Papiso ea Drotaverin le No-Shp

Drotaverine
Drotaverine
Khemik'hale ea lik'hemik'hale
IUPAC(1- (3,4-diethoxybenzylidene) -6,7-diethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (e le hydrochloride)
Foromo e akaretsangC24H31TSIETSI4
Boima ba Molar397,507 g / mol
Cas985-12-6
PubChem1712095
Drugbank06751
Tlhomamiso
ATXA03AD02
Mofumahali
Bioavava100 %
Ho Kopanya Liprotheine tsa Plasma80 ho isa ho 95%
MetabolismSebete
Half-life.ho tloha ho lihora tse 7 ho isa ho tse 12
MofutaLikamore tsa kahare le liphio
Mefuta ea Litekanyetso
matlapa, ampoules
Mabitso a mang
Bioshpa, Vero-Drotaverin, Droverin, Drotaverin, Drotaverin forte, Drotaverin hydrochloride, No-shpa ®, No-shpa ® forte, NOSH-BRA ®, Spazmol ®, Spazmonet, Spazoverin, Spakovin

Drotaverine (1- (3,4-diethoxybenzylidene) -6,7-diethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (e le hydrochloride) - sethethefatsi se nang le antispasmodic, myotropic, vasodilator, hypotensive effect.

Foromo ea litekanyetso

Drotaverin e qapiloe ka 1961 ke basebetsi ba k'hamphani ea meriana ea Hungary Hinoin. Ho fihlela nakong ena, k'hamphani ena e ne e le moetlo o molelele ho hlahiseng lithethefatsi tsa antispasmodic. Papaverine e hlahisitsoeng ke Quinoin e sebelisitsoe ka katleho litloaelong tsa bongaka ka lilemo tse ngata. Nakong ea lipatlisiso tsa mahlale ho ntlafatsa thepa ea papaverine le ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea eona ea indasteri, ntho e ncha e ile ea fumanoa. Ntho ena, e bitsoang drotaverine, e ne e phahame ho feta papaverine ka ts'ebetso ea eona. Ka 1962, sethethefatsi sena se ile sa kopitsoa ka tlas'a lebitso la khoebo la No-Shpa. Hoa hlokomeleha hore ka lebitso lena ts'ebetso ea moriana e bontšoa. Ka Selatine, e utloahala e le No-Spa, ho bolelang hore ha ho na spasm, ha ho na spasm. Setlhare sena se bile le liteko tse ngata tsa bongaka, 'me polokeho ea sona e hlokometsoe ka hloko ka mashome a lilemo. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea eona, ho se be kotsi le theko e tlase, moriana o ile oa tuma kapele. Soviet Union, No-Shpu e qalile ho sebelisoa ka bo-1970. Hamorao, Hinoin e ile ea e-ba karolo ea k'hamphani ea machaba ea lithethefatsi Sanofi Syntelabo, eo lihlahisoa tsa eona li latelang melao ea machabeng. Hajoale, No-Shpu e ntse e tsoela pele ho sebelisoa linaheng tse fetang 50 tsa lefats'e, ho kenyeletsoa le Russia le linaheng tse ngata tsa ka morao ho Soviet.

Mokhoa oa ho etsa litekanyetso |Tšobotsi No-shp

Setlhare se ka rekoa ka mokhoa oa matlapa le tharollo e sebelisetsoang ho etsa ente (kahare le ka intramuscularly). Karolo e ka sehloohong ke drotaverine hydrochloride. Motsoako o sebelisetsoa ho tlosa matšoao a bohloko ba spastic, bo ka fumanoang liseleng tse bonolo tsa karolo efe kapa efe ea 'mele.

Sesebelisoa sa No-shpa se etselitsoe ho sebelisoa e le mokhoa o ka sehloohong le o thusang. Maemong a pele, ho bohlokoa ho fana ka eona bakeng sa bohloko mokokotlong oa tsamaiso ea methapo le tsamaiso ea moroto.

Papiso ea lithethefatsi

Ha u khetha meriana, ho hlokahala hore ho huleloe ho tšoana lipakeng tsa likhetho tse nepahetseng bakeng sa thepa e 'ngoe: mofuta oa karolo e sebetsang, sete sa likhapatso, litekanyetso, mofuta oa tokollo, mokhoa oa ts'ebetso, matšoao le litlolo tsa theko, litheko, litla-morao, tšebelisano le meriana e meng, phello ea bokhoni ba ho khanna koloi. .

