Lefu la tsoekere le tsohle ka lona
Mathata a amanang le metabolism ea mafura. Ka lebaka la khaello ea insulin, ho kenella ha glucose ho lisele tsa adipose le ho theha mafura a tsoang ho lik'habohaedreite hoa fokotseha, 'me phello ea "triglycerides" e tsoang mafura acid e ea fokotseha. Phello ea lipolytic ea STH e matlafatsoa, eo hangata e hatelloang ke insulin. Ka nako e ts'oanang, tlhahiso ea mafura a sa lomosoang a tsoang litoneng tsa adipose e ea eketseha le ho kenngoa ha mafura ho eona hoa fokotseha, e leng se lebisang ho emaciation le keketseho ea moko oa mali oa acid e sa lomosoang. Li-acid tsena tse ka har'a sebete li etsoa bocha ho triglycerides, 'me ho hlokahala hore sebete sa mafura se etsoe. Sena ha se etsahale haeba tlhahiso ea lipocaine e sa khathatsoe makhophong (liseleng tsa epithelial tsa ducts tse nyane). Ho qetela ho khothaletsa ketso ea limatlafatsi tsa lipotropic tse nang le methionine (chisi ea chisi, konyana, jj.). Methionine ke monehelo oa sehlopha sa methyl bakeng sa choline, e leng karolo ea lecithin, eo mafura a tlosoang ho eona sebete. Lefu la tsoekere la tsoekere, leo ho lona tlhahiso ea lipocaine e sa khathatsoang, e bitsoa islet. Botenya ba sebete ha bo hlahe. Haeba khaello ea insulin e kopantsoe le tlhahiso e sa lekanang ea lipocaine, tsoekere e felletseng e ba teng, e tsamaeang le botenya ba sebete. Ho mitochondria ea lisele tsa hepatic, 'mele ea ketone e thehiloe ka matla ho tsoa ho mafura a sa lomang.
Litopo tsa Ketone. Tsena li kenyelletsa acetone, acetoacetic le p-hydroxybutyric acid. Li tšoana ka sebopeho ebile li khona ho kopanya. Litopo tsa Ketone li theha ka har'a sebete, li kenella maling le ho tloha moo ho ea mats'oafong, mesifa, liphio le litho tse ling le lisele, moo li lengoa oxidid ho potoloho ea tricarboxylic acid ho COz le metsi. Seramu ea mali e lokela ho ba le 0,002-0.025 g / l ea 'mele ea ketone (ho latela acetone).
Lintlha tse latelang li bohlokoa molemong oa ho bokella litopo tsa ketone ho lefu la tsoekere:
1) phetoho e eketsehang ea mafura acid ho tloha litheolelo tsa mafura ho ea ho sebete le ho potlakisa oxidation ea tsona ho 'mele ea ketone,
2) ho lieha ha phetohelo ea mafura acid ka lebaka la khaello ea NADP,
3) tlolo ea oxidation ea 'mele oa ketone ka lebaka la khatello ea potoloho ea Krebs, eo ho eona li-oxalacetic le a-ketoglutaric acid li "khelosoang" ka lebaka la gluconeogenesis e ntseng e eketseha.
Ka lefu la tsoekere, khatello ea 'mele ea ketone e eketseha hangata (hyperketonemia) mme e qala ho ba le phello e chefo. 'Mele oa Ketone o kenang ka har'a chefo o kenella ho insulin, o eketsa litlamorao tsa khaello ea insulin. Ho na le “terata e khopo”. Hyperketonemia ke boiphetetso ba mathata a metabolic ho lefu la tsoekere. Khatiso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea acetone, eo ho eona bakuli ba bangata e phahametseng makhetlo a 3-4 ho feta khatello ea acetoacetic le (3-hydroxybutyric acid. Acetone e na le tšusumetso e mpe liseleng, e qhibilihisa lipids tsa sebopeho sa lisele, e thibela ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme, e sitisa haholo ts'ebetso ea methapo e kholo ea methapo. Karolo ea pathogenesis ea phepelo e matla haholo ea lefu la tsoekere - lefu la tsoekere. E bontšoa ke ho lahleheloa ke letsoalo, ho pheta-pheta ha moea o fokolang, ho theoha ha khatello ea mali, ho hema khafetsa (joalo ka Kussmaul), ho nyamela hoa reflexes, lefu la tsoekere le tsamaisana le acidosis e se nang khase e ngata. "Mehloli ea" alkaline "ea plasma ea mali e felile, acidosis ha e koahetsoe, mali a pH a theohela ho 7.1 - 7,0 kapa ka tlase. ka mokhoa oa letsoai la sodium (ketonuria) .Ke ka sena, khatello ea osmotic ea moroto ea eketseha, e leng se eketsang polyuria.Ntle le moo, ka lebaka la khaello ea insulin, sabsorption ea sodium ho li-renal tubules ea fokotseha. Ka hona, ka ho fokotseha ho matla ha tsoekere ea mali ka lebaka la kalafo e matla ea insulin ea khatello ea kelello, khatello eohle ea osmotic ea mali e ka fokotseha haholo. Ho na le kotsi ea ho ba le mofuta oa "cerebral" edema. Ka lefu la tsoekere, metabolism ea cholesterol e tšoenyeha. Asiti e ngata ea acetoacetic e ea ho thehoeng ha cholesterol - hypercholesterolemia e hlaha.
Tlokotsi ea metabolism ea protheine. Protein synthet ho tsoekere e fokotsehile, joalo ka:
1) phello e susumetsang ea insulin lits'ebetsong tsa enzymatic ea motsoako ona oa tsoa kapa o fokotseha ka matla,
2) e fokotsa tekanyo ea metabolism ea matla, e fana ka motsoako oa protheine ka har'a sebete,
3) e hataketse boitšoaro ba li-amino acid ka li-membrane tsa sele.
Maemong a khaello ea insulin, brake e tlosoa li-enzyme tsa bohlokoa tsa gluconeogenesis mme ho na le sebopeho se matla sa tsoekere ho tsoa ho amino acid le mafura. Tabeng ena, li-amino acid li lahleheloa ke ammonia, li kena ho-keto acid, e tsoelang pele ho etsoa ha lik'habohaedreite. Ammonia e bokellanang ha e nke lehlakore ka lebaka la sebopeho sa urea, hammoho le tlamo ea eona-keto-glutaric acid e nang le sebopeho sa glutamate. Ts'ebeliso ea asiti ea ketoglutaric e eketseha, ka ho hloka matla ha potoloho ea Krebs ho fokotseha. Ho haella ha potoloho ea Krebs ho etsa hore ho be le ho bokellana ho hoholo ha acetyl-CoA, ka hona, 'mele ea ketone. Ka lebaka la ho lieha ha phefumoloho ea tsoekere ho tsoekere, sebopeho sa ATP sea fokotseha. Ka lebaka la ho haella ha ATP, matla a sebete a ho etsa liprotheine a fokotseha.
Kahoo, maemong a ho haella ha insulin, ho phatloha ha protheine ho atile ho rarahana. Ka lebaka la sena, ts'ebetso ea polasetiki e ea hatelloa, tlhahiso ea antibody ea fokotseha, leqeba la ho folisa leqeba le ea fokotseha, 'me ho hanyetsa mafu ho ea ka mafu. Ho bana, ho khutla hoa tlhaho hoa etsahala. Ka bofokoli ba insulin, eseng feela bongata, empa hape le litlolo tsa boleng ba protheine e hlophisitsoeng, li-paraprotein tse sa tloaelehang, liprotheine tsa glycosylated li fumanoa maling. Li kopantsoe le tšenyo marakong a methapo ea mali - angiopathy. Angiopathies e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho pathogenesis ea mathata a mangata a tebileng a lefu la tsoekere (lefu la ho potoloha ha methapo ea methapo, retinopathy, jj.).
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Carbohydrate metabolic disorder ho lefu la tsoekere
Ho haelloa ke phepo ea lik'habohaedreite ka har'a lefu la tsoekere mellitus (DM) ho matlafatsa lefu lena. Ketsahalo ena ha e phekoloe ka matlapa a le mong - hoa hlokahala ho nchafatsa mokhoa oa bophelo: ja hantle, ikoetlise, robala ka ho lekaneng le ho qoba maemo a sithabetsang. Ntle le lefu la tsoekere, mathata a metabolic a lebisa ho mafu a mang.
Carbohydrate metabolism - ke eng?
Lik'habohaedreite ke mohloli oa matla bakeng sa 'mele. Lintho tsena li sebetsa ka bongata:
- thusa ho matlafatsa boits'ireletso,
- tlatsa lisele ka matla,
- fana ka ts'ebetso e sireletsang sebete,
- ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlhahiso ea li-acid tsa acid,
- kenya letsoho ho homeostasis.
Carbohydrate metabolism e fanoa ke sehlopha sa mekhoa:
- ts'ebetso ea tsoekere ea tsoekere
- lits'ebetso tsa phetoho ea glycogen ho glucose e etsoa ka mesifa le sebete,
- tlhahiso ea lik'habohaedreite tse tsoang lijong tse tlaase-carb,
- phetoho ea lik'habohaedreite tse rarahaneng ho ba lik'habohaedreite tse bonolo lithong tsa tšilo ea lijo.
Ho motho ea phetseng hantle, lik'habohaedreite li fa lisele tse nang le matla ka lebaka la likhalori tsa lijo tse jeoang kapa mehloli ea mafura. Ho sitoa ha metabolism ea carbohydrate ho lebisa phetohong ea tsoekere ea mali. Tekanyo ea tsoekere ke 3,3-5.5 mmol / L. Maemong a ho ferekana ha metabolic, letšoao lena le ka fokotseha 'me la eketseha.
Khutlela tafoleng ea litaba
Lefu la tsoekere le ama metabolism ea carbohydrate joang?
Ts'ebetso e matla ea li-glycoprotein e lebisa nts'etsopele ea angiopathy.
