolina: 11.3 g

Ho tseba tloaelo le ho nahanela menyetla ea lichelete, o ka etsa lethathamo ka nepo 'me oa etsa bonnete ba hore o tlatsetsa ka mafura le lik'habohaedreite.

Ka karolelano ea protheine ho phepo e nepahetseng

Karolo ea liprotheine, mafura, lik'habohaedreite ka har'a lijo tse phetseng hantle e lokela ho ba (ka har'a ligrama) 1: 1: 4. Senotlolo sa tekanyo ea sejana se phetseng hantle se ka emeloa ka tsela e 'ngoe: liprotheine 25-35%, mafura 25-35%, lik'habohaedreite 30-50%.

Ka nako e ts'oanang, mafura a lokela ho ba molemo: oli ea mohloaare kapa e halikiloeng, linate, tlhapi, chisi.

Lik'habohaedreite tse ka poleiti ke bate e thata, meroho efe kapa efe e sa tsoa tsoaloa, hammoho le litholoana / litholoana tse omisitsoeng, lihlahisoa tsa lebese le bolila.

Liprotheine ka likarolo li ka kopantsoe ka mokhoa o mong: liphoofolo tsa meroho +.

Amino acid e na le liprotheine

Tse fetohang li ka fetoloa ke 'mele ka boeona, empa phepelo ea bona e tsoang kantle ha e so ka e ba ea boleng bo holimo. Haholo-holo ka ho phela ka tsela e mafolofolo le ho ikoetlisa haholo.

Tsohle ntle le khethollo li bohlokoa, tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa ho tsona:

Alanine.
E matlafatsa metabolism ea lik'habohaedreite, e thusa ho tlosa chefo. Boikarabello bakeng sa "bohloeki". Likahare tse phahameng ho nama, lihlapi, lihlahisoa tsa lebese.

Arginine.
Hoa hlokahala ho kenella mesifa efe kapa efe, letlalo le phetseng hantle, lefufuru le manonyeletso. E fana ka ts'ebetso ea mafura le sesole sa 'mele. E ka nama leha e le efe, lebese, linate life kapa life.

Aspartic acid.
E fana ka matla a lekantsoeng. E ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Phetetsa sesebelisoa sa matla a nama ea khomo le likhoho, lebese, tsoekere ea 'moba. E na le litapole, linate, lijo-thollo.

Nalane.
"Sehahi" se ka sehloohong sa 'mele se fetoloa histamine le hemoglobin. O folisa maqeba kapele, o ikarabella bakeng sa mekhoa ea kholo. Haholo lebese, lijo-thollo le nama leha e le efe.

Serene.
Neurotransmitter, ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e hlakileng ea ts'ebetso ea boko le tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Ho na le lierekisi, nama, lijo-thollo, soya.

Ka phepo e nepahetseng le mokhoa o nepahetseng oa bophelo, li-amino acid tsohle li tla hlaha 'meleng bakeng sa motsoako oa "li-cubes" le mohlala oa bophelo bo botle, botle le bophelo bo bolelele.

Se bakang khaello ea protheine 'meleng

1. Maloetse a tšoaetsanoang khafetsa, a fokolisa sesole sa 'mele.
2. Matšoenyeho le matšoenyeho.
3. Ho tsofala le ho khoehlisa lits'ebetso tsohle tsa metabolic.
4. Litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea meriana ka 'ngoe.
5. Ho se sebetse hantle ka har'a tšilo ea lijo.
6. Likotsi
7. Lijo tse thehiloeng ho lijo tse potlakileng, lihlahisoa tsa hang-hang, lihlahisoa tse feliloeng ka boleng bo tlase.

Ho haella ha amino acid e le 'ngoe ho tla emisa tlhahiso ea protheine e itseng. Mmele o hlophisitsoe ka molao-motheo oa "ho tlatsa lits'oants'o", ka hona, li-amino acid tse sieo li tla nts'oa liprotheine tse ling. "Ho aha bocha" hona ho senya ts'ebetso ea litho, mesifa, pelo, boko 'me ka mora moo bo halefisa lefu lena.

Khaello ea protheine ho bana e thibela kholo, e baka ho holofala 'meleng le kelellong.
Ntshetsopele ea phokolo ea mali, ponahalo ea maloetse a letlalo, pathology ea masapo le mesifa ha se lenane le felletseng la mafu. Ho ba le protheine e matla ho ka baka bohlanya le kwashiorkor (mofuta oa dystrophy e matla ka lebaka la khaello ea liprotheine).

Ha protheine e lematsa mmele

• kamohelo e fetelletseng
• mafu a sa foleng a sebete, liphio, pelo le methapo ea mali.

Hangata, hangata ha e hlahe hangata ka lebaka la ho monngoa hoa ntho ke 'mele.E etsahala ho ba batlang ho eketsa mesifa kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ntle le ho latela likhothaletso tsa bakoetlisi le litsebi tsa phepo e nepahetseng.

Mathata a kamohelo ea "ho fetella" a kenyelletsa:

Ho hloleha hape Ho ata ha liprotheine tse ngata haholo, ho senya tšebetso ea tsona ea tlhaho. "Filter" ha e khone ho sebetsana le mojaro, lefu la liphio le hlaha.

Lefu la sebete. Protheine e ngata e bokella ammonia maling, e leng ho mpefatsang boemo ba sebete.

Ntshetsopele ea atherosulinosis. Lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa liphoofolo, ntle le lintho tse nang le thuso, li na le mafura a kotsi le cholesterol.

Batho ba nang le bothata ba lefu la sebete, liphio, methapo ea pelo le tšilo ea lijo ba lokela ho fokotsa ho ja protheine ka bongata.

Ho hlokomela bophelo ba bona bo putsoa hanyane ka hanyane ho ba tšoenyehang ka hona. Ho qoba litlamorao tse matla, o hloka ho hopola tlhoko ea mmele ea ho hlaphoheloa. Phomolo e felletseng, phepo e nepahetseng, litsebi tse etelang li tla holisa bocha, bophelo bo botle le bophelo.

Solubility

Liprotheine li fapana ka bongata ka metsing. Liprotheine tse qhibilihang ka metsing li bitsoa albin, li kenyelletsa liprotheine tsa mali le lebese. Ho fana ka insoluble, kapa scleroprotein, ho kenyelletsa, ho etsa mohlala, keratin (protheine e etsang moriri, moriri oa liphoofolo tse anyesang, masiba a linonyana, jj) le fibroin, e leng karolo ea silika le cobwebs. The solubility ea protheine ha e hlalosoe feela ka sebopeho sa eona, empa ke lintlha tsa kantle, joalo ka mofuta oa solvent, matla a ionic, le pH ea tharollo.

Liprotheine li boetse li arotsoe ka hydrophilic (metsi-a qhibilihang) le hydrophobic (phefumoloho ea metsi). Boholo ba liprotheine tse ngata tsa cytoplasm, nucleus, le ntho e kenang, li kenyelletsa keratin le fibroin e sa koaheng, ke hydrophilic. Boholo ba liprotheine tse etsang metsoako ea likokoana-hloko ke hydrophobic - liprotheine tsa membrane tsa bohlokoa tse sebetsanang le li-lipids tsa hydrophobic tsa membrane (liprotheine tsena, joalo ka molao, le tsona li na le libaka tsa hydrophilic).

Protein biosynthesis 'meleng

Protein biosynthesis - sebopeho 'meleng oa liprotheine tse lakatsehang ho tsoa ho li-amino acid ka ho li kopanya le mofuta o khethehileng oa tlamo ea lik'hemik'hale - polypeptide ketane. DNA e boloka leseli la sebopeho sa protheine. Motsoako ka booona o etsahala karolong e ikhethang ea sele e bitsoang ribosome. RNA e fetisetsa tlhahisoleseling ho tsoa ho gene e lakatsehang (saete ea DNA) ho ea ho ribosome.

Kaha biosynthesis ea protheine ke multistage, e rarahaneng, e sebelisa tlhaiso-leseling e behiloeng motheong oa boteng ba motho - DNA, tlhahiso ea eona ea lik'hemik'hale ke mosebetsi o boima. Bo-rasaense ba ithutile ho fumana li-inhibitors tsa li-enzyme le lihormone tse ling, empa mosebetsi oa bohlokoahali oa saense ke ho fumana liprotheine tse sebelisang boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Lipalangwang

Ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso ea protheine e khethehileng ea mali - hemoglobin. Ka lebaka la protheine ena, oksijene e tsamaisoa matšoafong le litho le liseleng tsa 'mele.

E na le tšebetso ea liprotheine tsa sesole sa 'mele tse bitsoang li-antibodies. Ke li-antibodies tse sirelletsang bophelo bo botle ba 'mele, bo bo sirelletsa ho tsoa ho libaktheria, vaerase, chefo, le ho lumella mali ho etsa mokokotlo sebakeng sa leqeba le bulehileng.

Ts'ebetso ea liprotheine ke ho fetisetsa lipontšo (tlhahisoleseling) lipakeng tsa lisele.

Liprotheine Tloaelo ea Motho e Moholo

Tlhokahalo ea 'mele oa motho bakeng sa protheine ka kotloloho e its'etleha mesebetsing ea' mele. Ha re sisinyeha, litšusumetso tsa mefuta-futa li kena 'meleng oa rona kapele. Batho ba ikoetlisang khafetsa ba hloka liprotheine tse batlang li imenne habeli ho motho ea tloaelehileng. Ho haelloa ke liprotheine ho batho ba amehang lipapaling ho kotsi "ho omisa" mesifa le mokhathala kaofela 'meleng!

Ka karolelano, moetlo o tloaelehileng oa protheine ho motho ea moholo o baloa motheong oa protheine e le 'ngoe ea 1 g ka kilo e le' ngoe, ke hore, hoo e ka bang 80-100 g bakeng sa banna, 55-60 g ho basali. Baatlelete ba banna ba eletsoa ho eketsa palo ea liprotheine tse jeoang ho isa ho 170-200 g ka letsatsi.