Ha ba khetha pakeng tsa lisebelisoa tsena, ba ela hloko thepa e tšoanang, litšoaneleho tsa lithethefatsi. Lithethefatsi ka bobeli li na le ntho e le 'ngoe e sebetsang (drotaverine hydrochloride), li sebetsa ka molao-motheo o le mong. Tekanyetso ea motsoako ona le eona ha e fetohe - 40 ml ka mokhoa o mong le o mong oa tokollo. Kahoo, mofuta oa kalafo ea litekanyetso o lula o tšoana.

Lithethefatsi ka bobeli li fanoa ho latela mofuta oa bokuli. Karolo e sebetsang ea sebopeho sa eona e tsosa nts'etsopele ea litla-morao tse tšoanang. Kahoo, likhokahano tsa tšebeliso ea litlhare ha li fapana. Bophelo ba lishelefo tsa lithethefatsi bo lumellana, bo bakoang ke ho ba teng sebopeho sa likarolo tse tšoanang tse thusang.

Meriana e nang le drotaverine hydrochloride e ka sebelisoa ho phekola basali ba bakhachane. Lithethefatsi ka bobeli ha li hlahise taba ea litla-morao tse joalo tse ka bakang ho hana ho khanna koloi. Ho latela lipalo tse 'maloa, lithethefatsi tsena lia fetoha.

Phapang ke efe?

Phapang lipakeng tsa meriana ea mefuta ena e fokola. Ho hlokomeloa hore li hlahisoa ka bongata bo fapaneng. Kahoo, ho na le likhetho tse fokolang haholo tsa Drotaverin ho feta No-shp. Sesebelisoa sena se ka rekoa ka lilakane tsa matlapa a 10 ka bongata ba likhomphutha tse 1 ho isa ho tse 5. ka pakete e le 'ngoe. Ho na le phapang ea lithethefatsi ka sebopeho se nang le matlapa a 100.

No-spa e fumaneha matlapeng a 6, 10 le 20 likhomphutha. ho 1 blister. Ka botlolo, o ka reka sehlahisoa se nang le li-pcs tse 64 le 100. Ho na le palo e kholo ea likhetho, tse eketsang khetho ho latela taelo ea ngaka; ha ua tlameha ho reka phepelo e kholo ea meriana haeba u hloka chelete e itseng bakeng sa thupelo ea nakoana ea kalafo.

Sebopeho sa drotaverin se kenyelletsa "crospovidone" ea ntho. Ena ke karolo e thusang. Ha e na phello ea antispasmodic. E sebelisoa e le enterosorbent. Phapang e ngoe ke mofuta oa mekotla ea blister e nang le matlapa. Mohlala, Drotaverin e ka rekoa ka har'a liphutheloana tsa sele tse entsoeng ka thepa ea PVZ / aluminium. Bophelo ba matlapeng a matlapa mona ke lilemo tse 3. Ha u bapisa, No-shpa e fumaneha ka mefuta e fapaneng: PVC / aluminium le aluminium / aluminium. A ho qetela a tsona a ka bolokoa lilemo tse 5 ntle le kotsi ea tahlehelo ea thepa.

E leng theko e tlase

Drotaverin e otla analogue ka theko. U ka reka moriana o joalo bakeng sa li-ruble tse 30-140. ho latela palo ea matlapa. Empa spa e batla e theko e phahameng haholo, ke ea sehlopha sa lithethefatsi tsa sehlopha sa theko e bohareng. Leha ho le joalo, theko ea sehlahisoa sena e ea amoheleha: li-ruble tse 70-500. Meriana ena ka bobeli e ka rekoa ke bakuli ba maemo a fapaneng a bophelo. Leha ho le joalo, Drotaverin e tla nkuoa e le theko e ntle.

Nakong ea bokhachane le pelehi

Nakong ea tlhaho ea ngoana, lithethefatsi ka bobeli li lumelloa ho sebelisoa. Sena se bakoa ke sebopeho, litaba tsa se tšoanang se sebetsang. Ho bohlokoa ho ba hlokolosi, hobane tšusumetso efe kapa efe likepeng e ka lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea hypotension, e leng boemo bo kotsi nakong ea kemolo, haholoholo haeba ho na le tloaelo ea ho fokotsa khatello haholo.