Tšusumetso ea nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 ha e lekane tlhahiso ea insulin.Ka ho fokotseha ha tlhahiso ea eona kapa ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso, metabolism ea carbohydrate e sitisoa. Pathophysiology ea metabolism:
- Khokahano ea glucose liseleng ea fokotseha. Tsoekere ea mali e ea hola, mekhoa e se nang insulin ea ho monya tsoekere e eketseha, ho etsa mohlala, polyol shunt, ha tsoekere e amoheloang e kenella ts'ebetsong, e fetoha sorbitol, kamora moo e ts'ebetsanang le fructose. Ka bomalimabe, ts'ebetso ena e lekantsoe ke sorbitol dehydrogenase, enzyme e itšetlehileng ka insulin. Ts'ebetso ea mochini ona e bokella sorbitol lithong, e eketsa monyetla oa ho holisa neuropathy le lefu la mokokotlo.
- Ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea li-glycoprotein e lebisa nts'etsopele ea angiopathies (atony ea marako a methapo).
- Palo ea hemoglobin ea glycated ea eketseha.
- Mokhoa oa glucuronate o khothalletsa ho etsoa ha glycosaminoglycans. Lintho tsena li kenya letsoho kholong ea arthropathy (liphetoho tsa manonyeletso manonyeletsong) bathong ba nang le lefu la tsoekere.
Mekhoa e hlalositsoeng ea phetoho ea "glucose" e senang insulin ha e fane ka ts'ebetso ea mantlha - matlafatso ea matla. Ntho e makatsang e hlaha - ho na le tsoekere e lekaneng maling, 'me lisele li bolaoa ke tlala. Glucogeneis e butsoa, leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la khaello ea insulin, lisele li ke ke tsa hlahisa tsoekere ena. Hyperglycemia e tsitsitseng, ho haella ha matla le oksijene liseleng lia eketseha. Palo ea hemoglobin ea glycated e ntse e eketseha, e leng ho eketsang hypoxia.
Khutlela tafoleng ea litaba
Matšoao a ho fokola ha carbohydrate metabolism ho lefu la tsoekere
Mathata a metabolite a na le matšoao a fapaneng hanyane ho latela bongata ba lik'habohaedreite. Ka lebaka la khaello ea lik'habohaedreite, mokuli o tobana le lipontšo tse latelang tsa lefu lena.
Ho otsela ho ka bolela tšimoloho ea tlolo ea metabolism ea carbohydrate 'meleng.
- maemo a sithabetsang, ho hloka thahasello,
- ho theola boima ba 'mele
- ho otsela, bofokoli,
- tsoekere e tlase ea mali
- ketoacidosis.
Ntle le lik'habohaedreite:
- tsoekere e phahameng ea mali
- khatello e phahameng ea mali
- ts'ebetso e fetelletseng
- ho thothomela hoa mmele
- tsamaiso ea methapo ea pelo.
Mafu a bakoang ke khaello ea phepo ea lik'habohaedreite 'me matšoao a tsona a hlalositsoe ka har'a tafole:
Lebaka | Boloetse | Matšoao |
Lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata | Ho Nona Haholo | Ho hema hanyane |
Phello e potlakileng ea boima ba 'mele | ||
Phaello ea mali | ||
Ho senya mokhoa | ||
Ho fokotsoa ha mafura a litho tsa ka hare le lefu la tsona khahlano le semelo sena | ||
Lefu la tsoekere | Ho hlohlona ha letlalo | |
Ho nona kapa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele | ||
Bofokoli | ||
Ho eketsa urination | ||
Maqeba a nako e telele a ho folisa le ho khaoha | ||
Khaello ea lik'habohaedreite | Hypoglycemia | Ho otsela |
Tsietsing | ||
Ho rohaka | ||
Tlala e matla | ||
Nausea | ||
Lefu la Girke | Xanthomas ea letlalo | |
Ho hola hape | ||
Hyperthermia | ||
Ho hema hanyane |
Khutlela tafoleng ea litaba
Carbohydrate metabolism
Ho robala hantle ho thusa ho khutlisetsa metabolism ea 'mele' meleng.
Carbohydrate metabolism ho tsoekere e ka phekoloa haeba mokuli a fetola tsela eo a phelang ka eona ka ho felletseng. Lipilisi feela ha lia lekana. Re tla tlameha ho etsa hore lijo li be le tloaelehileng, re ikoetlise kamehla le ho robala ka ho lekaneng. Phekolo ea lithethefatsi e ikemiselitse ho felisa lisosa tsa kholo ea lefu lena. Mokuli o feta thutong e phethahetseng ea li-hormone. Mekhoa e tlatsetsang ho fetoleng lits'ebetso tsa metabolic:
- vithamine e rarahaneng
- lihormone
- Li-enzyme
- heketatal
- lithethefatsi tsa antithrombotic
- amino acid
- biostimulants.
Bakeng sa ts'ebetso e phethahetseng ea lik'habohaedreite, motho o hloka ho ntlafatsa lijo tsa hae le ho leka ho sebelisa matla ka hohle kamoo a ka khonang.
Se ke oa sebelisa liswisi hampe, hana lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite lijo tsa mantsiboea, u se ke oa loma cookies ka tee, u se ke ua nka khatello ea maikutlo. Ho molemo ho lahla lifti molemong oa litepisi. Ho khothalletsoa, haeba ho khonahala, ho ea mosebetsing kapa ho tloha seteisheneng sa metro ka maoto. Ho tsamaea ka mafolofolo le lipapali e lokela ho ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo ba motho ka bothata ba metabolism ea lik'habohaedreite.
Mathata a amanang le metabolism ea lipid ho lefu la tsoekere: litlamorao tsa insulin
Insulin e kenya letsoho taolong ea metabolism, phetisetso ea transmembrane ea ions, liamino acid. Matla a insulin ho metabolism ea lik'habohaedreite ho thata ho li feta. Batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba boetse ba bontša matšoao a metabolism e sa foleng.
Lefu la tsoekere le fumanoe khafetsa le morao tjena. Maloetse a baka mathata a mangata a metabolic. Lefu la tsoekere, 'mele oa methapo ea kutlo e ka fapana haholo, o sebakeng sa boraro kamora mafu a oncology le a pelo. Ho na le batho ba ka bang limilione tse 100 ba nang le lefu la tsoekere lefatšeng. Lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse 10, palo ea batho ba lefu la tsoekere e ba teng makhetlo a fetang a mabeli.
Batho ba tsoang linaheng tse tsoelang pele le ba sotlehileng linaheng tse tsoetseng pele ba kotsing e kholo ea ho kula. Mathata a Metabolic a lefu la tsoekere mellitus a lebisa ho li-pathologies tse fapaneng. Lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 le atile haholo bathong kamora lilemo tse 45.
Mokhoa oa ketso ea insulin
Ka 1869, Langerhans o ile a fumana lihlekehleke makhophorong ao hamorao a ileng a reoa lebitso la hae. Ho ile ha tsebahala hore lefu la tsoekere le ka hlaha kamora ho ntšoa ha tšoelesa.
Insulin ke protheine, ke hore, polypeptide e nang le liketane tsa A le B. Li hokahantsoe ke marokho a mabeli a litšila. Joale hoa tsebahala hore insulin e thehiloe le ho bolokoa ke lisele tsa beta. Insulin e tšoenngoa ke li-enzyme tse khutlisang litlamo tsa disulfide mme li bitsoa "insulinase." Ho feta moo, li-enzyme tsa protheine li ameha ho hydrolysis ea liketane ho likarolo tse tlase tsa limolek'hule.
Ho lumeloa hore inhibitor e ka sehloohong ea insulin secretion ke insulin maling le eona ke lihormone tsa hyperglycemic:
TSH, catecholamines, ACTH, STH le glucagon ka tsela tse fapaneng li kenya tšebetsong adenylcyclase ka membrane ea sele. Ho qetela ho thusa ho etsoa ha cyclic 3,5 adenosine monophosphate, e kenya tšebetsong ntlha e 'ngoe - protheine kinase, e phospholifying microtubules ea beta, e lebisang ho fokotseng tokollo ea insulin.
Li-Microtubules ke sebopeho sa sele ea beta eo ka eona insulin e neng e entsoe ka nako eo pele e kenella ka har'a li-vesicles ho ea membrane ea sele.
Ntho e matlafatsang ka ho fetesisa insulin ke glucose ea mali.
Mochine oa ts'ebetso ea insulin o boetse o kamanong ea ho hanyetsa ea babuelli ba marang-rang ba 3,5 - GMF le 3,5 AMP.
Mochine oa metabolism ea carbohydrate
Tšoaea tsoekere ea hau kapa u khethe botaki bakeng sa likeletso. Ho ea batla. Ha ho fumanoe .. Bontša Ho batla. Ha ho fumanoe.
Insulin e ama metabolism ea lik'habohaedreite ho lefu la tsoekere. Khokahano ea bohlokoa ho lefu lena ke khaello ea ntho ena. Insulin e na le phello e ntle ho metabolism ea carbohydrate, hammoho le mefuta e meng ea metabolism, hobane secretion ea insulin e fokotseha, ts'ebetso ea eona ea fokotseha, kapa ho amoheloa ha li-tisulin tse itšetlehileng ka insulin ke lisele li senyehile.
Ka lebaka la tlolo ea metabolism ea carbohydrate ho "mellitus" ea tsoekere, ts'ebetso ea tsoekere ea tsoekere liseleng ea fokotseha, palo ea eona maling e ea eketseha, le mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea tsoekere e ikemetseng ea insulin e sebetsoa.
Sorbitol shunt ke boemo boo tsoekere e fokotsoang ho sorbitol, ebe e entsoe ka oxid bakeng sa fructose. Empa oxidation e lekanyelitsoe ke enzyme e itšetlehileng ka insulin. Ha polyol shunt e butsoa, sorbitol e bokellana liseleng, sena se kenya letsoho ponahalong ea:
Ho na le sebopeho sa kahare sa tsoekere e tsoang liprotheine le glycogen, empa le mofuta ona oa "goiukosis" ha o anngoe ke lisele, kaha ho na le insulin. Aerobic glycolysis le pentose phosphate shunt li hatelletsoe, hypoxia ea sele le khaello ea matla li hlaha. Bophahamo ba hemoglobin ea glycated e eketseha, ha se moea o tsamaisang oksijene, o ntlafatsang hypoxia.