Phepo e nepahetseng ea liprotheine bakeng sa 'mele

Phepo e nepahetseng ea ho khotsofatsa mmele le liprotheine ke motsoako oa liprotheine tsa liphoofolo le limela. Tekanyo ea tekanyo ea protheine ho tsoa lijong e itšetlehile ka tšimoloho ea eona le mokhoa oa kalafo oa mocheso.

Kahoo, hoo e ka bang 80% ea lijo tsohle tsa protheine ea liphoofolo le 60% ea protheine ea meroho e kenngoa ke 'mele. Lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho ea liphoofolo li na le liprotheine tse ngata ho feta boima ba sehlahisoa ho feta ho meroho. Ntle le moo, sebopeho sa lihlahisoa tsa "phoofolo" se kenyeletsa li-amino acid tsohle, 'me lihlahisoa tsa limela ka sena li nkuoa li le tlase.

Melao ea mantlha ea phepo e nepahetseng bakeng sa ho monya protheine e ntle:

• Mokhoa o bonolo oa ho pheha - ho pheha, ho utsoa, ​​ho tsamaisa. Frying e lokela ho qheleloa ka thoko.
• Ho khothalletsoa ho ja litlhapi le likhoho tse eketsehileng. Haeba u hlile u batla nama, khetha nama ea khomo.
• Marokgo ha a lokela ho kenyelletsoa lijong, a mafura ebile a kotsi. Maemong a fetisisang, o ka pheha sejana sa pele o sebelisa "moro oa bobeli".

Likarolo tsa phepo e ntle ea protheine bakeng sa kholo ea mesifa

Baatlelete ba ntseng ba eketseha ka bongata mesifa ba tlameha ho latela litlhahiso tsohle tse kaholimo. Boholo ba lijo tsa bona e lokela ho ba liprotheine tse tsoang liphoofolong. Li lokela ho jeoa hammoho le lihlahisoa tsa protheine ea meroho, eo soy e ratoang ka ho khetheha.

Hoa hlokahala hape ho buisana le ngaka le ho nahana ka tšebeliso ea lino tse khethehileng tsa protheine, karolo ea karolo ea 97-98%. Setsebi se ikhethileng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng o tla bala litekanyetso tse nepahetseng. Sena e tla ba tlatsetso e ntle le e molemo ea protheine ea ho ikoetlisa ka matla.

Phetoho

Protein denaturation e bolela phetoho efe kapa efe ts'ebetsong ea eona ea tlhaho le / kapa thepa ea fisiks e amanang le tahlehelo ea sebopeho sa bokahohle ("quaternary"), "sekhahla" ("karolo" ea "Protein"). Joaloka molao, liprotheine li tsitsitse tlas'a maemo ao (mocheso, pH, joalo-joalo) tseo ka tloaelo li sebetsang 'meleng. Phetoho e matla maemong ana e lebisa ho denatform ea protheine. Ho latela sebopeho sa moemeli oa denatifying, mochine (ho tsitsinya kapa ho sisinyeha ho matla), 'meleng (ho futhumatsa, ho futhumatsa, ho hlasimolla, sonication) le lik'hemik'hale (li-acid le alkali, li-surferants, urea) li-denatform lia khetholoha.

Protein denaturation e ka ba e felletseng kapa e leeme, e ka fetoloang kapa e sa fetoloang. Nyeoe e tsebahalang ka ho fetesisa ea protheine e ke keng ea fetoloa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ke ho hlophisoa ha lehe la likhoho, ha, tlasa ts'usumetso ea mocheso o phahameng, protheine ea ovalbumin e sa qhibilihang e fetoha le letsoai, e sa tsitsang le ea opaque. Ho fokotseha ha nako maemong a mang hoa fetoha, joalo ka ha ho na le liprotheine tse qhibilihang ka metsi tse sebelisang letsoai la ammonium (mokhoa oa ho li sebelisa), mokhoa ona o sebelisoa e le mokhoa oa ho li hloekisa.

Limolek'hule tsa protheine ke li-polymer tsa mola tse kenyang masala a í-L-amino acids (e leng li-monomers), hape le masala a ntlafalitsoeng a amino acid le likarolo tsa tlhaho e seng amino acid li ka kenyelletsoa ka karolo ea liprotheine. Libukeng tsa mahlale, ho sebelisoa mantsoe a bokhutšoanyane a lengolo le le leng kapa a mararo ho bua ka amino acid. Le ha qalong o ka shebahala eka tšebeliso ea "feela" mefuta e 20 ea li-amino acid liprotheineng tse ngata e fokotsa phapang ea litheko tsa protheine, ha e le hantle, palo ea likhetho e ke ke ea lekanngoa ka bongata: bakeng sa masala a 5 a liamino acid, e se e le limilione tse fetang tse tharo, 'me lethathamo la masala a 100 a amino acid. (protein e nyane) e ka emeloa ka mefuta e fetang 10,130. Liprotheine li tloha khafetsa ho isa ho tse mashome a 'maloa tsa masala a amino acid ka bolelele li-peptide, ka tekanyo e kholo ea polymerization - squirrels, leha karohano ena e le qholotso.

Ha protheine e thehoa ka lebaka la tšebelisano ea sehlopha sa í-carboxyl (-COOH) sa amino acid e le 'ngoe le sehlopha sa α-amino (-NH₂) ea amino acid e 'ngoe, ho thehoa litlamo tsa peptide. Liphetho tsa protheine li bitsoa N- le C-terminus, ho latela hore na ke lihlopha li fe tse setseng tsa amino acid tse sa lefelloeng: -NH₂ kapa-COOH, ka ho latellana. Kaholo ea protheine ho ribosome, masala a pele a (N-terminal) a amino acid hangata ke masala a methionine, 'me masala a latelang a khangoa ho C-terminus ea e fetileng.

Likarolo tsa phepo e nepahetseng ea phepo e nepahetseng

Ba lakatsang ho theola boima ba 'mele ba lokela ho ja lihlahisoa tsa protheine ea liphoofolo le meroho. Ho bohlokoa ho arohana litabatabelo tsa bona, hobane nako ea ho iketla ea bona e fapane. Lihlahisoa tsa nama e mafura li lokela ho lahloa, litapole ha lia lokela ho hlekefetsoa, ​​lijo-thollo tse nang le protheine e tloaelehileng li lokela ho khethoa.

Se ke oa fetella mme "lula fatše" lijong tsa protheine. Ha e tšoanele motho e mong le e mong, hobane ho khetholloa ka ho phethahetseng ha lik'habohaedreite ho tla lebisa ho fokotseha ha matla a ho sebetsa le matla. Ho lekane ho ja lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite hoseng - hona ho tla fana ka matla mots'eare, thapama ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a fokolang. Ho etsa bakeng sa khaello ea matla mantsiboea, 'mele o tla qala ho chesa mafura a' mele, leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso ena e tla bolokeha bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba 'mele.

Etsa bonnete ba hore u kenyelletsa lijo tsa protheine tse nepahetseng le tse lokiselitsoeng hantle lijong tsa hau. Bakeng sa 'mele, protheine ke eona ntho e ka sehloohong moahong! Hammoho le boikoetliso khafetsa, e tla u thusa ho haha ​​'mele o motle oa baatlelete!

Liprotheine ke metsoako ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea lik'hemik'hale, ntle le eona ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea 'mele e ne e ke ke ea khonahala. Liprotheine li na le li-enzyme, lisele tsa litho, litho tsa botona. Li na le boikarabello ba metabolism, lipalangoang le lits'ebetso tse ling tse ngata tse etsahalang 'meleng oa motho. Liprotheine li ke ke tsa bokella "kahara", ka hona li tlameha ho kenngoa hangata. Li bohlokoa haholo ho batho ba amehang lipapaling, hobane liprotheine li laoloa.

Mekhatlo ea Mokhatlo

K. Lindstrom-Lang o rerile ho khetholla maemo a 4 a mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa liprotheine: meetso ea mantlha, ea bobeli, ea maemo a phahameng le e meng. Le ha karolo ena e batla e felile, e ntse e sebelisoa. Sebopeho sa mantlha (tatellano ea masala a amino acid) ea polypeptide se hlahisoa ke sebopeho sa mofuta oa 'ona oa liphatsa tsa lefutso,' me meetso ea litaelo tse phahameng e thehiloe nakong ea protheine. Leha sebopeho sa sebaka sa protheine ka kakaretso se hlahisitsoe ke tatellano ea sona ea amino acid, e boima ebile e ka latela maemo a kantle, ka hona ho nepahala haholoanyane ho bua ka protheine e ratoang kapa e matla ka ho fetisisa.

Sebopeho sa mantlha

Sebopeho sa mantlha ke tatellano ea masala a amino acid mokokotlong oa polypeptide. Karolo e ka sehloohong ea protheine e hlalosoa hangata e sebelisa litlhaku tse le 'ngoe kapa tse tharo bakeng sa masala a amino acid.

Lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa sebopeho sa mantlha ke li-motifs tsa Conservative - metsoako e tsitsitseng ea masala a amino acid a etsang mosebetsi o itseng mme a fumanoa liprotheine tse ngata. Li-motifs tsa Conservative li bolokiloe nakong ea ho iphetola hoa mefuta; hangata hoa khoneha ho bolela esale pele ts'ebetso ea protheine e sa tsejoeng ho bona. Tekanyo ea thuto ea lapeng (ho tšoana) ea tatellano ea amino acid ea liprotheine tsa lintho tse fapaneng e ka sebelisoa ho lekola sebaka sa phetoho pakeng tsa taxa eo lintho tsena e leng tsa eona.