Nako ea ho beleha e bua ka lethathamo la li-contraindication. Ntle le moo, No-spa, joalo ka Drotaverin, e ke ke ea sebelisoa maemong a joalo a 'mele.

Maikutlo a lingaka

Vasiliev E. G., ea lilemo li 48, St. Petersburg

Khafetsa ke fana ka sethethefatsi sa Sehungary (No-shpu). E na le drotaverine. Ts'ebetsong ea ka ho ne ho se na bakuli ba neng ba ka tla le litletlebo ka pheko ena. Ha ho litla-morao, ha ho mathata. Ka lebaka la boiphihlelo ba ka, ke rata sethethefatsi sena. 'Me kea utloisisa hore sebopeho sa Drotaverin se batla se tšoana, empa ke khetha No-shpa e netefalitsoeng.

Andreev E. D. ea lilemo li 36, Kerch

Ke lumela hore litokisetso tse tšoanang ka sebopeho li ka nkeloa sebaka se sireletsehileng. Ke e mong oa lingaka tse fanang ka bonyane ba litekanyetso tse hlokahalang, mme eseng boholo bo ka khonehang ba lithethefatsi. Drotaverin e boetse e theko e tlaase haholo, ena ke eona molemo oa eona o ka sehloohong. Ntle le moo, sesebelisoa sena sea fumaneha Russia, ka hona ke tšehetsa moetsi oa lapeng.

Seo li-spasmolytics li thusang ho tloha: matšoao a ts'ebeliso

Ho ipapisitsoe le lebitso, antispasmodics e hlokahala bakeng sa ho imolla mesifa ea mesifa ea boreleli ea litho. Le ha ho le joalo, ha li ame ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo, u se ke ua tlola thibelo ea lithane. Drotaverin le No-shpa li sebelisoa ho:

  1. Gynecology. Ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa phokotso ea bohloko kamora karolo ea cesarean, hypertonicity ea uterine, ts'okelo ea ho senyeheloa ke mpa kapa ho hlaha pele ho nako,
  2. Cardiology le neurology. The spasm ea methapo e meholo ea methapo le methapo e tlosoa, khatello ea mali ea fokotseha,
  3. Gastroenterology le Urology. Mekhoa ea ho ruruha ea baktheria, tlhaho ea vaerase, chefo ea lijo, stagnation ea bile.

Litsebi tse ling li khothaletsa ho sebelisa motsoako o sebetsang e le pheko ea kalafo kamora ho tsoa likotsi, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea bongaka.

Li-analgesics ha li tlose lisosa tsa ho se sebetse hantle ha litho, empa li khutlise matšoao ka nakoana, li busetse tšebetso. Ka hona, kotsi e kholo ea mathata le tsamaiso e sa sebetseng. Lingaka li tiisa taba ena. Takatso e nyane ea nako e le 'ngoe ea Drotaverinum kapa No-shp ha e na phello e mpe.

Antispasmodic e na le khang:

  • Ho se sebetse hantle ha sebete kapa liphio
  • Mokuli ea ka tlase ho lilemo tse 6
  • Pathologies ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo methapo ea methapo kapa maemong a morao e fihla.

Setlhare ha se khothalletsoe letsoele. Empa maemong a mahlonoko, ho latela tekanyetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, ha e ame 'm'a le ngoana hampe.

Hangata marang-rang ho na le papiso ea lithethefatsi. Ntle le moo, li na le phello e ts'oanang, 'me No-shpa ke analogue e theko e phahameng ea Drotaverin.

Tlhaloso ea lithethefatsi

Ketso ea motsoako oa lithethefatsi e etselitsoe ho felisa spasm. Ponahalo e boreleli ea mesifa e tlotsoa ka pompo ea sodium-potasiamo, phallo ea metsi a lekanang. E thusa ho imolla mokokotlo oa litho tsa hau feela, empa le methapo ea mali. Ka hona, e ka sebelisoa ho felisa migraines, ho imolla matšoao a kotsi ea lefu la pelo. Maemong ana, analgesic ha e ame tsamaiso ea methapo. Ka hona, e ka nkuoa ke bakuli ba nang le tlolo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'oaetso ea litho.