Protein metabolism ho lefu la tsoekere e ka senyeha:
- hyperazotemia (boemo bo eketsehang ba naetrojene e setseng),
- hyperazotemia (keketseho ea lenane la metsoako ea naetrojene maling).
Tloaelo ea naetrojene ea protheine ke 0,86 mmol / L, 'me naetrojene eohle e lokela ho ba 0,87 mmol / L.
Lisosa tsa pathophysiology ke:
- catabolism e eketsehileng
- activation of deamination ea li-amino acid ka har'a sebete,
- naetrojene e setseng.
Nitrogen e seng protheine ke naetrojene:
Sena se bakoa ke tšenyeho e eketsehileng ea liprotheine, haholo-holo ka har'a sebete le mesifa.
Ka moroto o nang le lefu la tsoekere, molumo oa metsoako ea naetrojene oa eketseha. Azoturia e na le lisosa tse latelang:
- Keketseho ea bongata ba lihlahisoa tse nang le naetrojene maling, tšireletso ea bona ka har'a moroto,
- metabolism ea mafura a senyehileng e tšoauoa ka ketonemia, hyperlipidemia, ketonuria.
Ho lefu la tsoekere, hyperlipidemia ea hlaha, e leng keketseho ea palo ea mali ea lipid. Palo ea bona e feta e tloaelehileng, ke hore, e feta 8 g / l. Hyperlipidemia e latelang e teng:
- tiska activation lipolysis,
- thibelo ea ts'ebetso ea lipid ka lisele,
- eketseha cholesterol,
- thibelo ea ho tlisa li-acid tse phahameng ho lisele,
- mosebetsi o fokotsehileng oa LPLase,
- ketonemia - keketseho ea palo ea 'mele ea ketone maling.
Sehlopheng sa litopo tsa ketone:
- acetone
- acetoacetic acid
- p-hydroxymalic acid.
Boholo ba 'mele oa ketone maling bo ka ba phahameng ho feta 30-50 mg%. Ho na le mabaka a sena:
- lipolysis activation,
- eketseha ha oksijene liseleng tse mafura a mangata,
- ho emisa lipid synthesis,
- ho fokotseha ha oxidation ea acetyl - CoA ho hepatocytes ka ho thehoa hoa 'mele oa ketone,
Kabo ea 'mele ea ketone hammoho le moroto ke ponahatso ea lefu la tsoekere le tseleng e sa thabiseng.
- 'mele o mongata oa ketone o ntseng o tlhofala lipelong,
- mathata a metabolism ea metsi ho lefu la tsoekere, a bonahatsoang ke polydipsia le polyuria,
Polyuria ke ts'oaetso e hlalosoang ho bopeng le ho pepeseng ha moroto ka bongata bo fetang boleng bo tloaelehileng. Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, ho tloha ho 1000 ho isa ho 1200 ml ho lokolloa ka letsatsi le le leng.
Le lefu la tsoekere, diuresis ea letsatsi le letsatsi ke 4000-10 000 ml. Mabaka ke:
- Hyperosmia ea moroto, e etsahalang ka lebaka la ho tlosoa ha tsoekere e ngata, ion, CT le metsoako ea naetrojene. Kahoo, phepelo ea mongobo ka har'a glomeruli e ea hlohlelletsoa ebile e thibela ho kenella hape,
- Tlolo ea ho reabsorption le excretion, e bakoang ke lefu la tsoekere,
- Polydipsia.
Insulin le metabolism ea mafura
Tlas'a tšusumetso ea insulin, sebete se ka boloka palo e itseng feela ea glycogen. Tsoekere e ngata e kenang ka har'a sebete e qala ho ba phosphorylate mme ka hona e bolokoa seleng, empa ebe e fetoloa mafura, ho fapana le glycogen.
Phetoho ena hore e be mafura ke lebaka la ho pepesetsoa insulin ka kotloloho, 'me mali a thehiloeng ts'ebetsong ea mafura acid a tsamaisoa liseleng tsa adipose. Meleng, mafura ke karolo ea lipoprotein, e phethang karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea atherossteosis. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea lefu lena, e ka qala:
Ketso ea insulin ho lisele tsa "adipose" ea lisele e tšoana le phello ea eona liseleng tsa sebete, empa sebopeho sa li-acid tse mafura sebeteng se sebetsa haholoanyane, ka hona li fetisetsoa ho eona ho ea ho adipose tishu. Li-acid tse mafura liseleng li bolokiloe e le triglycerides.
Tlas'a tšusumetso ea insulin, ho phatloha ha triglycerides ho lithane tsa adipose ho fokotsehile ka lebaka la thibelo ea lipase. Ntle le moo, insulin e kenya ts'ebetso ea mafura acid ka lisele mme e ameha phepelong ea tsona le glycerol, e hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea triglycerides. Kahoo, ha nako e ntse e ea, mafura a bokellana, ho kenyelletsa le physiology ea lefu la tsoekere mellitus.
Matla a insulin ho metabolism ea mafura a ka fetoha hape, ka tekanyo e tlase, li-triglycerides li boetse li arotsoe ka mafura acid le glycerol. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore insulin inhibits lipase le lipolysis e sebetsoa ha palo ea eona e fokotsoang.
Li-acids tsa mahala tse mafura, tse thehiloeng nakong ea hydrolysis ea triglycerides, ka nako e ts'oanang li kena maling mme li sebelisoa e le mohloli oa matla bakeng sa lisele. The oxidation ea acid ena e ka ba liseleng tsohle, ntle le lisele tsa methapo.
Lenane le leholo la mafura acids a lokolloang ha ho na le insulin e tsoang mefuteng ea mafura e kenngoa hape ke sebete. Lisele tsa sebete li ka kopanya li-triglycerides esita leha ho se na insulin. Ka lebaka la ho haella ha ntho ena, mafura a acid a tsoang liseleng a bokelloa ka har'a sebete ka mokhoa oa triglyceride.
Ka lebaka lena, batho ba nang le khaello ea insulin, le hoja ba tloaetse ho theola boima ba 'mele, ba nona bothateng.
Lipid tse nang le phepo e matla le carbohydrate
Ho lefu la tsoekere, index ea "insulin" e ea theoha. Sena se bakoa ke ho fokotseha ha secretion ea insulin, hammoho le keketseho ea tlhahiso ea glucagon.
Mathata a amanang le metabolism ea lipid ho tsoekere ea lefu la tsoekere a hlalosoa ka mokhoa o fokolang oa ho boloka le ho phahamisa ho khothaletsa libaka tsa polokelo. Kamora ho ja, seterekeng sa postabsorption ke:
Lihlahisoa tsa tšilo le li-metabolites tsa tsona, ho e-na le hore li bolokoe e le mafura le glycogen, li potoloha maling. Ka tekanyo e itseng, lits'ebetso tsa cyclic le tsona li hlaha, ka mohlala, lits'ebetso tse etsahalang ka nako e ts'oanang ea gluconeogenesis le glycolysis, hammoho le ts'ebetso ea ho phatloha ha mafura le motsoako.
Mefuta eohle ea lefu la tsoekere e tšoauoa ka mamello e fokotsehileng ea tsoekere, ke hore, hyperglucosemia ka mor'a ho ja lijo kapa esita le ka mpeng e se nang letho.
Lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa hyperglucoseemia ke:
- ts'ebeliso ea li-tishu le mesifa ea adipose e na le moeli, hobane ha ho na insulin HLBT-4 ha e pepesoe holim'a adipocytes le myocyte. Glucose e ke ke ea bolokoa e le glycogen,
- "glucose" e leng sebete ha e sebelisoe ho bolokoa ka mokhoa oa glycogen, hobane ka "insulin" e tlase le "glucagon" e ngata ha e sebetse,
- glucose ea sebete ha e sebelisoe ka litlatsetso tsa mafura. Li-enzymes tsa glycolysis le pyruvate dehydrogenase li ka sebopeho se itlhahelang feela. Phetoho ea tsoekere ho acetyl-CoA, e hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea mafura acid, e thibetsoe,
- tsela ea gluconeogenesis e kenngoa tšebetsong e ngata ea insulin le glucagon e phahameng le tlhahiso ea tsoekere e tsoang glycerol le amino acid e khonahala.
Pontšo e 'ngoe ea lefu la tsoekere ke maemo a phahameng a mali a lipoprotein,' mele ea ketone le mafura acids a mahala. Mafura a jeoang ha a kentsoe ka har'a lithane tsa adipose hobane adipocyte lipase e ka sebopeho se sebetsang.
Kaholo e phahameng ea acid e mafura a mahala maling e hlaha. Li-acid tse ngata li kenngoa ke sebete, tse ling tsa tsona li fetoloa li-triacylglycerols, 'me li kena maling a mali e le karolo ea VLDL. Tekanyo e itseng ea mafura e kenella ho β-oxidation ho mitochondria ea sebete, 'me ho etsa acetyl-CoA e sebelisoa bakeng sa motsoako oa' mele oa ketone.
Kameho ea insulin ho metabolism e boetse e teng ka taba ea hore ka ho kenngoa ha insulin liseleng tse fapaneng tsa 'mele, tlhahiso ea mafura le ho phatloha ha triglyceridlipids li potlakisitsoe. Metabolism e senyehileng ea lipid ke polokelo ea mafura, e sebeletsang ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa matla maemong a mabe.
Ponahalo e fetelletseng ea cAMP e lebisa ho fokotseha ha synthetiki ea protheine le ho fokotseha ha HDL le VLDL. Ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha HDL, k'holeseterole ea cholesterol e tsoang liphoofolong tsa sele e ea ka plasma ea mali e fokotsehile. Cholesterol e qala ho kenngoa ka har'a mabota a likepe tse nyane, e lebisang ho thehoeng ha lefu la tsoekere le atherosclerosis.
Ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha VLDL - mafura a bokellana sebeteng, hangata e hloekisoa e le karolo ea VLDL. Protein synthesis e hatelletsoe, e bakang ho fokotseha ha ho etsoa ha li-antibodies, ebe, ho hanela ho lekaneng ha bakuli ba lefu la tsoekere ho mafu a tšoaetsanoang. Hoa tsebahala hore batho ba nang le metabolism e senyehileng ea protheine ba na le furunculosis.
Mathata a ka bang teng
Microangiopathy ke lefu la tsoekere la tsoekere. Ka lebaka la lefu la tsoekere le lefu la tsoekere, batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba lahleheloa ke pono ea bona maemong a 70-90%. Haholo-holo, batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba nts'etsapele likatse.
Ka lebaka la khaello ea HDL, cholesterol e fetelletseng e hlaha liphoofolong tsa sele. Ka hona, ho ka hlaha lefu la pelo kapa la matšoafo. Hammoho le sena, ho etsoa microangiopathy e nang le nephritis.
Ka lefu la tsoekere, mefuta ea lefu la periodontal le gingivitis - periodontitis - lefu la periodontal. Ho diabetes, metsoako ea meno e ea khathatseha mme lisele tse ts'ehetsang lia ameha.
Lisosa tsa ts'ebetso ea li-microvessels maemong ana, ho ka etsahala, ke sebopeho sa khokahano e ke keng ea fetoloa ea glucose le liprotheine tsa lebota la methapo. Maemong ana, liplatelete li boloka ntho e ntlafatsang kholo ea likarolo tse boreleli tsa lesapo la mokokotlo.
Mathata a metabolism ea mafura a boetse a hlahisoa ka taba ea hore ho kenella ha mafura a sebete ho eketseha ka sekhahla sa lipid resynthesis. Ka tloaelo, li hlahisoa e le VLDL, e leng ho theoa ha eona ho latela bongata ba protheine. Bakeng sa sena, bafani ba sehlopha sa CHZ, ke hore, choline kapa methionine, baa hlokahala.
Choline synthesis e hlohlelletsa lipocaine, e hlahisoang ke epithelium ea pancreatic duct. Ho haelloa ke eona ho baka botenya ba sebete le ho thehoa ha mefuta eohle ea lefu la tsoekere.
Ho haella ha insulin ho lebisa ho hanyetsa ho tlase ha mafu a tšoaetsanoang. Ka hona, furunculosis e thehoa.
Video e sehloohong sena e tla bua ka litlamorao tsa insulin 'meleng.
Tšoaea tsoekere ea hau kapa u khethe botaki bakeng sa likeletso. Ho ea batla. Ha ho fumanoe .. Bontša Ho batla. Ha ho fumanoe.
Lefu la tsoekere la carbohydrate metabolism
Lefu la tsoekere - sehlopha sa mafu a metabolic a tšoauoang ke hyperglycemia, e leng litholoana tsa secretion kapa ketso ea insulin kapa lits'ebetso tsena ka bobeli,
DM ke lefu le tebileng la endocrine le amanang le khaello ea insulin e felletseng kapa e amanang le tlolo ea mefuta eohle ea metabolism.
E kenya letsoho kholisong ea lefu la tsoekere:
• lik'habohaedreite tse ngata le mafura lijong,
Deficitinsulin e etsahala ha:
• Tšenyo ea manyeme,
• tlolo ea phetoho ea proinsulin ho insulin,
• tlolo ea sebopeho sa limolek'hule,
• bofokoli ba li-receptor ho litho tsa sepheo.
• ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea insulinase,
• ho fetella ha li-hormone tsa contra-hormonal.
• Mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la Mofuta oa tsoekere o itšetleha ka insulin. E etsahala nakong ea ts'enyeho ea lisele tsa ß ka lebaka la karabelo ea autoimmune.
Ho haella ha Insulin.
• Mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II ha oa itšetleha ka insulin.
E etsahala ka lebaka la ts'enyo ea mekhoa ea ho fetisoa hoa lets'oao la insulin ho lisa lisele kapa tlolo ea secretion ea insulin.
Matšoao a tšoaetso ea lefu la tsoekere
1. Hyperglycemia e bakoang ke:
-Kotlo ea ho pepeseha hoa glucose lithong,
-ketso ea li-hormone tsa li-contra-hormonal.
3. Polyuria le polydipsia (lenyora).
4. Ketonemia le ketonuria.
5. Azotemia le azoturia.
6. Fokotsa tšireletso ea antioxidant.
• Ho haella ha insulin le keketseho e potlakileng ea ho kenella ha lihormone tsohle tse khahlanong le tsona ke lebaka la ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea lipolysis le ho hlohlelletsa FFA, e leng tlatsetso tlhahisong e sebetsang ea 'mele ea ketone.
• Mafura a sebelisoa e le mohloli oa matla, acetyl-CoA e sebelisetsoa motsoako oa 'mele oa ketone.
• Teko ea mali, likhapha,
• Teko ea mamello ea glucose (TSH),
• boikemisetso ba glucose le acetone ka har'a moroto.
Teko ea mamello ea glucose - boithuto ba bokhoni ba ho sebelisa tsoekere nakong ea boikoetliso.
1. Holim'a lijo tse se nang letho tsa ka mpeng.
2. Sehlooho se nooa khalase ea tee e tsoekere (mojaro). 1 g ea tsoekere e le 'ngoe ka kilo e le' ngoe ea boima ba 'mele.
3. Kamora lihora tse peli, boemo ba tsoekere ea mali bo ikemiselitse hape.
Sekhahla se tloaelehileng sa tsoekere ea mali:
• ka mpeng e se nang letho 3.3-5.5 mmol / l,
• Lihora tse 2 kamora ho ja tse ka tlase ho 7.8 mmol / l, ha ho na tsoekere moriring,
• e phahama ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang (ha e sa feta 80% ea pele) kamora metsotso e 60, ebe ea fokotseha mme kamora lihora tse 3 e tloaelehileng.
Ka lefu la tsoekere le lefu la tsoekere la morao-rao, mamello ea tsoekere e senyehile
• tsoekere e potlakileng e ka ba e tloaelehileng (ka tlase ho 6.7 mmol / l),
• Lihora tse peli kamora ho ja, boemo ba tsoekere ea mali bo feta 7.8-11.1 mmol / l,
Ka lefu la tsoekere le hlakileng:
• boemo ba glucose bo potlakileng bo eketsehile (ho feta 6,7 mmol / l),
• Lihora tse 2 kamora ho laolla - ho feta 11.1 mmol / l.
2. Hyperglycemia e matla. 3. Karolo ea insulin.
Carbohydrate metabolism mathata a
Tlolo ea hydrolysis le ho monya ha lik'habohaedreite
Ho kenngoa ha lik'habohaedreite hoa senyeha haeba ho na le khaello ea li-enzyme tsa amylolytic tsa pampiri ea gastrointestinal (amylase ea lero la pancreatic, jj.) Kapa disaccharidases. Ka nako e ts'oanang, lik'habohaedreite tse tsoang lijong ha li ngolehe li-monosaccharides ebile ha li ananeloe. Ho bolaoa ke tlala ea 'mele ho fetoha.
Ho kenngoa ha lik'habohaedreite ho tšoenyeha ha tsoekere ea glucose e khathatsoa leboteng la mala, e etsahalang nakong ea ho kenella ka mpeng, ha e chefo le chefo e thibelang enzyme hexokinase.
Glycogenosis ke sehlopha sa maloetse a lefutso a bakiloeng ke ho haella ha li-enzyme tse kenyellelitsoeng ho phatloheng kapa ho phatloha ha glycogen.
O-mofuta oa glycogenosis (aglykenosis) e hlaha ka lebaka la khaello ea glycogen synthase. E tšoauoa ka ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha mabenkele a glycogen bokong, hypoglycemic syndrome e bonoa (ho fihlela nts'etsopele ea komisi). Ka khaello ea glycogen synthase, bakuli ba shoa ba sa le banyenyane.
Ho haella ha li-enzyme tse amehang ho phatloheng ha glycogen ho lebisa ho bokelleng ha eona liphoofolong le liseleng (tafoleng ea 5).
Mathata a amanang le metabolism ea carbohydrate e bohareng
1. Maemo a Hypoxic (ka ho hloleha ho phefumoloha kapa phallo ea mali, le phokolo ea mali, joalo-joalo). Mohato oa anaerobic oa phetoho ea lik'habohaedreite o ata holim'a aerobic. Ho bokellana ho eketsehileng liseleng le mali a lactic le pyruvic acids ho etsahala. Acidosis e etsahala. Tsamaiso ea enzymatic ea ferekanya. Sebopeho sa ATP se fokotsehile.
2. Mathata a amanang le ho sebetsa ha sebete, moo hangata karolo ea acid e tsoang ho lactic e kenngoeng glucose le glycogen. Ka tšenyo ea sebete, resynthesis e senyehile. Hyperlactidemia le acidosis lia ntlafala.
3. Hypovitaminosis B1. Ho sithabetsoa ha oxidation ea PVC, hobane Vithamine B1 ke karolo ea mofuta oa pyruvate dehydrogenase. PVC e bokellana ka bongata mme ka tsela e itseng e fetela ho lactic acid, mme le eona e ntse e eketseha. PVC ke chefo bakeng sa methapo ea kutlo. Ka keketseho ea khatello ea eona ka lebaka la 2-3, ho ferekana ha maikutlo, ho ruruha le ho holofala litho, joalo-joalo hoa etsahala.
Ka hypovitaminosis B1, tsela ea "pentose phosphate" ea "carbohydrate metabolism" e sitisoa, haholoholo, sebopeho sa ribose.
Lethathamo la 5. Mafu a amanang le metabolism ea glycogen e senyehileng
3. Lefu la tsoekere: Mohato o le mong feela oa ho fola!
3.1. Motho enoa oa shoemaker qetellong o na le lirifi!
Haeba o na le lefu la tsoekere, o tla ithuta khaolong ena hore mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea ho hlahloba, ho phekola le ho thibela lefu la tsoekere, e ithutoang, e khothalletsoang le ho etsoa United States (mme hangata e etsisoa linaheng tse tsoetseng pele, ho kenyeletsa le Russia), ha e felle feela ka phoso ebile e sa sebetse, empa hape e potlakisa haholo mokhoa ona mme e eketsa nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere le mathata a amanang le ona.