Karolo ea mantlha ea protheine e ka khethoa ka mekhoa ea ho latellana ea protheine kapa ka sebopeho sa mantlha sa mRNA ea eona e sebelisa tafole ea khoutu ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Sebopeho sa bobeli

Karolo ea bobeli ke tatelano ea lehae ea sekhechana sa polypeptide se tiisitsoeng ke litlamo tsa hydrogen.Mefuta e latelang ke mefuta e atileng haholo ea sebopeho sa protheine ea bobeli:

• Li-ices-ices ke tse thata tse fetohang mohele oa molek'hule. Phetoho e le 'ngoe ke masalela a 3.6 amino acid, sekoti sa helix ke 0.54 nm (0.15 nm e oela ho masala a le mong a amino acid). Spiral e kopantsoe ke litlamo tsa haedrojene pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa H le O peptide, tse arohaneng likarolo tse 4 ka thoko. Le ha α-helix e ka ba ea letsohong le letšehali kapa le letšehali, li-predominate tse letsohong le letona ka liprotheine. The spiral e sithabetsoa ke ho kopana ha motlakase oa glutamic acid, lysine, arginine. Haufi le e mong, masapo a li-asparagine, serine, threonine le leucine a ka kena-kenana le phello ea ho etsoa ha helix, masala a proline a baka ketane ea methapo hape a senya li-α-helices.
• Li-β-sheets (likarolo tse hahelletsoeng) ke liketane tse 'maloa tsa polypeptide ea zigzg moo litlamo tsa haedrojene li thetsoang pakeng tsa amino acid tse hole haholo (0,34 nm kahare ho masala a amino acid) ka hara sebopeho sa mantlha kapa liketane tse fapaneng tsa liprotheine (joalo ka ha li entsoe haufi haholo, joalo ka lijalo be ho α-helix). Liketane tsena hangata li tataisoa ke N-pheletso ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng (mokhoa oa antiparallel) kapa ka lehlakoreng le le leng (parallel β-form). Hape hoa khoneha ho ba teng ha sebopeho se kopaneng sa β sebopeho sa likarolo tse tšoanang le tsa antiparallel β. Bakeng sa sebopeho sa maqephe a β-Sheets, boholo bo bonyenyane ba lihlopha tse lehlakoreng tsa li-amino acid li bohlokoa, hangata glycine le alanine predominate,
• π-helix
• 3₁₀spirals
• likotoana tse sa laoloang.

Sebopeho se phahameng

Sebopeho se phahameng ke sebopeho sa bokahare ba polypeptide ketane. Ka sebopeho, e na le likarolo tsa sebopeho sa bobeli se tsitsitseng ke mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebelisano moo ho sebelisana ha hydrophobic ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa. Ho tsitsa ha sebopeho se phahameng ho kenyelletsa:

• maqhama a kopaneng (pakeng tsa masala a mabeli a cysteine ​​- disulfide bridges),
• maqhama a pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa mahlakore a hlotsitsoeng ka mahlakore a ahlotsoeng ka khang
• hydrogen bond
• litšebelisano tsa hydrophobic. Ha o sebetsana le limolek'hule tsa metsi tse potolohileng, molek'hule ea protheine e phuthoa e le hore lihlopha tse se nang mahlakore a li-amino acid li aroloe tharollong ea metsi, ebe lihlopha tsa mahlakore a polar hydrophilic a hlaha holim'a molek'hule.

Boithuto ba melao-motheo ea ho phutha liprotheine bo bontšitse hore ho bonolo ho khetholla boemo bo bong pakeng tsa sekhahla sa sebopeho sa bobeli le sebopeho sa sepakapaka sa atomiki - sebopeho sa folding (boqapi, sebopeho sa sebopeho). Moetlo oa setaele o khethoa ke tlhophiso ea bobeli ea likarolo tsa sebopeho sa bobeli (α-helices le β-strands) ka har'a sebaka sa protheine - terata e kopanetsoeng e ka bang teng ka boyona kapa ho ba karolo ea protheine e kholo hammoho le libaka tse ling. Mohlala, nahana ka e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa liprotheine. Protheine ea lefats'e e bonts'itsoeng setšoantšong ho ea ka ho le letona, e nang le "triosophosphatisomerase" e na le mookotla o bitsitsoeng "cylinder": parallel β-strands e etsang str-silinda kahare ho silinda e ngoe e entsoe ka li-8 α-helices. Motif ena e fumanoa hoo e ka bang 10% ea liprotheine.

Hoa tsebahala hore setaele sa setaele se boreleli ebile se fumanoa liprotheine tse se nang likamano tse sebetsang kapa tsa ho iphetola ha lintho. Khethollo ea mokhabo oa mokhabo o ikhethileng o khethollang liprotheine tse ling (tse kang CATH kapa SCOP).

Ho fumana sebopeho sa protheine, ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea ho lekola x-ray, matla a nyutlelie le mefuta e meng ea microscopy.

Sebopeho sa Quaternary

Sebopeho sa quaternary (kapa subunit, domain) ke tlhophiso e kopantsoeng ea liketane tse 'maloa tsa polypeptide mochine o le mong oa protheine.Limolek'hule tsa protheine tse etsang protheine e nang le sebopeho sa quaternary li thehiloe ka thoko ho li-ribosomes mme ke feela kamora ho fela ha motsoako moo li thehang sebopeho se tloaelehileng sa supramolecular. Protheine ea sebopeho sa quaternary e ka kenyelletsa liketane tse tšoanang le tse fapaneng tsa polypeptide. Ho tsitsa ha sebopeho sa Quaternary ho kenyelletsa mefuta e ts'oanang ea ts'ebelisano joalo ka ho tiisa botsitso ba thuto e phahameng. Meetso ea protheine ea supramolecular e ka ba le limolek'hule tse ngata.

Tlhotlhomiso ka mofuta oa moaho

Liprotheine li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse tharo ho latela mofuta o akaretsang oa sebopeho:

1. Liprotheine tsa Fibrillar - li-polymers tsa sebopeho, sebopeho sa tsona hangata se hangata ebile se tšehetsoa haholo ke tšebelisano lipakeng tsa liketane tse fapaneng. Ba theha microfilaments, microtubules, fibrils, 'me ba tšehetsa sebopeho sa lisele le lisele. Liprotheine tsa Fibrillar li keratin le collagen.
2. Liprotheine tsa lefatše ha li qhibilihe metsi, mofuta oa molek'hule o feta kapa o sa pharalle.
3. Liprotheine tsa Membrane - li na le likarolo tse arohanang le membrane ea sele, empa likarolo tsa tsona li tsoa ho membrane ho ea tikolohong ea li-interellular le cytoplasm ea sele. Liprotheine tsa Membrane li sebetsa e le li-receptor, ke hore, li fetisa lipontšo, hape li fana ka tsamaiso ea transmembrane ea lintho tse fapaneng. Tsamaiso ea liprotheine e ikhethile, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e feta ka har'a membrane feela limolek'hule tse itseng kapa mofuta o itseng oa letšoao.

Liprotheine tse bonolo le tse rarahaneng

Ntle le liketane tsa peptide, liprotheine tse ngata li boetse li kenyelletsa lihlopha tse se nang amino acid, 'me ka protheine ena ea litekanyetso li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo - protheine e bonolo le e rarahaneng (liprotheine). Liprotheine tse bonolo li na le liketane tsa polypeptide feela, protheine e rarahaneng e boetse e na le lihlopha tse se nang amino acid, kapa tsa maiketsetso. Ho latela mofuta oa lik'hemik'hale oa lihlopha tsa maiketsetso, lihlopha tse latelang li khetholloa liprotheine tse rarahaneng:

Li-glycoprotein tse nang le masalla a kopantsoeng a khabisitsoeng ka nama e le sehlopha sa maiketsetso, li-glycoprotein tse nang le masalla a mucopolysaccharide ke karolo ea li-subclass tsa proteinoglycans. Ha ho thehoa maqhama le masala a carbohydrate, hangata lihlopha tsa hydroxyl tsa serine kapa threonine lia ameha. Boholo ba liprotheine tse tsoang kantle ho 'mele, haholo-holo li-immunoglobulin, ke glycoprotein. Ho li-proteinoglycans, karolo ea lik'habohaedreite ke

95% ea kakaretso ea molek'hule ea protheine, ke tsona karolo ea mantlha ea "mala" a kopaneng.

Bohlokoa ba tlhaho ea ho tsoaloa hoa lintho tse phelang. Mekhoa ea ho ikatisa.

1. Ho hlahisa hape le bohlokoa ba eona.

Ho ikatisa - Ho hlahisa mefuta ea likokoana-hloko tse tšoanang, tse fanang

boteng ba mefuta ea limela bakeng sa millennia e mengata li tlatsetsa keketseho ea

palo ea batho ka bomong ea mefuta, tsoelo-pele ea bophelo. Asexual, thobalano le

ho jala hoa limela:

2. Ho ikatisa ka mokhoa o makatsang ke mokhoa oa khale ka ho fetisisa. Ho

setho se le seng se kenelletse tlhakeng ea thobalano, athe hangata e nka karolo ho tsa thobalano

batho ba babeli. Ho limela, ho ikatisa ntle le ho sebelisa li-spores - e le 'ngoe

lisele tse ikhethang. Ho ata ha li-spores tsa algae, moss, lihotele,

tlatlapa, ferns. Rash ea spores ho tloha limela, tsoele pele ho mela le ntshetsopele ea

likokoana-hloko tse ncha tse tlatselletsang li maemong a matle. Ho shoa ha palo e kholo

khang e oela maemong a mabe. Monyetla o fokolang oa ho hlaha

likokoana-hloko tse ncha ho tsoa ho li-spores hobane li na le limatlafatsi tse fokolang mme

lijalo li li monya haholo ho tsoa tikolohong.