Moriana o fana ka phello metsotso e 12 kamora ho kena ka mpeng. E ntšoa ka mor'a lihora tse 12 ke liphio ka moroto. Ka nako ena, ntho e sirelletsa khahlanong le bohloko ba mofuta o fe kapa o fe.

Papiso ka theko

Drotaverin ke analogue ea lapeng. E na le lebitso la machabeng, le sa bonoeng, ho fapana le No-shpa. Ka hona, litšenyehelo li tlase ka makhetlo a 'maloa. Ho sebetsa hantle ha li-analgesics ho tšoana, phello e tšoana. Theko e ikhethileng ea li-analgesic e latela marang-rang a li-pharmacy, markups ea khoebo le lintlha tse ling. Hape ho lokela ho hopoloa hore Drotaverin ke ea tlhahiso ea lapeng, 'me No-shpa e kenelletse ka ntle. Ntho ena e ama sebopeho sa litheko.

Ho na le eng e sireletsehileng ho nka nakong ea kemero le ho nyeka

Nakong ea bokhachane le pelehi, khetho e thata ea lithethefatsi. Ke ngaka feela, e thehiloeng ho lipatlisiso le matšoao, e khethang analgesic bakeng sa kalafo. Ho bohlokoa hore moriana o se ke oa baka khaello ea placental, bofokoli ba kholo ea kelello le 'mele oa ngoana, ntho e sebetsang ha e bokelle lebese la matsoele. Haeba boemo bo le kotsi ho bophelo bo botle ba 'm'a, ho etsa mohlala, kamora karolo ea cesarean, lingaka li beha No-shpa kapa Drotaverin. Ho bohlokoa ho noa li-analgesic ho latela litaelo, u se ke ua feta bolelele ba nako kapa khafetsa ha u sebelisa moriana.

Molao-motheo oa ketso ea lithethefatsi tsa antispasmodic

Lithethefatsi tsa antispasmodic ke meriana e etselitsoeng ho imolla mesifa ea boreleli ea litho tsa ka hare (sefuba sa mokokotlo, bronchi, methapo ea mali, methapo ea methapo ea kutlo le biliary). Ho na le likarolo tse sebetsang tsa "neurotropic" le "myotropic" tse sebelisang antispasmodics:

  • neurotropic - inhibit nerve impulse, e leng sesosa sa spasm ea mesifa e boreleli. Inhibition e etsahala boemong ba methapo e bohareng ea methapo ka thuso ea lethal dose e kopaneng le sedative.
  • myotropic - sebetsa ka kotloloho ka mesifa e boreleli.

Drotaverin le No-shpa ke lithethefatsi tsa myotropic antispasmodic tse nang le thepa ea hypotensive le vasodilating.

Ntho e sebetsang ea lithethefatsi tsena ka bobeli ke Drotaverine (Drotaverine). E fokotsa ho kenella ha li-calcium ion tse sebetsang (Ca2 +) ho lisele tsa mesifa tse boreleli ka ho thibela ho bokellana ha phosphodiesterase le intracellular cAMP. Ka potlako le ka botlalo kenella kahare ho tšilo ea lijo. Ha e tsamaisoa, bioavailability ea drotaverine e haufi le 100%, mme nako ea eona ea ho monya ke metsotso e 12. E hloekisoa ke liphio.

Matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea matlapa

Bakeng sa kalafo, meriana ena e sebelisetsoa li-spasms tsa mesifa e boreleli e amanang le mafu:

  • pampiri ea biliary (cholecystolithiasis, cholangiolithiasis, cholecystitis, pericholecystitis, cholangitis, papillitis),
  • urinary tract (nephrolithiasis, urethrolithiasis, pyelitis, cystitis, tenesmus ea senya).

E le kalafo e thusang:

  • ka li-spasms tsa lisele tse boreleli tsa mesifa ea mokokotlo oa mpa (le peptic ulcer ea mala le duodenum, gastritis, Cardio kapa pyloric spasm, enteritis, colitis, spastic colitis e nang le ho qhala le lefu la ho ruruha le matenya, le tsamaeang le ho rorisa).
  • ka khatello ea mali
  • ka pancreatitis,
  • le hlooho e bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo,
  • le mafu a gynecological (dysmenorrhea).