E le hore polelo e joalo e se ke ea bonahala e se na motheo, khaolo ena e inehetse haholo ho hlahlobisisa pherekano ena e "bolaeang". Ha u ithuta lisebelisoa tsena, u se ke ua lebala tse latelang:
• Haeba uena kapa baratuoa ba hau le fumanoe le lefu la tsoekere, o lokela ho tsoelapele ho sebetsa le mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, haholoholo haeba o ntse o sebelisa meriana. Ngaka e tloaelehileng e tseba ka lefu la tsoekere seo a se rutiloeng. Ka bomalimabe, joalo ka ha u tla ithuta hamorao, u rute 'me u tsoele pele ho ruta ka mokhoa o fosahetseng. Ka lehlohonolo, lingaka tse ngata li u lakaletsa bophelo bo botle le bophelo bo botle, li phethe mosebetsi oa tsona ka botshepehi, empa ha li na boikarabello bakeng sa bophelo ba hau ... E tla ba ho hloka kelello ho fetisang boikarabello ba bophelo ba hau ho lingaka.Haeba u sa nahane joalo, u tla bolokeha ...
• Phepo e sebetsang ke motheo oa mokhoa oa "ho folisa" lefu la tsoekere. Buka ena e itšetleha ka botlalo ka tsebo ea hau e tebileng ea lisebelisoa tse bukeng ea ka ea Functional Nutrition 1.
• Khaolo ena ha se thuto ea lefu la tsoekere kapa tataiso bakeng sa lingaka. E hlalosa melao-motheo ea 'mele e thibelang bohle, ntle ho khethollo, “mafu a bakoang ke lijo,” ao mohlomong lefu la tsoekere e leng lona le ka sehloohong.
• Maloetse - a tsoang lijong, bophelo bo botle - hape le lijo! Khaolo ena e hlalosa metheo ea ho thibela le ho thibela lefu la tsoekere ka mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho ja. Melao-motheo ena ea sebetsa esita le ho ba ke keng ba hlola ba etsa ntle le lithethefatsi, empa e ka fokotsa tekanyetso haholo, ba qoba ponahalo ea litla-morao tse ke keng tsa fetoloa, ba ntlafatsa boemo ba bona ka kakaretso mme ba emela sebopeho se setle bakeng sa letsatsi leo mokhoa o tšepahalang le o bolokehileng oa ho khutlisa mesebetsi ea pancreatic o hlahang.
• Ho felisoa ha lefu la tsoekere ka thuso ea phepo e nepahetseng (hammoho le phepo e sebetsang) ho ke ke ha khoneha ntle le lisebelisoa tse matlafatsang tsa boleng bo botle (livithamini, liminerale, lintho tse fumanehang, li-enzyme, microflora ea mala, jj. Meharo ea moferefere e tla senya - tlhaloso e sa utloahaleng empa e le 'nete ea ho hloka lerato ho sena. Haeba u bala inshorense e lefang kalafo e tloaelehileng, kapa u leka ho boloka boleng ba lihlahisoa le tlatsetso ea phepo e ntle, ntle ho pelaelo u tla fumana liphetho tseo u seng u ntse u e-na le tsona. Bonyane ho la USA, esita le "mafutsana" a khona ho sebelisa $ 1.5- $ 2 dollars ka letsatsi ho lisebelisoa tsa boleng.
Mme qetellong, 'na, ke lehlatsipa nakong e fetileng ea motho ea sa tsebeng letho ka hona a hlokomolohuoang mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la II ka mathata a sa thabiseng haholo: lefu la tsoekere la sethoathoa, lefu la tsoekere, ho tepella maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, ho hlobaela, hypoglycemia, mokhathala o sa foleng, periodontitis, sinusitis, osteoporosis, le tse fetileng nakong ea khatello e matla ea maikutlo, e sithabetseng ke mosebetsi o motle, joalo-joalo.
Motho ea shapang ka ntle ho lirifi? ... Kajeno, ka hohle kamoo nka khonang ka lilemo tse 47, ke phetse hantle. Ee, nke ke ka hlola ke e-ba le marenene, meno, moriri le letlalo, joaloka monna e monyane, empa mamellong ea 'mele, ea kelello le ea maikutlo, ke tla fa banna ba bangata ba lilemo tse 20 ho mpheta ...
"Shoemaker" ena, eo qetellong e nang le lirifi, e pakile letlalong la hae hore ho fola ho tsoa ho lefu la tsoekere ke mohato o le mong feela hore o ka theola boima ba 'mele ka mpeng mme o se o sa fole. Bohato bo latelang ke ho amohela sera ka boyena 'me u hlōle - ke ea hau!
Abelana ka leqephe
Ha ho na maikutlo
Kollokvium_obmen_uglevodov
Matšoenyeho le hona e ka ba sesosa se sa foleng sa lefu la tsoekere la hyperglycemia. Hoa hlokahala ho laola ts'ebetso ea hau ea 'mele: ho ikoetlisa ka matla kapa, ho fapana le hoo, mokhoa oa bophelo o sa lebelloang o ka lebisa ho eketseha ha tsoekere ea mali.
Mafu a tšoaetsanoang le a sa foleng a ka boetse a baka matšoao a hyperglycemia. Ho batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, hyperglycemia e ka hlaha ka lebaka la lithethefatsi tse fokolisang tsoekere kapa ente ea insulin.
Glucose-6-phosphatase enketso ea (lefu la Girke)
Hepatic phosphorylase defence - lefu la hers
Khaello e mpe ea phepo e nepahetseng
Hypoglycemia nakong ea kemero
Joala le meriana
Mathata a amanang le metabolism ea carbohydrate ho lefu la tsoekere. Mokhoa oa nts'etsopele ea maloetse. Matšoao a laboratori.
Mathata a amanang le metabolism ea carbohydrate ho mellitus ea lefu la tsoekere:
Lisele tse itšetlehileng ka insulin li na le tlala ea matla ka lebaka la khaello ea glucose (ha ho na glycolysis)
Gluconeogeneis e kenngoa ka har'a sebete
Liseleng tse sa itšetleheng ka insulin, ka lebaka la tsoekere e ntseng e eketseha ea hona joale, tsela ea polyol e sebetsoa
Nts'etsopele ea mathata a lefu la tsoekere:
Matšoao a laboratori a lefu la tsoekere:
Tekanyo ea tsoekere ea plasma (lab. Mosebetsi)
Boikemisetso ba mamello ea tsoekere (lab. Mosebetsi)
Plasma glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1-C)
Tekanyetso ea Plasma Fructosamine
Tsoekere ea urine
Methapo ea ketone ea urine
Mochini oa nts'etsopele ea mathata: ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea lefu la tsoekere - insulin-e itšetlehileng ka eona - ha tlhahiso ea insulin beta ke lisele tsa li-pancreatic islets tsa Langerhans e senyehile (ho ruruha, karabelo ea autoimmune), le inulin-e ikemetseng - ha insulin e hlahisoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, empa phello ea eona ho sele e robehile. (Lits'oaetso tsa Receptor) Lits'ebetso tsa Labor: Teko ea mamello ea glucose, boikemisetso ba hemoglobin ea glycosylated, qeto ea palo ea insulin le C-peptide ka moroto, ka palo ea albin ho moroto (albinuria), qeto ea palo ea palo oa ketone
Glycation e se nang mochine. Karolo mochini oa nts'etsopele ea mathata a hyperglycemia. Phekolo le tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea bohloko ba thuto ea fructosamine le hemoglobin ea glycosylated.