3. Ho jala limela - ho jala limela le

Ho sebelisa metsoako ea limela: Letlapa le ka tlas'a lefatše kapa likarolo tse ka tlas'a lefatše, likarolo tsa motso,

lekhasi, tuber, bulbs. Ho nka karolo mofuteng oa ho jala limela tsa ntho e le 'ngoe

kapa likarolo tsa eona. Kameho ea sejalo sa morali le 'm'a eona, joalo ka sona

e tsoela pele ho hola 'mele oa mme. Ts'ebetso e kholo le

ho ata ha limela ka bongata tlhahisong, joalo ka setho sa tlatsetso

thehoa ka potlako ho tsoa karolong ea bo-mme ho fapana le ho tsoa lesapo la mokokotlo. Mehlala ea Vegetative

ho ikatisa: ho sebelisa li-rhizomes - likhahla tsa phula, koena, lijalo tsa mabele, jj

makala a tlase a amang mobu (layering) - li-currants, morara o hlaha, moustache

- fragole, bulbs - tulip, daffodil, crocus. Tšebeliso ea limela

ho ikatisa ha lijalo tse ntseng li lema: litapole li hlahisoa ke li-tubers,

bulbs - lieie le konofolo, layering - currants le gooseberries, motso

bana - ciliegia, plum, li-cuttings - lifate tsa litholoana.

4. Ho hlahisa thobalano. Bohlokoa ba ho ikatisa ka thobalano

ka sebopeho sa lisele tsa kokoana-hloko (li-gametes), sebopeho sa sele ea germ ea monna

(sperm) le e tšehali (lehe) - ho emolisa le ho holisa e ncha

sebopuoa sa morali se tsoang ho lehe le emolisitsoeng. Ka lebaka la manyolo

sebopuoa sa tlatsetso se nang le li-chromosomes tse fapaneng haholo, tse bolelang le tse ling

litsobotsi tse fapaneng tsa lefutso, ka lebaka leo li ka fetoha

tloaelane haholo le tikoloho. Ho ba teng ha botona ba thobalano ho

algae, mosses, ferns, boikoetliso ba 'mele le li-angiosperms. Phephetso

Ts'ebetso ea thobalano e fumanehang ka har'a limela nakong ea kholo ea tsona

mefuta ka hara limela tsa peo.

5. Ho jala peō ho etsahala ka thuso ea lipeo,

ke tšobotsi ea li-gymnosperms le angiosperms (angiosperms

ho jala limela le hona ho atile). Bohato ba mehato

Ho jala peō: peo - peo ea phofshoana e isa sekhobo sa pistil, eona

tsoele pele ho mela, hlaha ka ho arola peo ea bobeli ea tsoelo-pele, tsoelo-pele ea bona ho

ovule, ebe ho kopanya ha peoana e le 'ngoe ka lehe, ha e ngoe ka

sekoloto sa bobeli (ka angiosperms). Sebopeho sa peo ea ovule -

mothapo o nang le limatlafatsi tse ngata le ho tsoa marakong a ovary - "fetus". Peo -

germ ea semela se secha, maemong a matle, ea hlaha le ka lekhetlo la pele

seedling e feptjoa ke limatlafatsi tsa peo, ebe metso ea eona e mela

qala ho monya metsi le liminerale tse tsoang mobung, le makhasi - carbon dioxide

khase e tsoang moeeng moeeng. Bophelo bo ikemetseng ba semela se secha.

Protein biophysics

Lits'oants'o tsa protheine e ka seleng, li nka karolo ea metsi le ho putlama ha li-macromolecule (eng.) e rarahaneng haholo. Hypothesis ea protheine e le "system-kristale" e laeloang - "" kristale ea nako "- e ts'ehelitsoe ke tlhahlobo ea X-ray e nyane (ho fihlela qeto ea 1 angstrom), ho tsitsa haholo, ts'ebelisano ea ts'ebetso ea kemiso le lintlha tse ling.

Molemong oa hypothesis e 'ngoe, thepa e kang ea metsi ea liprotheine ts'ebetsong ea methapo ea methapo (mohlala oa ho fokotseha ho fokolang kapa ho se sebetse ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele) li paka bopaki ba liteko tsa ho hasanya ha neutron, Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Mokhoa o ikhethileng: Raleke ea ribosomal

Liprotheine li entsoe ka lintho tse phelang ho tsoa ho li-amino acid tse thehiloeng ho tlhaiso-leseling e kentsoeng liphatseng tsa lefutso. Protein e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le tatellano e ikhethang ea masala a amino acid, a khetholloang ka tatellano ea nucleotide ea gene e kenyang protheine. Khoutu ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mokhoa oa ho fetolela tatellano ea li-nucleotide tsa DNA (ka RNA) ka tatellano ea amino acid ka mokokotlo oa polypeptide. Khoutu ena e bonts'a tatellano ea likarolo tsa trinucleotide ea RNA, e bitsoang li-codons, le li-amino acid tse ling tse kenyellelitsoeng ho protheine: ka tatellano ea AUG nucleotide, e tsamaellana le methionine. Kaha DNA e na le mefuta e mene ea li-nucleotide, palo eohle ea li-codon tse ka khonehang ke 64, 'me kaha li-amino acid tse 20 li sebelisoa ho protheine, li-amino acid tse ngata li khethiloe ke codon e fetang e le' ngoe. Li-codons tse tharo ha li na thuso: li sebetsa e le lipontšo tsa ho emisa moetlo oa polypeptide 'me li bitsoa li-codon tsa ho emisa, kapa li-codons tse emisang.

Liprotheine tse amanang le lefutso li fetisoa pele ho tatellano ea nucleotide ea messenger RNA (mRNA) ke li-enzyme tsa polymerase tsa RNA. Maemong a mangata, liprotheine tsa lintho tse phelang li entsoe ka li-ribosomes - Mechini e meholo ea limolek'hule e teng cytoplasm ea lisele. Ts'ebetso ea ho kopanya ketane ea polypeptide ke ribosome ho mRNA matrix e bitsoa phetolelo.

Ribosomal protheine ea mantlha e tšoana hantle ho li-prokaryotes le eukaryotes, empa e fapana ka lintlha tse ling. Kahoo, prokaryotic mRNA e ka baloa ke li-ribosomes ka tatellano ea Amino acid ea liprotheine hang ka mor'a hore e tsamaisoe kapa le pele e phethoa. Ho li-eukaryotes, sengoloa sa mantlha se lokela ho qala ka ho fetoloa le ho fetela ho cytoplasm (sebakeng sa ribosome), pele phetolelo e ka qala. Sekhahla sa motsoako oa liprotheine se phahame haholo ho li-prokaryotes mme se ka fihlela li-amino acid tse 20 motsotsoana.

Le pele ho qaleho ea phetolelo, li-enzyme tsa aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ka ho khetheha li hokahanya li-amino acid ho tsamaisa RNA (tRNA) ea tsona. Karolo ea tRNA, e bitsoang anticodon, e ka kopanya ka ho lekana le codon ea mRNA, ka hona ea netefatsa ho kenyeletsoa ha masala a amino acid a khomaretsoeng ho tRNA ka mokokotlong oa polypeptide ho latela khoutu ea lefutso.

Nakong ea mohato oa pele oa phetolelo, ho qala, codon ea qalang (hangata methionine) e amoheloa ke karolo e nyane ea ribosome, moo aminoacylated methionine tRNA e kopantsoeng ho sebelisoa liprotheine tsa ho qala. Kamora ho hlokomela codon ea ho qala, subunit e kholo e ikopanya le karolo e nyane ea ribosome, mme mohato oa bobeli oa phetolelo, elongation, oa qala. Karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea ribosome ho tloha ho 5'- ho isa 3'-pheletso ea mRNA, codon e le 'ngoe e baloa ka ho theha litlamo tsa haedrojene pakeng tsa eona le RNA e tlatsanang le eona, moo karolo e setseng ea amino acid e khomaretsoeng. Ho thehoa ha setlamo sa peptide pakeng tsa masala a ho qetela a amino acid ea peptide e ntseng e hola le masala a amino acid a khomarelitsoeng ho TRNA a ts'oaroa ke ribosomal RNA (rRNA), e leng setsi sa phetoho ea peptidyl ea ribosome. Setsi sena se beha liathomo tsa naetrojene le khabone sebakeng se loketseng boemo ba karabelo. Karolo ea boraro le ea ho qetela ea phetolelo, ho emisoa, ho etsahala ha ribosome e fihla mokokotlong, kamora hore ho felisoe liprotheine ho lomahanyang khokahano lipakeng tsa tRNA ea hoqetela le mokokotlo oa polypeptide, e emisang mofuta oa eona. Ka li-ribosomes, liprotheine li lula li hlophisitsoe ho tloha N- ho ea C-terminus.

Synther ea Neribosomal

Ka li-fungus tse ka tlase le libaktheria tse ling, mokhoa o eketsehileng (o se nang ribosomal, kapa oa multienzyme) oa biosynthesis ea peptides, hangata oa sebopeho se fokolang le se sa tloaelehang, oa tsebahala.Tsela eo li-peptides tsena li atisang ho etsoa ka eona, hangata li etsoa ke protheine e phahameng ea boima ba molek'hule, NRS synthase ntle le ho nka karolo ka kotloloho ea li-ribosomes. NRS synthase hangata e na le likarolo tse 'maloa kapa liprotheine tse ikhethileng tse khethang li-amino acid, li etsa sebopeho sa peptide ebe se lokolla peptide e hlophisitsoeng. Hammoho, libaka tsena li etsa module. Module ka mong o netefatsa ho kenyeletsoa ha amino acid e le 'ngoe ka peptide e hlophisitsoeng. Li-synthases tsa NRS ka hona li ka etsoa ka module e le 'ngoe kapa tse' maloa. Ka linako tse ling, mechini ena e kenyelletsa sebaka se ka etsang isomerizing L-amino acid (mofuta o tloaelehileng) hore e be mofuta oa D.