Bokhachane le pelehi

Tsamaiso ea molomo ea lithethefatsi tsena ha e ame ho ima, nts'etsopele ea fetal, ho beleha ha ngoana kapa nako ea pelehi. Empa ho khothalletsoa hore o fuoe meriana ena ho basali ba baimana ka tlhokomeliso. Nakong ea ho nyekeloa le ho lactation, lithethefatsi tse nang le drotaverine ha lia ngolloa, hobane ha ho na datha mabapi le polokeho ea ts'ebeliso e joalo.

Litlamorao

Ha u nka li-antispasmodics tse thehiloeng ho drotaverine, mathata a 'mele a ho itšireletsa mafung a sa ts'oaneng a bonts'ang ha ho sisinyeha ho sa tsotelleng a ne a sa bonoe, ke a:

  • angioedema,
  • urticaria
  • makhopho
  • ho hlohlona
  • hyperemia ea letlalo,
  • feberu
  • thabo
  • feberu
  • bofokoli.

Ho tsoa lehlakoreng la CCC ho ka bonoa:

  • pelo lippitations,
  • hypotension ea methapo.

Mathata a CNS a hlahella e le:

  • hlooho e bohloko
  • ho tsekela
  • ho hloka boroko

Lithethefatsi li ka baka mathata a joalo a ka mpeng:

Contraindication

Lintho tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsena ke:

  • hypersensitivity ho drotaverine kapa karolo efe kapa efe ea lithethefatsi tsena,
  • ho ba le hepatic e matla, renal, kapa ho nyekeloa ke pelo (lefu la pelo le tlase).

Ka bobeli lithethefatsi li theola khatello ea mali, ka hona li sebelisoa ka masene haeba ho na le khatello ea kelello.

No-shpu le drotaverin li ke ke tsa sebelisoa ho phekola bakuli ba nang le lefutso la tlhaho la lefutso, joalo ka:

  • galactose mamello,
  • Lappase haelloang ke lactase,
  • glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome.

Ho sebelisana le lithethefatsi tse ling

Ka tlhokomeliso, lithethefatsi tsena li sebelisoa ka nako e ts'oanang le Levodopa, hobane phello ea antiparkinsonia ea meriana ena ea fokotseha, ho satalla le ho eketseha hoa letsoalo.

Meriana ena ea eketseha:

  • ketso ea antispasmodic ea lintho tse ling tsa antispasmodic,
  • hypotension e bakoang ke li-antidepressants tsa li-tricyclic.

Drotaverine e fokotsa mosebetsi oa spasmogenic oa morphine.

Ho matlafatsa phello ea antispasmodic ea drotaverine e etsahala ha e kopantsoe le phenobarbital.

Tekanyo ea joala

Ha u ntse u sebelisa litlhare tsena ka joala, litla-morao tse latelang li ka hlaha:

  • ho tsekela
  • ho hloka boroko
  • fokotseha ha khatello ea mali,
  • khafetsa ho ntša
  • ho nyekeloa ke pelo kapa ho hlatsa
  • lefu la pelo,
  • sekhahla sa pelo,
  • tahlehelo ea taolo ea 'mele.

Letsatsi la ho felloa ke nako

Likhakanyo tsa meriana ena bakeng sa karolo e sebetsang (drotaverine) ke:

  • Dolce (tharollo ea ente ka ampoules ea 2 ml, 20 mg / ml), Plethiko Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India,
  • Dolce-40 (matlapa, 40 mg), Plethiko Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India,
  • Drospa Forte (matlapa, 80 mg), Nabros Pharm Pvt. , India, India
  • Nispasm forte (matlapa, 80 mg) Mibe GmbH Artsnaymittel, Duitsland,
  • No-x-sha (tharollo ho li-ampoules tsa 2 ml, 20 mg / ml, matlapa a 40 mg kapa li-supplement tsa 40 mg) le No-x-sha forte (matlapa, 80 mg), Lekhim, ChAO, Kharkov , Ukraine,
  • Nohshaverin "Oz" (tharollo ho ampoules ea 2 ml, 20 mg / ml), semela sa Teko "GNTsLS", LLC / Health, FC, LLC, Ukraine,
  • Ple-Spa (matlapa a p / o, 40 mg kapa tharollo ea ente ka ampoules ea 2 ml, 20 mg / ml), Plethiko Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India,
  • Spazoverin (matlapa, 40 mg), Shreya Life Science Pvt. , India, India.