Glycation eo e seng ea enzymatic - ho kenella ha glucose kapa fructose e tsoang motsoako oa liprotheine o nang le hyperglycemia. Ka tloaelo, e etsahala ka bongata, ka hyperglycemia, glycation e feta tsohle le tsohle. Karolo mochining oa nts'etsopele ea mathata a hyperglycemia: hemoglobin ea glycosylated e thehiloe (ka mantlha, sena ha se theko e kholo, empa hemoglobin e se e sa phethe mosebetsi oa eona), li-protein tsa glycosylated (liprotheine tsa lense, tse bakang likatse), glycosylation ea liprotheine tsa membrane ea vascular. angiopathies, nephropathies le retinopathies li nts'etsapele. Clinical le diagnostic boleng ba thuto ea fructosamine le glycosylated hemoglobin: hantle, kaha protheine glycosylation e bonoa ka hyperglycemia, joale re ka tseba ho hlahloba hyperglycemia ka ho khetholla fructose (glycosylated albin) le hemoglobin ea glycosylated. Ho feta moo, hemoglobin e phela matsatsi a 90 ho isa ho a 120. Kahoo re se re na le likhoeli tse 3 kaha ho ka se be le hyperglycemia, mme hemoglobin e tla sala. Ba rata ho botsa potso ka hona, ka hona, re itokise ka botlalo. Glucose e khona ho tlama liprotheine tsa mali le li-non-enzymatic (glycation e senang enzymatic), e sitisa sebopeho sa tsona le tšebetso ea tsona. Liprotheine tsena tse fetotsoeng li nkoa e le tsa kantle le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso ba mmele e reretsoeng ho timetsoa ha tsona, e lebisang tlhabong ea methapo ea methapo ea kutlo. boemo ba metabolism ea carbohydrate ho bakuli ba nang le lefu lena. Melemo ea eona ea mantlha ea ho lekola boemo ba tsoekere maling serumeng ke tse latelang: 1. Haeba boleng ba glucose bo bontša glycemia ka nako ea sampling, joale palo ea hemoglobin ea glycosylated ke ea nako e telele e fetileng (libeke tse 3-4). 2. Ho sheba litšobotsi tsa phepo e nepahetseng, litlamorao tse sithabetsang le lisosa tse ling tsa hyperglycemia ho lebisa ho overdiagnosis ea lefu la tsoekere. Litlamorao tsena kaofela ha li ame sephetho sa qeto ea hemoglobin ea glycosylated. 3. Teko ea ho qala litaba tsa HbA1c e batla e le tsoekere ho feta ho tseba boemo ba tsoekere. Boikemisetso ba dikahare tsa fructosamine Poleloana ea "fructosamine" ho chemistry ea bongaka e bua ka palo ea liprotheine tsa mali tsa serum tse glycosylated. Fructosamine ke sehlahisoa sa karabelo e senang enzymatic pakeng tsa monosaccharides (hangata glucose) le likarolo tse itseng tsa protheine ea mali (hangata sehlopha sa epsilon-amino lysine, sehlopha sa amino sa valine). Molao-motheo oa mokhoa ona. Fructosamine e khona ho fokotsa nitrosine tetrazolium ka har'a alkaline e bohareng, e e fetole mofuta oa formazan ka ho kenngoa ka bongata ho 530 nm. Karabelo e pakeng tsa fructosamine le tetrazolium ea nitro-bluu e etsahala ka pH ea 10,8 (ho buffer ea carbonate) le ka mocheso oa 37 ° C. Photometry e etsoa ka mor'a metsotso e 15. Synthetic ketoamine (fructosoleucine) e sebelisoa e le phetisetso. Ka plasma ea mali ea batho ba phetseng hantle (ba tloaelehileng), litaba tsa fructosamine hangata ha li felle ka 285 μmol / L.Bohlokoa ba kliniki le bo bonts'ang boemo ba ho khetholla litaba tsa fructosamine Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ts'ebetso eo ho eona glycosylation ea liprotheine e ntlafalitsoeng maling ke lefu la tsoekere. Bohlokoa ba ho khetholla boikemisetso ba fructosamine bo phahame haholo ha bo bapisoa le HbA1c maemong a pele a kholo ea lefu lena. Ka nako e telele ea lefu lena, ho hlaha ha li-Microangiopathies tsa lefu la tsoekere, lipalo tsa fructosamine li eketseha ho isa tekanyong e tlase ho feta gbccylated Hb. Ho kopana ha li-fructosamine ke "seipone" sa glycemia libekeng tse 1 tse fetileng, se u lumellang ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea ho lemoha kapele.
Tlhabollo ea lits'ebetso tsa tšilo ea lijo le ho monngoa ha lik'habohaedreite ho inclusionsis. Ho haella ha Congenital ea lik'hilojule tsa 'mele tsa ho hula lik'hemik'hale, glycogen metabolism, glucosaminoglycans. (bakeng sa baithuti ba lefapha la bana)
Nakong ea bokhachane pelehe, mofuta oa mantlha oa phepo e nepahetseng ke hematotrophy, eo limatlafatsi li kenang ka popelong ka placenta. Membrane ea placental hantle e feta metsi, tsoekere, amino acid, dipeptides le metsoako e meng e hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetsong lits'ebetso tsa metabolic ka popelong. Boholo ba liprotheine, lipids le li-polysaccharides tse teng ka har'a placenta li kenngoa ka tlase ho enzymatic hydrolysis. Ba kena maling a fetal e le li-monomers. Ho tloha ho likhoeli tse 4-5 tsa kh fet olo ea fetus, litho tsa ka tlung li qala ho sebetsa. Amniotrophic - mokelikeli oa amniotic o kenella phepelong ea hematotrophic. Mokelikeli oa Amniotrophic o kenella kahare ho litho tsa mpa tsa mpa ka ho anya, ho metsa le ho sisinyeha ha moea. Khoeling ea ho qetela ea moimana ka letsatsi, mpa e amohela metsi a ka etsang litara e le 'ngoe. Ketsahalo e matlafatsang ea mala a manyane e thehiloe pejana ho mafapha a mang. Nakong ea nts'etsopele ea intrauterine, lisebelisoa tsa endocrine tsa tšilo ea lijo li thehoa butle-butle: palo ea lisele tsa endocrine ea eketseha, litaba tsa lihormone tsa ka mpeng lia eketseha ho tsona. Kamora ho beleha, mofuta oa lijo o fetoha lactotrophic. Lebese la 'mele le fana ka' mele, o ntseng o hola ka potlako, ka thepa ea polasetiki le matla. Ho fanoa ka lebese ka li-vithamine, li-enzyme, liminerale, metsi, li-motsoako tse sebetsang ka tlhaho. Mehato ea phetoho ho tloha ho mofuta o mong oa phepo e nepahetseng ho ea ho tse ling e hlahisoa ke methati ea ho theha tsamaiso ea tšilo ea lijo le mekhoa ea tsamaiso. Tabeng ea ts'ebeliso ea pele ea phepo e tsoakiloeng, nts'etsopele ea tsamaiso ea tšilo ea lijo e potlakisitsoe. Ho hydrolysis ea limatlafatsi tse fumanehang lebeseng la matsoele, li-enzyme tsa lebese le litšoelesa tsa litho tsa tšilo ea lijo tsa ngoana lia ameha. Matlapa a masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa a sebelisetsoa ho etsa hore ho tiee pakeng tsa nipple le molomo ha a ntse a anya. Ts'ebetso ea mahlahahlaha e ke keng ea hlalosoa, empa e lekane ho koahela lebese ka mpeng. Amylase, e fumanehang matheong a ngoana ea sa tsoa hlaha, e batla e le 1/3 ea ts'ebetso ea eona ho batho ba baholo. Nakong ea lilemo tsa 1 - 2 tsa pele, ts'ebetso ea enzymatic ea mathe e eketseha. Liphetoho tse tsoang ho li-receptors tsa leleme le mucosa ea molomo ke tsa bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa taolo ea maloetse. Reflex ea salivary Reflex e thehoa selemo sa pele sa bophelo. Seboko sa lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa se na le matla a 5-10 ml. Ho fihlela selemo se fela, butle-butle e eketseha ho isa ho 250-300 ml. Phapang ea "glandulocytes" ea mantlha le ea parietal e etsahala le nakong ea nts'etsopele ea intrauterine. Ntle le moo, lisele tse ka sehloohong li qala ho sebetsa pejana ho feta tsa tse parietal: pepsinogen e hlaha pejana ho hydrochloric acid. Secretion ea hydrochloric acid e ipapisitse le mofuta oa lijo. Tabeng ea phetoho ea phepo ea maiketsetso, acidity ea lero e eketseha ka makhetlo a mabeli ho isa ho a mane. Ka lilemo, letsoalo la litšoelesa tse holim 'a membrane ea mucous le tsona lia eketseha.Ts'ebetso ea enzymatic ea lero e ipapisitse le mofuta oa lijo: likhoeling tsa pele, liprotheine tse fumanehang lijong tsa limela le nama ha li senyehe. Bolelele ba ka mpeng ho bana bo amanang le bolelele ba 'mele bo boholo ho feta ho batho ba baholo (ho sa tsoa hlaha, ka makhetlo a 8,3, le ho batho ba baholo, ka makhetlo a 5.4). Ts'ebetso ea lekunutu ea manyeme le sebete e tlase ho feta ho batho ba baholo. Ka lebaka leo, selemong sa pele sa bophelo, li-diquion tsa membrane li lula pele. Ha a sa le monyane, ho tsebahala ha litho tsa ka popelong e nyane ho ntse ho phahame haholo, ka hona, tekanyo e itseng ea lintho tse nang le limolek'hule tse ngata li tsoela pele ho kenella le ho kenella maling. Colon microflora colonization e etsahala matsatsing a pele a 2 a bophelo. Microflora e tloaelehileng e kenella ho tshilo ea lijo, sebopeho sa immunological reacaction, inhibition ea nts'etsopele ea microflora ea pathogenic, e kopanya livithamini tse ngata, hape e kenya likarolo tse ngata tsa motsoako o sebetsang. Mehatong ea pele ea nts'etsopele, lits'ebetso tsa li-hormone le tsa lehae tsa taolo ea tšebetso ea lekunutu le ts'ebetso ea motor ea tsamaiso ea tšilo ea lijo li thehoa. Mechine e mahareng ea neuro-Reflex e hokahane hamorao. Ho thehoa ha tsamaiso ea tšilo ea lijo ho phethoa nakong ea bokhachane.
Ho sitoa ha mekhoa ea metabolic ho lefu la tsoekere
Kaha manyeme a bapala karolo ea mantlha taolong ea methapo ea metabolic le boemo ba tsoekere 'meleng, joale ho na le litšitiso tse nyane ts'ebetsong ea tsona le litho tsohle le litsamaiso tse ling tse utloang bohloko.
Haeba e sa hlahise insulin e lekaneng, ebe ho thoeng ke pathological glucosuria e etsahala.
Ke ka sepheo sa ho qoba mathata a ka hlahang khahlano le semelo sa lefu lena, ho bohlokoa ho latela melao le litlhoko tse ikhethileng molemong oa phepo e nepahetseng le ho boloka bophelo bo botle. Haeba sena se sa etsoe, joale lefu lena le ka kenyelletsa bothata bo tebileng mme ka linako tse ling bo bile bo le kotsi ho metabolism.
Ho se sebetse hantle ha litho le litsamaiso
Kaha boteng ba lefu lena ho motho ho na le khaello ea hormone ea "pancreatic" e bitsoang insulin, joale "pathological" glucosuria e etsahala.
Mathata a tebileng a ts'ebetso ea ho theha glycogen ea sebete le tšebeliso e mpe ea tsoekere ke tishu ea pherekano e ka ba litabatabelo tsa ho hlaha ha eona.
Joalo ka ha o tseba, ka hara sebete sa motho e mong le e mong ho na le ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea biochemical bakeng sa ho phatloha le ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea lipids, liprotheine, mme tsona, le plasma ea mali li tsoa ka kotloloho tsamaisong ea tšilo ea lijo.