Khemik'hale ea k'hemik'hale

Liprotheine tse khutšoane li ka kopanngoa ka lik'hemik'hale li sebelisa mekhoa ea motsoako oa manyolo, mohlala, ligation ea lik'hemik'hale. Hangata, motsoako oa peptide o hlaha ka tsela e tsoang C-terminus ho ea N-terminus, ho fapana le ribosome biosynthesis. Mokhoa oa motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale o hlahisa li-peptides tse khutšoane tsa 'mele (epitopes), tse kenang ka har'a liphoofolo hore li fumane li-antibodies kapa li-hybridomas tse itseng. Ntle le moo, mokhoa ona o boetse o sebelisoa ho fumana li-inhibitors tsa li-enzyme tse itseng. Chemical synthesis e lumella ho hlahisoa ha masala a amino acid a sa fumaneheng ho liprotheine tse tloaelehileng, mohlala, tse nang le mangolo a fluorescence a khomaretsoeng liketaneng tsa tsona tsa lehlakore. Mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa motsoako oa liprotheine o na le mefokolo e 'maloa: ha e sebetse ka bolelele ba liprotheine tse setseng tsa li-amino acid tse fetang 300, liprotheine tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso li ka ba le sebopeho se sa sebetseng mme li haelloa ke liphetoho tsa morao-rao tsa phetolelo (bona ka tlase).

Phetoho ea morao-rao

Kamora hore phetolelo e phethe, liprotheine tse ngata li tsoela pele ho fetoloa ka lik'hemik'hale tse bitsoang liphetoho tsa morao-rao. Ho tsebahala ka mefuta e fetang makholo a mabeli ea li-protein tsa morao-rao tsa phetolelo.

Liphetoho tsa morao-rao li ka laola nako ea bophelo ea liprotheine tse ka seleng, ts'ebetso ea bona ea enzymatic le tšebelisano le liprotheine tse ling. Maemong a mang, liphetoho tse fetoletsoeng ka mor'a phetolelo ke mohato o tlamang oa ho fetoloa hoa protheine, ho seng joalo, ha e sebetse. Mohlala, ka ho hola ha insulin le lihormone tse ling, protheine e fokolang ea polypeptide e ea hlokahala, mme ka ho hola ha liprotheine tsa membrane ea plasma, glycosylation ea hlokahala.

Liphetoho tsa morao-rao tsa phetolelo li ka ba ngata hohle tsa ba tsa fumaneha ho fihlela li ikhethile. Mohlala oa phetoho ea bokahohle ke ubiquitination (khokahanyo ea molek'hule ea limolek'hule tse 'maloa tsa protheine ea ubiquitin ho proteni), e sebetsang e le sesupo sa hore protheine ena e hlakile. Phetoho e 'ngoe e tloaelehileng ke glycosylation - ho hakanngoa hore hoo e ka bang halofo ea protheine ea batho e glycosylated. Liphetoho tse sa tloaelehang li kenyelletsa tyrosination / detirozination le polyglycylation ea tubulin.

Protheine e le 'ngoe e ka fetoloa tse ngata. Kahoo, li-histones (liprotheine tseo e leng karolo ea chromatin ho eukaryotes) tlasa maemo a fapaneng li ka khona ho fetisoa ka mefuta e fetang 150 e fapaneng.

Liphetoho tsa morao-rao tsa phetolelo li arotsoe ka:

• liphetoho tse kholo tsa potoloho,
  • cleavage ea N-terminal methionine e setseng,
  • protheine e lekanyelitsoeng - ho tlosa sekhechana sa protheine se ka hlahang lipheletsong (ho petsoha hoa tatellano ea matšoao) kapa, maemong a mang, bohareng ba molek'hule (insulin mature),
  • khokahano ea lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale ho lokolla lihlopha tsa amino le carboxyl (N-acylation, myristoylation, jj.),
• Liphetoho tsa liketane tse lehlakoreng tsa li-amino acid,
  • kenyelletso kapa khokahano ea lihlopha tse nyane tsa lik'hemik'hale (glycosylation, phosphorylation, jj.),
  • kenyelletso ea lipids le hydrocarbons,
  • phetoho ea masala a tloaelehileng a amino acid ho a sa tloaelehang (sebopeho sa citrulline),
  • sebopeho sa marokho a arolang lipakeng tsa masala a cysteine,
• kenyelletso ea liprotheine tse nyane (totoylation le ubiquitination).

Tsamaiso ea hare-hare le ho hlophisa

Liprotheine tse entsoeng ka har'a cytoplasm ea sele ea eukaryotic li lokela ho isoa liseleng tse fapaneng tsa cell: li-nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (EPR), lisebelisoa tsa Golgi, lysosomes, joalo-joalo, 'me liprotheine tse ling li tlameha ho kena bohareng. Ho kena karolong e itseng ea sele, protheine e tlameha ho ba le lebitso le itseng. Maemong a mangata, lebili le joalo ke karolo ea tatellano ea amino acid ka boeona (peptide ea moetapele, kapa letšoao le latellanang la protheine), empa maemong a mang, li-oligosaccharides tse khothetsoeng ke protheine ke tsona.

Ho tsamaisoa ha liprotheine ho EPR ho etsoa ka mokhoa oo li hlophisitsoeng ka oona, kaha li-ribosomes li hlophisa liprotheine tse nang le tatellano ea letšoao bakeng sa "E" lula "liprotheine tse khethehileng mokokotlong oa tsona o ka ntle. Ho tloha ho EPR ho lisebelisoa tsa Golgi, le ho tloha moo ho ea lysosomes le ho ea ka ntle ho membrane kapa extracellular medium, liprotheine li kenella ka lipalangoang tsa vesicular. Liprotheine tse nang le lets'oao la nyutlelie la nyutlelie li kena ka har'a li-pukli tsa nyutlelie. Ho li-mitochondria le chloroplasts, liprotheine tse nang le tatellano ea matšoao li tsamaellana li kenella ka li-poreson tse ikhethang tsa mofetoleli ka ho nka karolo ha chellone.

Ho boloka sebopeho le nyenyefatso

Ho boloka sebopeho se nepahetseng sa libaka tsa liprotheine ho bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebetso ea tsona e tloaelehileng. Ho phutha ka mokhoa o sa nepahalang oa liprotheine tse lebisang ho kopaneng ea tsona ho ka bakoa ke liphetoho tse ngata, oxidation, maemo a sithabetsang kapa liphetoho tsa lefatše ho physiology ea sele. Ho tsofala ha liprotheine ke sesupo sa hore motho o tsofetse. Ho lumeloa hore ho loha liprotheine tse sa lokelang ke hona ho bakang kapa ho mpefatsang mafu a kang cystic fibrosis, lefu la polokelo ea lysosomal. hammoho le mathata a methapo ea kutlo (Alzheimer's, Huntington le Parkinson's).

Ts'ebetsong ea kholo ea lisele, ho thehiloe mekhoa e mene ea ho loants'a protheine. Tse peli tsa pele - tse pheta-phetoang (tse phetoang hape) ka thuso ea li-chaperone le cleavage tse nang le liprotheine - li fumaneha libaktheriaeng le linthong tse holimo. Autophagy le ho bokellana ha liprotheine tse sa ngolisoang hantle ka har'a li-organelle tse khethehileng tse se nang membrane ke tšobotsi ea li-eukaryotes.

Bokhoni ba liprotheine ba ho khutlisetsa sebopeho se nepahetseng sa likarolo tse tharo kamora ho fetoha ha nako se ile sa re lumella ho nahana hore tlhaiso-leseling eohle mabapi le sebopeho sa protheine e teng ka tatellano ea eona ea amino acid. Hajoale, khopolo ea hore protheine e tsitsitseng ea protheine e na le matla a fokolang a mahala e bapisoa le mefuta e meng e ka bang teng ka polypeptide ena.

Ka har'a lisele ho na le sehlopha sa liprotheine tseo ts'ebetso ea sona e leng ho netefatsa ho patoa hoa liprotheine tse ling kamora hore li hlahisoe ho ribosome, ho khutlisetsa sebopeho sa liprotheine kamora ho senyeha ha tsona, hammoho le ho thehoa le ho ikarola hoa li-protein tsa protheine. Liprotheine tsena li bitsoa chaperones. Khokahano ea li-chaperone tse ngata seleng e eketseha ka sekhahla se matla sa mocheso o teng, ka hona ke karolo ea sehlopha sa Hsp (liprotheine tsa mocheso oa mocheso). Bohlokoa ba ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea li-chaperone bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea 'mele e ka bontšoa ke mohlala oa α-crystallin chaperone, e leng karolo ea lense ea leihlo la motho. Liphetoho tse bang teng liprothepeng tsena li lebisa ho koaheleng ha lense ka lebaka la liprotheine tse ngata, 'me ka lebaka leo, li baka ho bakoa ke koluoa.

Haeba karolo e phahameng ea liprotheine e ke ke ea tsosolosoa, e senngoa ke sele. Lirosa tse silafatsang liprotheine li bitsoa liproteine.Sebakeng sa ho hlaseloa ha molek'hule e ka tlas'a lefatše, li-enzyme tsa protheine li arotsoe ka endopeptidases le exopeptidases:

• Li-endopeptidase, kapa liprotheine, likhama tsa peptide tse hlakileng li kahara ketane ea peptide. Li hlokomela le ho tlama tatellano ea peptide e khuts'oane ea li-substrates le haholo hydrolyze litlamo lipakeng tsa masala a itseng a amino acid.
• Exepteptases hydrolyze peptides ho tsoa lipheletsong tsa ketane: aminopeptidases ho N-terminus, carboxypeptidases e tsoang C-terminus. Qetellong, li-dipeptidase li khabisa li-dipeptides feela.