Theko ea lithethefatsi

Lebitso la lithethefatsiFomu ea tokolloTekanyetso ea DrotaverineHo pakaTheko, rub.Moetsi
No-Spa®Lipilisi40 mg / yuniti659Chinoin Pharma & Chemical Works Co (Hungary)
20178
24163
60191
64200
100221
Ente, ampoules (2 ml)20 mg / ml5103
25429
DrotaverineLipilisi40 mg / yuniti2023Atoll LLC (Russia)
5040
2018Synthesis of OJSC (Russia)
2029Tatkhimpharmpreparaty OJSC (Russia)
2876Ntlafatsa PFK CJSC (Russia)
5033Irbit Chemical Pharmaceutical Plant OJSC (Russia)
4040Lekpharm SOOO (Rephabliking ea Belarus)
2017Organika AO (Russia)
5036
10077
Ente, ampoules (2 ml)20 mg / ml1044VIFITEH ZAO (Russia)
1056Khamphani ea DECO (Russia)
1077Dalchimpharm (Russia)
1059Armavir Biological Factory FKP (Russia)
1059Borisov Semela sa Lihlahisoa tsa Bongaka OJSC (BZMP OJSC) (Rephabliking ea Belarus)

Nikolaeva R.V., setsebi sa kalafo: "Ha ke khothaletse ho reka No-shpu e turang bakeng sa kalafo ea nako e telele, hobane Drotaverin e na le katleho e tšoanang. Haeba moriana o nooa matlapeng a 1-2 ho tloha ho le leng ho ea ho le leng, ha ho na phapang mefuteng ena ea meriana. ”

Osadchy V. A., ngaka ea bana: “Nakong ea kemolo, meriana ena e ka fuoa mokhoa oa ho fokotsa bohloko kapa haeba ho na le kotsi ea ho senyeheloa ke mpa ho fokotsa molumo oa popelo. Empa kamohelo e joalo e lokela ho ba tlasa taolo ea ngaka le maemong ao feela ha ho hlokahala ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho beleha pele ho nako. "

Natalia, ea lilemo li 35, Kaluga o re: “Kamehla ha ke na mokokotlo ka har'a khabinete ea meriana, hobane setlhare sena ke eona pheko e ntle ka ho fetisisa ea ho utloa bohloko le ho putlama nakong ea ho ilela khoeli. Ke amohela No-shpa matlapeng feela. ”

Victor, ea lilemo li 43, Ryazan o re: “Li-antispasmodics tse matlapeng ha li thuse ka ho qhekella ho duct ea bile. Ke liente feela tse kokobetsang bohloko. No-spa e sebetsa ka potlako ho feta Drotaverin. ”

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Sebaka sena sa marang-rang se sebelisa Akismet ho loantša spam. Fumana hore na datha ea hau ea maikutlo e sebetsoa joang.

Molao-motheo oa ketso ea lithethefatsi tsa antispasmodic

Spasm - mokokotlo o matla oa mesifa. Metsoako e etsahala ka litsela tse fapaneng, ho latela hore na lihlopha tsa mesifa li ne li ameha joang. Hangata ka nako ena ho na le bohloko, bo ka bang matla haholo.

Tlosa maikutlo ana a ka tlisang antispasmodics feela, e tlatsetsang boikhathollong ba mesifa.

Tšusumetso e etsahala nakong ea metsotso e 12, hobane ntho e sebetsang e kenelletse ka matla mokhoeng oa ho sililoa, ebe e kenella ka har'a lisele tse boreleli tsa mesifa.

Litaelo tse khethehileng

Hoa hlokahala ho nka lithethefatsi ka hloko ho motho e mong le e mong ea nang le litšitiso tsa ho sebetsa ha mmele, haholo-holo batho ba nang le lefu la methapo ea methapo le mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso (galactose tshohanyetso, khaello ea Lappase lactase, tsoekere ea glucose-galactose malabsorption).

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