Boholo ba litšoelesa tsa endocrine ka ho nka karolo ha tsamaiso ea methapo li ama ts'ebetso e ikhethang ea manyeme le sebete. Kaha lik'habohaedreite ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa matla a ke keng a fumaneha bakeng sa motho, ho fapanyetsana lintho tsena ho bohlokoa 'meleng oa hae.
Ntle le insulin, hormone e fapaneng ka ho felletseng eo makhopho a e hlahisang le eona e ameha ho metabolism ea carbohydrate. E bitsoa glucagon mme e na le phello e fapaneng ka ho felletseng.
Hape, hormone ea kholo, e hlahisoang ke tšoelesa ea pituitary, cortisol le lihormone tse ling tsa qoqotho, e ama metabolism ea carbohydrate.
Lintho tsena kaofela li khona ho kenya letsoho hanghang ho phatloha ha glycogen, e lebisang keketseho e potlakileng ea maemo a tsoekere. Ke ka lebaka leo li-adrenaline, lihormone tsa kholo, li-glucagon le lihormone tsa qoqotho li boleloang feela e le bahanyetsi ba insulin.
Hang ka mor'a ho hlaha ha insulin e bohale ebile e matla haholo, lits'ebetso tsohle tsa ho kenella ha carbohydrate 'meleng li senyeha hanghang. Taba ea pele, glycogen ea sebete e ea putlama ebe e qala ho kenella ka har'a plasma ea mali ka tsela ea tsoekere.
Ho feta moo, 'mele o qala ho senyeha ha glycogen ka bongata bo sa lekaneng ba tlhahiso ea insulin. Kamora moo, sena se lebisa ho ho hlahisoa ha mafura liseleng tsa gland ea gown.Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore tšitiso ea metabolic 'meleng e lebisa ka tieo liphetoho tse kholo le tse kotsi mochesong oa metsi le tekanyo ea letsoai.
E le ho tsitsisa 'mele ka lefu la tsoekere, o hloka ho ithuta ho laola lipontšo tsa lona. Ke ka lebaka leo u hlokang ho ithuta ho utloisisa litaelo tsa bongaka le nako ea ho khetha.
Ho sitoa ho kopanya glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
Glycosaminoglycans ke karolo ea lik'habohaedreite tsa proteinoglycans, tse kenyeletsang amino tsoekere-hexosamines. Lintho tsena li amana haufi-ufi le karolo ea protheine ea proteinoglycans.
Glycosaminoglycans, mohlala oa molek'hule
Lintho tsena tsa bohlokoa tse fumanehang ho li-proteinoglycans li amana le ntho e kopaneng ea lithane tse sebetsanang. Kahoo, a na le masapo, 'mele o matla le' mele oa leihlo. Ka ho kopanya le likhoele tsa collagen le elastin, li fetoha ntho eo ho thoeng ke "connective tis matrix".
Lintho tsena tse sebetsang li koahela bokaholimo bohle ba lisele, ho feta moo, li bapala karolo e kholo phapanyetsanong ea ion, mesebetsi ea ts'ireletso ea mmele, hammoho le phapang ea lisele. Haeba motho a e-na le tlolo e mpe ea motsoako oa lefu la tsoekere, hona ho ka lebisa ho hlaheng ha palo e kholo ea mafu a kotsi.
Ho tsitsisa boemo ba 'mele bo nang le lefu la tsoekere, o hloka ho hlahlojoa khafetsa ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang ke ngaka e nang le boiphihlelo, ho nka meriana e nepahetseng, ho lekola phepo e nepahetseng, le ho latela litaelo tsohle tsa setsebi.
Lipilisi tsa metabolism tse sa amehang ho tsoekere ea lefu la tsoekere: biochemistry
Joalokaha u tseba, insulin le eona e na le phello e ntle ho metabolism ea lipid ho lithane tsa adipose.
E khona ho tsosa motsoako oa mafura a mang a tsoang ho glucose. Mosebetsi o mong oa bohlokoa ke ho thibela ho senyeha ha lipid le ho senyeha ha protheine liseleng tsa mesifa.
Ke ka lebaka leo khaello e kholo ea li-pancreatic hormone e ka lebisang ho ruruheng e sa fetoheng ea metabolic, e atisang ho hlokomeloa ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Boloetse bona bo khona ho ama lits'ebetso tsohle tsa metabolic tse etsahalang 'meleng.
Joalokaha u tseba, ka lefu la tsoekere, metabolism ea lik'habohaedreite e tšoenyeha haholo, e khetholloang ke likarolo tse ling:
- ka matla o fokotseha ho qaleha ha glucokinase, e batlang e nyamela ka botlalo ho sebete. Ka lebaka leo, 'mele o na le khaello e kholo ea glucose-6-phosphate. Liphetho tsa sena ke ho theoha butle ha motsoako oa glycogen,
- ts'ebetso e phahameng ea "glucose-6-phosphatase" e qala ho eketseha, ka hona glucose-6-phosphate e fokotseha ebe e kenella ka har'a plasma ea mali ka mokhoa oa glucose,
- ts'oenyeho e kholo ea metabolic e etsahala - phetoho ea glucose ho mafura e fokotsa lebelo,
- Ho se tsebe ha tsoekere e fetelang ka har'a litho tsa sele ho bonoa,
- tlhahiso ea tsoekere ho tsoa ho lihlahisoa tse ling tsa metabolism tse se nang nama ea kolobe e potlakisa hanghang.
Mathata a amanang le metabolism ea carbohydrate ho mellitus ea lefu la tsoekere a tšoauoa ka sebopeho se fetelletseng le ts'ebeliso e sa lekanang ea glucose ke lisele tse fapaneng tsa 'mele, e hlahisang hyperglycemia.
Joalokaha u tseba, ka lefu la tsoekere, boemo ba tsoekere bo ka fihla maemong a bohlokoa, ka hona ho bohlokoa haholo ho bo laola ka ho sebelisa sesebelisoa se khethehileng kapa ka ofising ea setsebi.
Ho senyeha ha protheine ea lefu la tsoekere ho lefu la tsoekere
Ha se lekunutu la hore mathata a metabolism a tsoekere a ama eseng feela carbohydrate le lipid, empa le metabolism ea protheine.
Joalo ka ha o tseba, ho haella ka matla hoa 'mele oa lihormone tsa pancreas le tšebeliso e mpe ea tsoekere ho ka lebisa ho fokotseha ha komporo ea protheine.
Ts'ebetso ena e sa thabiseng e boetse e tsamaisana le tahlehelo ea naetrojene ke 'mele le tokollo ea potasiamo, e lateloang ke lits'oants'o tsa li-ion tse nang le lihlahisoa tsa litšila.
Tekanyo e sa lekanang ea li-pancreatic hormone e ama ts'ebetso ea lisele, eseng feela ka lebaka la metabolism e senyehileng ea protheine, empa hape ka lebaka la mathata a mang le mathata. Har'a tse ling, khaello ea metsi e lebisa ho seo ho thoeng ke ho omella kahare ho lisele tsa 'mele.
Ho bohlokoa haholo ho hopola hore ha tahlehelo ea metsi e hlaha 'meleng nakong ea lefu la tsoekere, ho tsoela pele ho ntša moroto ho eketsa monyetla oa ho lahleheloa ke potasiamo ka bongata bo boholo. Maemong ana, o lokela ho ikopanya le sepetlele hanghang bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea tšohanyetso.
Hobaneng ha liphoso li le kotsi?
Haeba kamora ho tseba mokuli ea nang le lefu la tsoekere, o ntse a tsoela pele ho phela bophelo bo tloaelo, a ntse a ja lijo tse fosahetseng ", a sebelisa lino tse tahang, a tsuba, a phela bophelo bo sa kopaneleng, a sa etele ngaka ea hae mme a sa tlhatlhobisoa, joale ho mo eketsetsa. kotsi ea ho ba le coma ea hypoglycemic.
Ena ke boemo bo kotsi haholo, bo iponahatsang ka ho fokotseha ho potlakileng ha mahlaseli a glucose. Haeba metabolism e tloaelehileng ea motho e laola lefu la tsoekere, menyetla ea ho ba le lefu lena e fokola.
Empa, leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa ho fokotsa mefuta eohle ea mathata a metabolic ho lefu la tsoekere mellitus, ho bohlokoa ho latela litlhahiso tsohle tsa litsebi tse amanang le bobeli ba ho sebelisa litlhare tse nepahetseng le phepo ea letsatsi le letsatsi.
Ha e le lijo, seo ho thoeng ke tafole ea 9 se loketse bakuli ba lefu la tsoekere.
Leha ho le joalo, ha se linako tsohle tsa ho ja tse loketseng mokuli ea itseng, eo hape e lokelang ho ela hloko ngaka e eang. O lokela ho e etsa hore mokuli e mong le e mong a qobe mathata.
Tlhokahalo e ka sehloohong ea ho etsa phepo ea mokuli ea itseng ke ho shebisisa palo ea litlhoko tsa khalori tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Ho bohlokoa haholo ho fokotsa lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata.
Sena ke nnete haholo bakeng sa dintho tse silang habonolo. Tsena li kenyelletsa tsoekere, bohobe, confectionery, chokolete le lino. Ho bohlokoa hape ho se kenye lijo tse halikiloeng le tse mafura a mangata tse tsoang lijong.
Batho ba bangata ha ba tsebe hore ka lefu la tsoekere u ka ja lijo tse kang meroho, nama e tšoeu, tlhapi e mafura a tlase le lihlahisoa tsa lebese.
Livideo tse amanang
Thuto ea mokhethoa oa mahlale a tsa bongaka mabapi le mathata a metabolic ho lefu la tsoekere:
Ka boteng ba lefu le boletsoeng, o hloka ho ela hloko boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba hau le mokhoa oa hau oa bophelo, o ka tsamaisang lefu lena.
Ho qoba mathata leha e le afe a kotsi, o hloka ho bona ngaka ea hau khafetsa e bonang lefu lena le ho thusa ho le thibela kapa ho le thibela.
Litlhahlobo tsa nako le nako, tlhahlobo, khalemelo ea phepo e nepahetseng, ho etela setsebi, hammoho le ho boloka bophelo bo botle ho tla thusa ho emisa lefu lena.