Ho latela mochine oa catalysis, International Union for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology e khetholla mekhahlelo e mengata ea liproteine, ho kenyelletsa le liprotheine tsa serine, liprotheine tsa protheine, liproteine ​​tsa cysteine ​​le metalloproteases.

Mofuta o khethehileng oa protheine ke protheine, protheine e ngata e nang le bongata bo bongata haholo e fumanehang ka har'a nyutlelie le cytoplasm ea eukaryotes, archaea le libaktheria tse ling.

E le hore protheine e lebelletsoeng e hlakisoe ke protheine, e tlameha ho ngolloa ka ho kenyelletsa protheine e fokolang ea ubiquitin ho eona. Karabelo e eketsehileng ea ubiquitin e ts'oaroa ke li-enzymes tsa ubiquitin ligase. Ho kenyelletsoa ha molek'hule ea ubiquitin ea pele proteni e sebetsa e le sesupo sa ligase bakeng sa tlatsetso e tsoetseng pele ea limolek'hule tsa ubiquitin. Ka lebaka leo, ketane ea polyubiquitin e hokahane le protheine, e hokahanang le protheine mme e netefatse ho hlaka ha protheine e lebisitsoeng. Ka kakaretso, sistimi ena e bitsoa bokhopo bo itšetlehileng ka protheine ea ubiquitin. Ho senyeha ha liprotheine tse ka hare-hare ho etsahala ka karolo ea protheine.

Ts'oaetso ea protheine ho peroxisomes e bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse ngata tsa cellular, ho kenyelletsa le potoloho ea lisele, taolo ea polelo ea gene, le karabelo khatellong ea oxidative.

Autophagy ke mohato oa ho nyenyefatsa li-biomolecule tse telele, haholo-holo liprotheine, hammoho le organelles ka lysosomes (liphoofolong) kapa li-vacuoles (ka tomoso). Autophagy e tsamaea le ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea sele efe kapa efe e tloaelehileng, empa ho haella ha limatlafatsi, boteng ba litho tse senyehileng ka har'a cytoplasm mme, qetellong, ho ba teng ha liprotheine tse emisitsoeng ka mokhoa o fokolang le li-aggregates tsa bona ho cytoplasm li ka sebetsa e le sesosa sa ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa autophagy ka liseleng.

Mefuta e meraro ea autophagy e khetholleha: microautophagy, macroautophagy, le autophagy e itšetlehileng ka chaperone.

Nakong ea microautophagy, li-macromolecule le likhechana tsa metsoako ea lisele li nkuoa ke lysosome. Ka tsela ena, sele e ka monya liprotheine ka ho hloka matla kapa thepa ea moaho (mohlala, nakong ea tlala). Empa lits'ebetso tsa microautophagy li etsahala tlasa maemo a tloaelehileng mme hangata ha li khetholle. Ka linako tse ling li-organoids li boetse li chekoa nakong ea microautophagy, mohlala, microautophagy ea peroxisomes le karolo e nyane ea microautophagy ea nuclei eo sele e lulang e sebetsa e hlalositsoe ho tomoso.

Ho macroautophagy, karolo ea cytoplasm (hangata e nang le li-organoids leha e le life) e pota-potiloe ke kamore ea membrane e tšoanang le lemena la retopulum la endoplasmic. Ka lebaka leo, sebaka sena sa marang-rang se arohantsoe le cytoplasm ka likarolo tse peli. Li-organelles tse joalo tsa membrane tse peli li bitsoa autophagosomes. Li-Autophagosomes li kopana le lysosomes, li etsa autophagolysosomes, moo li-organelles le likarolo tsohle tse ling tsa autophagosomes li lengoa. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, macroautophagy le eona ha e khethoe, leha e lula e hatelloa hore ka thuso ea eona sele e ka tlosa li-psychanoids tse "felletseng" (mitochondria, ribosomes, jj.).

Mofuta oa boraro oa autophagy o itšetlehile ka chellone. Ka mokhoa ona, ho tsamaisoa ha liprotheine tse emisitsoeng ka nakoana ho tloha li-cytoplasm ka lehare la lysosome ho ea sebakeng sa lona, ​​ho kenngoa moo li chekoang teng. Mofuta ona oa autophagy, o hlalosoang feela ho liphoofolo tse anyesang, o susumetsoa ke khatello ea maikutlo.

JUNQ le IPOD

Tlas'a khatello ea maikutlo, ha sele ea eukaryotic e sitoa ho sebetsana le ho bokellana ha liprotheine tse ngata tse emisitsoeng, li ka romelloa ho e 'ngoe ea mefuta e' meli ea li-organelles tsa nakoana - JUNQ le IPOD (Senyesemane) Serussia. .

JUNQ (Eng. JUxta Nuclear boleng ba taolo ea boleng ba matla a nyutlelie) e amahanngoa le lehlakore le ka ntle la membrane ea nyutlelie 'me e na le liprotheine tse beliquite tse ka fetelang kapele ho cytoplasm, hammoho le chaperones le li-protein. Mosebetsi o reriloeng oa JUNQ ke ho nchafatsa le / kapa ho nyenyefatsa liprotheine.

IPOD (Senyesemane sa Insoluble Protein Deposit - e leng sebaka sa liprotheine tse se nang insoluble) se haufi le vacuole e bohareng 'me se na le liprotheine tse haulang tsa protheine ea amyloid. Ho bokellana ha liprotheine tsena ho IPOD ho ka thibela ho sebelisana ha tsona le meaho e tloaelehileng ea cellular, ka hona, ho lumeloa hore ho kenyeletsoa hona ho na le ts'ebetso ea ts'ireletso.

Mesebetsi ea liprotheine 'meleng

Joalo ka li-macromolecule tse ling tsa tlhaho (li-polysaccharides, lipids le li-acic acid), liprotheine ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa lintho tsohle tse phelang 'me li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa bophelong ba sele. Liprotheine li etsa tšebetso ea metabolic. Ke karolo ea likarolo tsa methapo e ka hare - organelles le cytoskeleton, tse bolokiloeng sebakeng sa extracellular, moo li ka sebetsang e le lets'oao le fetisoang lipakeng tsa lisele, ho nka karolo ho hydrolysis ea lijo le sebopeho sa ntho e kopaneng.

Ho aroloa ha liprotheine ho latela mesebetsi ea tsona ho na le mabaka a mang kapa a mang, kaha protheine e le 'ngoe e ka etsa mesebetsi e mengata. Mohlala o ithutoang hantle oa tšebetso e joalo ea lysyl tRNA synthetase, enzyme e tsoang sehlopheng sa li-synthetase tsa aminoacyl tRNA, e sa fumaneng masala a lysine feela ho tRNA, empa hape e laola phetiso ea mefuta e 'maloa. Liprotheine li etsa mesebetsi e mengata ka lebaka la tšebetso ea tsona ea enzymatic. Kahoo, li-enzyme ke protheine ea myosin motor, liprotheine tse tataisang tsa kinase, liprotheine tsa sodium-potasiamo adenosine triphosphatase, jj.

Ts'ebetso ea katollo

Ts'ebetso e tsebahalang haholo ea liprotheine 'meleng ke ho hlaseloa ke liphetoho tse sa tšoaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale. Li-Enzymes ke liprotheine tse nang le likarolo tse ikhethang tsa tšusumetso, ke hore, enke e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ts'oarolla karabelo e le 'ngoe kapa tse ling tse tšoanang. Enzymes e thusa ho petsoha ha limolek'hule tse rarahaneng (catabolism) le synthesis ea tsona (anabolism), ho kenyelletsa ho pheta-pheta ha DNA le ho e lokisa le sebopeho sa matrix. Ka 2013, ho se ho hlalositsoe li-enzyme tse fetang 5,000. Ho potlakisa karabelo ka lebaka la ho thatafala ha enzyme ho ka ba kholo: karabelo e anngoeng ke enzyme orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, ho etsa mohlala, e tsoella ka makhetlo a 10 17 ka potlako ho feta ea sa ts'oaroang (halofo ea bophelo ba decarboxylation ea orotic acid e limilione tse 78 ntle le enzyme le enzyme ea 18 milisme ea enzyme. Limolek'hule tse hokahanang le enzyme le phetoho ka lebaka la karabelo li bitsoa likarolo tse nyane.

Le ha li-enzyme hangata li na le masalla a makholo a amino acid, ke karoloana e nyane feela ea tsona e sebelisanang le karoloana, esita le tse nyane - ka kakaretso masala a 3-4 amino acid, a atisang ho ba hole le sebopeho sa mantlha - a ameha ka kotlolloho tlatsong. Karolo ea molek'hule ea enzyme e fanang ka tlamo ea karolo e ka tlase le catalysis e bitsoa setsi se sebetsang.

Ka 1992, International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology e khothalelitse mofuta oa ho qetela oa nomenclature ea li-enzyme tse ipapisitseng le mofuta oa liphetoho tse susumetsoang ke tsona. Ho latela lebitso lena le ngotsoeng, mabitso a enzyme a lokela ho ba le qetello kamehla -tsa motheo 'me u thehe mabitso a liphihlelo tse khahlisang le likarolo tsa tsona tse tlase. Enzyme ka 'ngoe e fuoa khoutu e le' ngoe eo ho leng bonolo ho eona ho tseba hore na e hokae lenaneong la li-enzyme.Ho latela mofuta oa maikutlo a ferekanyang kelello, li-enzyme tsohle li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 6:

• CF 1: li-oxidoreductase tse khothalletsang karabelo ea redox,
• CF 2: Phetisetso e fokotsang phetisetso ea lihlopha tsa lik'hemik'hale ho tloha molek'hule e le ngoe ho e ngoe
• CF 3: Hydrolases e fokotsang hydrolysis ea litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale,
• CF 4: Melemo ea maqhubu e baka ho khaoha ha litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale ntle le hydrolysis ka ho theha maqhama a mabeli ho e 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa,
• CF 5: Lintho tse fetolang liphetoho tsa sebopeho kapa sebopeho sa molek'hule ea substrate,
• CF 6: Lichelete tse tataisang sebopeho sa litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale lipakeng tsa substrates ka lebaka la hydrolysis ea ATP diphosphate bond kapa triphosphate e ts'oanang.

Ts'ebetso ea sebopeho

Li-protein tsa sebopeho sa cytoskeleton, joalo ka mofuta oa armature, li fa sebopeho lisele le li-psychanoids tse ngata mme li kenella ho fetole sebopeho sa lisele. Boholo ba liprotheine tse rarahaneng li bohlasoa: li-protin tsa moninone le tubulin ke mohlala, li-protein tsa solarole, empa ka mor'a polymerization li theha likhoele tse telele tse etsang cytoskeleton, e lumellang sele ho boloka sebopeho. Collagen le elastin ke likarolo tsa mantlha tsa ntho e sebetsanang le lintho tse ling (mohlala, lefufuru), le moriri, manala, masiba a linonyana le likhetla li entsoe ka protheine e ngoe ea keratin.

Ts'ebetso e sireletsang

Hona le mefuta e 'maloa ea ts'ireletso ea liprotheine:

1. Tšireletso ea 'mele. Ts'ireletso ea 'mele e fanoa ke collagen, protheine e thehang motheo oa ntho e kopaneng ea litho tsa mmele (ho kenyeletsa masapo, lefufuru, methapo le likarolo tse tebileng tsa letlalo (dermis)), keratin, e leng motheo oa lithebe tse horny, moriri, masiba, manaka le lintho tse ling tse hlahisoang ke lefu lena. Ka tloaelo, liprotheine tse joalo li nkuoa e le liprotheine tse nang le tšebetso ea sebopeho. Mehlala ea liprotheine tsa sehlopha sena ke fibrinogen le thrombin tse amehang ho kopaneng ea mali.
2. Tšireletso ea lik'hemik'hale. Ho tlangoa ha chefo ho limolek'hule tsa protheine ho ka fana ka phepo ea tsona. Karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa ho detoxization ho batho e bapaloa ke li-enzyme tsa sebete tse li felisang chefo kapa li li fetola sebopeho se qhibilihang, se thusang ho tlosoa kapele hoa 'mele.
3. Ts'ireletso ea 'mele. Liprotheine tse etsang mali le maro a mang a 'mele lia ameha karabelong ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung a mabeli le tlhaselong ea likokoana-hloko. Liprotheine tsa sistimi e tlatselletsang le li-antibodies (li-immunoglobulins) ke tsa liprotheine tsa sehlopha sa bobeli, li etsa hore libaktheria, livaerase kapa liprotheine tsa kantle ho naha li senyehe. Li-antibodies ke karolo ea tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, e hokahana le lintho tse tsoang' meleng, li-antigen, 'me ka hona li li khelose, li li isa libakeng tsa timetso. Li-antibodies li ka bolokoa sebakeng se kopaneng kapa tsa kenngoa kahare ho li-lymphocyte tse ikhethang tse bitsoang li-plasmocytes.

Ts'ebetso ea taolo

Mehato e mengata e ka har'a lisele e laoloa ke limolek'hule tsa protheine, tse sa sebetseng e le mohloli oa matla kapa thepa ea mohaho ea sele. Liprotheine tsena li laola tsoelo-pele ea lisele mokokotlong oa sele, ho fetisoa, phetolelo, phepelo, ts'ebetso ea liprotheine tse ling le lits'ebetso tse ling tse ngata. Liprotheine li etsa mosebetsi oa taolo mohlomong ka lebaka la tšebetso ea enzymatic (mohlala, protheine kinases), kapa ka lebaka la tlamo e itseng ho limolek'hule tse ling. Ka hona, lintlha tse ngotsoeng, liprotheine tsa activator le liprotheine tse hatellang li ka laola matla a liphatsa tsa lefutso ka ho latela tatellano ea tsona ea taolo. Boemong ba phetolelo, ho baloa ha li-mRNA tse ngata ho boetse ho laoloa ke ho eketsoa ha lintlha tsa protheine.

Karolo ea bohlokoahali ho taolo ea mekhoa ea methapo e bapaloang ke liprotheine tsa liprotheine le li-phosphatase - li-enzyme tse eketsang kapa tse thibelang ts'ebetso ea liprotheine tse ling ka ho li latela kapa ho li arola.

Ts'ebetso ea lipontšo

Ts'ebetso ea liprotheine ke bokhoni ba liprotheine ho sebetsa e le lintho tse tšoaeang, ho fetisa lipontšo lipakeng tsa lisele, lisele, litho le likokoana-hloko. Khafetsa, ts'ebetso ea lipontšo e kopantsoe le e laolang, hobane liprotheine tse ngata tsa taolo e rarahaneng le tsona li fetisetsa lipontšo.

Ts'ebetso e tšoaeang e etsoa ke liprotheine tsa li-hormone, li-cytokine, lintlha tsa kholo, jj.

Lihormone li tsamaisoa ke mali. Lihormone tse ngata tsa liphoofolo ke liprotheine kapa li-peptide. Ho tlama ha hormone ho receptor ea eona ke sesupo se etsang hore karabelo ea sele e fihle. Lihormone li laola bongata ba lintho tse maling le liseleng, khōlo, kemaro le lits'ebetso tse ling. Mohlala oa liprotheine tse joalo ke insulin, e laolang tsoekere ea mali maling.

Lisele li sebelisana 'moho li sebelisa liprotheine tse bonts'ang li fetisoa ka har'a ntho e fapaneng. Liprotheine tse joalo li kenyelletsa, ka mohlala, li-cytokine le lintlha tsa kholo.

Li-Cytokine ke limolek'hule tse bontšang peptide. Ba laola ts'ebelisano lipakeng tsa lisele, ho lekola ho pholoha ha bona, ho hlohlelletsa kapa ho hola phapang, phapang, tšebetso ea tšebetso le apoptosis, ba netefatsa tšebelisano ea tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, endocrine le methapo. Mohlala oa cytokines ke tumor necrosis factor, e fetisang lipontšo tsa ts'oaetso pakeng tsa lisele tsa 'mele.

Mosebetsi oa Spare (o emetseng)

Liprotheine tse joalo li kenyelletsa liprotheine tse bitsoang li-reservation protein, tse bolokiloeng e le mohloli oa matla le thepa lipeo tsa limela (mohlala, li-globulin tsa 7S le 11S) le mahe a liphoofolo. Ho sebelisoa liprotheine tse ling tse ngata 'meleng e le mohloli oa li-amino acid, tseo le tsona e tlang pele ho lintho tse sebetsang tse laolang tšebetso ea metabolic.

Ts'ebetso ea li-receptor

Li-receptor tsa protheine li ka ba teng ka bobeli ho cytoplasm le ho kenella kahara membrane ea sele. Karolo e ngoe ea molek'hule ea receptor e fumana letšoao, le atisang ho sebelisoa ke ntho e nang le lik'hemik'hale, 'me maemong a mang - khatello e bobebe, ea mochini (mohlala, ho otlolla) le tse ling tse susumetsang. Ha lets'oao le pepesoa karolo e itseng ea molek'hule - protheine ea receptor - liphetoho tsa eona tse kopaneng li ba teng. Ka lebaka leo, popeho ea karolo e 'ngoe ea molek'hule, e fetisang pontšo ho likarolo tse ling tsa cellular, liphetoho. Ho na le mekhoa e mengata ea phetiso ea maqhubu. Li-receptor tse ling li nyarosa mokhoa o itseng oa ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale, tse ling li sebetsa e le liteishene tsa ion, tse bulang kapa li koala ketso ea letšoao, ha tse ling li tlama ka ho khetheha limolek'hule tse tsamaeang le methapo. Ho li-membrane receptors, karolo ea molek'hule e tlameletsoeng molek'huleng ea pontso e holim 'a sele,' me sebaka se fetisang letšoao se ka hare.

Ts'ebetso ea motor (motor)

Sehlopha sohle sa protheine ea motor se fana ka metsamao ea 'mele, mohlala, mesifa ea mesifa, ho kenyelletsa le locomotion (myosin), ho sisinyeha ha lisele ka hare ho mmele (mohlala, amoeboid motsamao oa leukocytes), motsamao oa cilia le flagella, hammoho le lipalangoang tse mahlahahlaha le tse lebisitsoeng ho eona (kinesin, dynein) . Li-Dyneins le li-kinein li tsamaisa limolek'hule tse tsamaeang le microtubules li sebelisa ATP hydrolysis e le mohloli oa matla. Dyneins e fetisetsa limolek'hule le li-organelles tse tsoang likarolong tse potelletseng tsa sele ho ea fihla centrosome, li-kineins - ka lehlakoreng le leng. Li-Dyneins li ikarabella bakeng sa ho sisinyeha ha cilia le flagella ea eukaryotes. Cytoplasmic variants ea myosin e ka nka karolo ho tsamaisoeng ha limolek'hule le organelles ka microfilaments.

Liprotheine ho metabolism

Boholo ba likokoana-hloko le limela li ka kopanya li-amino acid tse 20 tse tloaelehileng, hammoho le li-amino acid tse ling (tse se nang maemo) tse kang citrulline.Empa haeba li-amino acid li le teng tikolohong, le tsona likokoana-hloko li boloka matla ka ho tsamaisa li-amino acid ka liseleng le ho lihela litseleng tse tsoetseng pele.

Li-amino acid tse ke keng tsa kopanngoa le liphoofolo li bitsoa tsa bohlokoa. Li-enzymes tse ka sehloohong tse tseleng ea biosynthetic, ka mohlala, li-aspartate kinase, tse thusang mohato oa pele ho theheng lysine, methionine le threonine ho tsoa ho aspartate, ha li eo ho liphoofolo.

Hangata liphoofolo li fumana li-amino acid ho tsoa liprotheine tse fumanoang lijong. Liprotheine li senngoa nakong ea tšilo ea lijo, tse atisang ho qala ka ho tebisoa ha protheine ka ho e beha sebakeng sa acid le hydrolyzing eona e sebelisa li-enzyme tse bitsoang li-protein. Li-amino acid tse ling tse fumanoeng ka lebaka la tšilo ea lijo li sebelisoa ho kopanya liprotheine tsa 'mele, ha tse ling kaofela li fetoloa ho ba glucose nakong ea gluconeogenesis kapa li sebelisoa mokolokong oa Krebs. Ts'ebeliso ea protheine e le mohloli oa matla e bohlokoa haholo maemong a ho itima lijo, ha liprotheine tsa 'mele, haholo-holo mesifa, li sebetsa e le mohloli oa matla. Li-amino acid le tsona ke mohloli oa bohlokoa oa naetrojene 'meleng.

Ha ho na litekanyetso tse kopaneng bakeng sa tšebeliso ea protheine ea motho. Microflora ea mala a maholo a hlahisa li-amino acid tse sa tsotelleng ha ho etsoa litekanyetso tsa protheine.

Mekhoa ea ho ithuta

Sebopeho le mesebetsi ea liprotheine li ithutoa ka litokisetso tse hloekisitsoeng in vitro, le tikolohong ea tsona ea tlhaho ea ntho e phelang, ho vivo. Boithuto ba liprotheine tse hloekileng tse tlasa maemo a laoloang bo bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetholla mesebetsi ea bona: likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea li-enzyme, kamano e amanang le likarolo tse fapaneng, joalo-joalo lithuto tsa protheine. ho vivo ka har'a lisele kapa libopuoa tsohle li fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e eketsehileng mabapi le hore na e sebetsa hokae le hore na tšebetso ea bona e laoloa joang.

Biology ea limolek'hule le ea cellular

Mekhoa ea biolo ea limolek'hule le ea cellular e tloaetse ho sebelisoa ho ithuta mokhoa oa tlhaho oa protheine seleng. Mokhoa oa ho ithuta litaba tsa lehae o sebelisoa ka bongata, ho ipapisa le protheine ea chimeric ka seleng, e na le protheine e ithutoang, e hokahaneng le "ralitaba", mohlala, protheine e tala ea fluorescent (GFP). Sebaka sa protheine e joalo ka seleng se ka bonoa ho sebelisoa microscope. Ntle le moo, liprotheine li ka bonoa li sebelisa li-antibodies tse li hlokomelang, tseo le tsona li nang le lengolo la fluorescent. Khafetsa, ka nako e le ngoe le protheine e ithutoang, hangata liprotheine tse tsejoang tse kang li-endoplasmic reticulum, lisebelisoa tsa Golgi, lysosomes le li-vacuoles li bonts'a boikemisetso bo nepahetseng ba ho fumana protheine e ithutoang.

Mekhoa ea immunohistochemical hangata e sebelisa li-antibodies tse kopaneng le li-enzyme tse thusang ho theha sehlahisoa sa luminescent kapa sa mebala, se u lumellang ho bapisa tlhahiso ea lehae le palo ea protheine e ithutoang ka har'a disampole. Mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ho feta oa ho fumana sebaka sa liprotheine ke ho lekana ha likarolo tsa lisele ho gradient ea sucrose kapa cesium chloride.

Khabareng, e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea khale ke immunoelectronic microscopy, e tšoanang hantle le microscopy ea immunofluorescence ka phapang ea hore ho sebelisoa microscope ea elektrone. Sampole e lokiselitsoe microscopy ea elektrone, ebe e kenngoa ka li-antibodies ho ea ho protheine e hokahantsoeng le lintho tse nang le motlakase oa motlakase.

Sebelisa mutagenesis e laetsoeng ke sebaka, bafuputsi ba ka fetola tatellano ea amino acid le, ka lebaka leo, sebopeho sa eona, sebaka se ka seleng le molao oa tšebetso ea ona. Ho sebelisa mokhoa ona, ho sebelisa li-tRNA tse fetotsoeng, motho a ka kenya li-amino acid tsa maiketsetso ka har'a protheine mme a haha ​​liprotheine tse nang le thepa e ncha.

Metsoalle

Ho etsa tlhahlobo in vitro protheine e lokela ho hloekisoa ho likarolo tse ling tsa sele. Ts'ebetso ena hangata e qala ka ho senyeha ha lisele le ho fumana seo ho thoeng ke lisele. Ho feta moo, ka mekhoa ea centrifugation le ultracentrifugation, motsoako ona o ka aroloa: sekhechana se nang le liprotheine tse qhibilihang, karoloana e nang le lipids le liprotheine, le karoloana e nang le li-cellular tsa cellular le li-nucleic acid.

Ho hasoa ha liprotheine ka letsoai ho sebelisoa ho arola motsoako oa liprotheine hape o lumella protheine ka bongata. Ts'ebetso ea Sedimentation (centrifugation) eu lumella ho kopanya metsoako ea liprotheine ka boleng ba tšenyo e sa feleng ea liprotheine ka bomong, e lekantsoeng ka li-svedbergs (S). Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea chromatography joale e sebelisoa ho arola protheine e lakatsehang kapa liprotheine tse thehiloeng ho thepa e kang boima ba molek'hule, tefo le tumellano. Ntle le moo, liprotheine li ka aroloa ho latela tefo ea tsona li sebelisa electrofocus.

Ho nolofatsa mokhoa oa ho itlhoekisa ka liprotheine, boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso bo lula bo sebelisoa, bo u lumellang hore u thehe liprotheine tse loketseng tlhoekiso ntle le ho ama sebopeho kapa tšebetso ea bona. "Labels", e leng tatelano e nyane ea amino acid, ho etsa mohlala, ketane ea masala a 6 kapa ho feta a histidine, 'me a matahantsoe le pheletso e le' ngoe ea protheine. Ha karolo ea lisele tse hlophisang "protheine" e ngotsoeng "e fetisoa ka kh'omo ea chromatographic e nang le li-nickel ions, histidine e tlama ka nickel 'me e sala kholomong, ha likarolo tse setseng tsa lysate li feta kholomong e sa emisoe (nickel-chelate chromatography). Mabitso a mang a mangata a entsoe ho thusa bafuputsi hore ba khetholle liprotheine tse ikhethang metsong e thata, hangata ba sebelisa "chromatography" ea tumellano.

Tekanyo ea tlhoekiso ea protheine e ka khethoa haeba boima ba eona ba limolek'hule le ntlha ea isoelectric li tsejoa - ho sebelisoa mefuta e fapaneng ea li-electrophoresis tsa gel - kapa ka ho lekanya ts'ebetso ea enzymatic haeba protheine e le enzyme. Ho shebella lintho tse ngata ho u thusa hore u tsebe protheine e khethiloeng ka boima ba limolek'hule le boima ba likarolo tsa eona.

Proteomics

Kakaretso ea liprotheine tsa sele e bitsoa protheine, boithuto ba eona - liprotheine, tse bitsoang ka papiso le genomics. Mekhoa ea bohlokoa ea liteko tsa liprotheine e kenyelletsa:

• 2D electrophoresis, e lumellang karohano ea motsoako oa liprotheine tse ngata.
• boima ba pono, bo lumellang ho tsebahatsoa ha liprotheine ka bongata ba li-peptide tsa tsona tse kholo ka ho fetella,
• protheine ea protheine, e u lumellang hore ka nako e le ngoe u lekanye litaba tsa liprotheine tse ngata seleng,
• tse peli-lebasetere tomoso sistimi , e u lumellang hore u ithute ho sebelisana ha protheine le protheine.

Kakaretso ea litšebelisano tsohle tsa bohlokoa tsa protheine ka seleng e bitsoa ntho e sebelisanang. Boithuto bo hlophisehileng ba sebopeho sa liprotheine tse emelang mefuta eohle e ka khonehang ea sebopeho sa thuto e phahameng bo bitsoa sebopeho sa genomics.

Tlhotlhomiso ea Moetso le Mehlala

Phatlalatso ea sebopeho sa sebaka se sebelisang mananeo a khomphutha (ka silico) e lumella ho haha ​​mefuta ea liprotheine eo sebopeho sa eona se e-so tsebisoe ka liteko. Mofuta o atlehileng ka ho fetesisa oa sebopeho, o tsejoang e le mohlala oa mahlale, o itšetleha ka sebopeho sa "template" se tšoanang, ka tatellano ea amino acid le proteni e etselitsoeng. Mekhoa ea ho bolela sebopeho sa liprotheine e sebelisoa sebakeng sa nts'etsopele ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liprotheine, ka thuso eo likarolo tse ncha tsa protheine li seng li fumanoe. Mosebetsi o rarahaneng le ho feta oa ho kopanya lintho ke ho bolela tšebelisano ea matla a lipakeng tsa lisele tse ling, joalo ka ho etsa limolek'hule le ho nooa ha litšebelisano tsa protheine.

Ho potoloha le ho hokahana ha liprotheine ho ka fetoloa ho sebelisoa mechanics ea limolek'hule. , haholoholo, matla a limolek'hule le mokhoa oa Monte Carlo, o ntseng o sebelisa monyetla oa ho bapisoa le ho tsamaisoa ha komporo (mohlala, projeke ea lapeng ea Folding @).Ho peta ha liprotheine tse nyane tsa α-helical protein, tse kang protheine ea villin kapa e 'ngoe ea liprotheine tsa HIV, li entsoe ka katleho ka silico. U sebelisa mekhoa e nyalisitsoeng e kopanyang matla a tloaelo ea limolek'hule le li-mechanics tsa quantum, ho fumanoe lipatlisiso tsa elektronike tsa "pigod rhinops".