Ka mokhoa o nang le bokhoni, o ka phela bophelo bo tloaelehileng bo felletseng ntle le lithibelo, tse sa fapaneng le bophelo ba motho ea phetseng hantle. Haeba mokuli a e-na le mofuta oa bobeli oa lefu la tsoekere, ha ho na letho leo u ka le etsang ntle le meriana e khethehileng e fokotsang khatello ea tsoekere, insulin le lithethefatsi tse ling tse fokotsang lipid.
Lefu la Tsoekere |
Kaha manyeme a bapala karolo ea mantlha taolong ea methapo ea metabolic le boemo ba tsoekere 'meleng, joale ho na le litšitiso tse nyane ts'ebetsong ea tsona le litho tsohle le litsamaiso tse ling tse utloang bohloko.
Haeba e sa hlahise insulin e lekaneng, ebe ho thoeng ke pathological glucosuria e etsahala.
Ke ka sepheo sa ho qoba mathata a ka hlahang khahlano le semelo sa lefu lena, ho bohlokoa ho latela melao le litlhoko tse ikhethileng molemong oa phepo e nepahetseng le ho boloka bophelo bo botle.Haeba sena se sa etsoe, joale lefu lena le ka kenyelletsa bothata bo tebileng mme ka linako tse ling bo bile bo le kotsi ho metabolism.
Ho se sebetse hantle ha litho le litsamaiso
Kaha boteng ba lefu lena ho motho ho na le khaello ea hormone ea "pancreatic" e bitsoang insulin, joale "pathological" glucosuria e etsahala.
Mathata a tebileng a ts'ebetso ea ho theha glycogen ea sebete le tšebeliso e mpe ea tsoekere ke tishu ea pherekano e ka ba litabatabelo tsa ho hlaha ha eona.
Joalo ka ha o tseba, ka hara sebete sa motho e mong le e mong ho na le ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea biochemical bakeng sa ho phatloha le ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea lipids, liprotheine, mme tsona, le plasma ea mali li tsoa ka kotloloho tsamaisong ea tšilo ea lijo.
Boholo ba litšoelesa tsa endocrine ka ho nka karolo ha tsamaiso ea methapo li ama ts'ebetso e ikhethang ea manyeme le sebete. Kaha lik'habohaedreite ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa matla a ke keng a fumaneha bakeng sa motho, ho fapanyetsana lintho tsena ho bohlokoa 'meleng oa hae.
Ntle le insulin, hormone e fapaneng ka ho felletseng eo makhopho a e hlahisang le eona e ameha ho metabolism ea carbohydrate. E bitsoa glucagon mme e na le phello e fapaneng ka ho felletseng.
Hape, hormone ea kholo, e hlahisoang ke tšoelesa ea pituitary, cortisol le lihormone tse ling tsa qoqotho, e ama metabolism ea carbohydrate.
Lintho tsena kaofela li khona ho kenya letsoho hanghang ho phatloha ha glycogen, e lebisang keketseho e potlakileng ea maemo a tsoekere. Ke ka lebaka leo li-adrenaline, lihormone tsa kholo, li-glucagon le lihormone tsa qoqotho li boleloang feela e le bahanyetsi ba insulin.
Hang ka mor'a ho hlaha ha insulin e bohale ebile e matla haholo, lits'ebetso tsohle tsa ho kenella ha carbohydrate 'meleng li senyeha hanghang. Taba ea pele, glycogen ea sebete e ea putlama ebe e qala ho kenella ka har'a plasma ea mali ka tsela ea tsoekere.
Ho feta moo, 'mele o qala ho senyeha ha glycogen ka bongata bo sa lekaneng ba tlhahiso ea insulin. Kamora moo, sena se lebisa ho ho hlahisoa ha mafura liseleng tsa gland ea gown. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore tšitiso ea metabolic 'meleng e lebisa ka tieo liphetoho tse kholo le tse kotsi mochesong oa metsi le tekanyo ea letsoai.
E le ho tsitsisa 'mele ka lefu la tsoekere, o hloka ho ithuta ho laola lipontšo tsa lona. Ke ka lebaka leo u hlokang ho ithuta ho utloisisa litaelo tsa bongaka le nako ea ho khetha.
Ho sitoa ho kopanya glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
Glycosaminoglycans ke karolo ea lik'habohaedreite tsa proteinoglycans, tse kenyeletsang amino tsoekere-hexosamines. Lintho tsena li amana haufi-ufi le karolo ea protheine ea proteinoglycans.
Glycosaminoglycans, mohlala oa molek'hule
Lintho tsena tsa bohlokoa tse fumanehang ho li-proteinoglycans li amana le ntho e kopaneng ea lithane tse sebetsanang. Kahoo, a na le masapo, 'mele o matla le' mele oa leihlo. Ka ho kopanya le likhoele tsa collagen le elastin, li fetoha ntho eo ho thoeng ke "connective tis matrix".
Lintho tsena tse sebetsang li koahela bokaholimo bohle ba lisele, ho feta moo, li bapala karolo e kholo phapanyetsanong ea ion, mesebetsi ea ts'ireletso ea mmele, hammoho le phapang ea lisele. Haeba motho a e-na le tlolo e mpe ea motsoako oa lefu la tsoekere, hona ho ka lebisa ho hlaheng ha palo e kholo ea mafu a kotsi.
Ho tsitsisa boemo ba 'mele bo nang le lefu la tsoekere, o hloka ho hlahlojoa khafetsa ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang ke ngaka e nang le boiphihlelo, ho nka meriana e nepahetseng, ho lekola phepo e nepahetseng, le ho latela litaelo tsohle tsa setsebi.
Lipilisi tsa metabolism tse sa amehang ho tsoekere ea lefu la tsoekere: biochemistry
Joalokaha u tseba, insulin le eona e na le phello e ntle ho metabolism ea lipid ho lithane tsa adipose.
E khona ho tsosa motsoako oa mafura a mang a tsoang ho glucose.Mosebetsi o mong oa bohlokoa ke ho thibela ho senyeha ha lipid le ho senyeha ha protheine liseleng tsa mesifa.
Ke ka lebaka leo khaello e kholo ea li-pancreatic hormone e ka lebisang ho ruruheng e sa fetoheng ea metabolic, e atisang ho hlokomeloa ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Boloetse bona bo khona ho ama lits'ebetso tsohle tsa metabolic tse etsahalang 'meleng.
Joalokaha u tseba, ka lefu la tsoekere, metabolism ea lik'habohaedreite e tšoenyeha haholo, e khetholloang ke likarolo tse ling:
- ka matla o fokotseha ho qaleha ha glucokinase, e batlang e nyamela ka botlalo ho sebete. Ka lebaka leo, 'mele o na le khaello e kholo ea glucose-6-phosphate. Liphetho tsa sena ke ho theoha butle ha motsoako oa glycogen,
- ts'ebetso e phahameng ea "glucose-6-phosphatase" e qala ho eketseha, ka hona glucose-6-phosphate e fokotseha ebe e kenella ka har'a plasma ea mali ka mokhoa oa glucose,
- ts'oenyeho e kholo ea metabolic e etsahala - phetoho ea glucose ho mafura e fokotsa lebelo,
- Ho se tsebe ha tsoekere e fetelang ka har'a litho tsa sele ho bonoa,
- tlhahiso ea tsoekere ho tsoa ho lihlahisoa tse ling tsa metabolism tse se nang nama ea kolobe e potlakisa hanghang.
Mathata a amanang le metabolism ea carbohydrate ho mellitus ea lefu la tsoekere a tšoauoa ka sebopeho se fetelletseng le ts'ebeliso e sa lekanang ea glucose ke lisele tse fapaneng tsa 'mele, e hlahisang hyperglycemia.
Joalokaha u tseba, ka lefu la tsoekere, boemo ba tsoekere bo ka fihla maemong a bohlokoa, ka hona ho bohlokoa haholo ho bo laola ka ho sebelisa sesebelisoa se khethehileng kapa ka ofising ea setsebi.
Ho senyeha ha protheine ea lefu la tsoekere ho lefu la tsoekere
Ha se lekunutu la hore mathata a metabolism a tsoekere a ama eseng feela carbohydrate le lipid, empa le metabolism ea protheine.
Joalo ka ha o tseba, ho haella ka matla hoa 'mele oa lihormone tsa pancreas le tšebeliso e mpe ea tsoekere ho ka lebisa ho fokotseha ha komporo ea protheine.
Ts'ebetso ena e sa thabiseng e boetse e tsamaisana le tahlehelo ea naetrojene ke 'mele le tokollo ea potasiamo, e lateloang ke lits'oants'o tsa li-ion tse nang le lihlahisoa tsa litšila.
Tekanyo e sa lekanang ea li-pancreatic hormone e ama ts'ebetso ea lisele, eseng feela ka lebaka la metabolism e senyehileng ea protheine, empa hape ka lebaka la mathata a mang le mathata. Har'a tse ling, khaello ea metsi e lebisa ho seo ho thoeng ke ho omella kahare ho lisele tsa 'mele.
Ho bohlokoa haholo ho hopola hore ha tahlehelo ea metsi e hlaha 'meleng nakong ea lefu la tsoekere, ho tsoela pele ho ntša moroto ho eketsa monyetla oa ho lahleheloa ke potasiamo ka bongata bo boholo. Maemong ana, o lokela ho ikopanya le sepetlele hanghang bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea tšohanyetso.
Hobaneng ha liphoso li le kotsi?
Haeba kamora ho tseba mokuli ea nang le lefu la tsoekere, o ntse a tsoela pele ho phela bophelo bo tloaelo, a ntse a ja lijo tse fosahetseng ", a sebelisa lino tse tahang, a tsuba, a phela bophelo bo sa kopaneleng, a sa etele ngaka ea hae mme a sa tlhatlhobisoa, joale ho mo eketsetsa. kotsi ea ho ba le coma ea hypoglycemic.
Ena ke boemo bo kotsi haholo, bo iponahatsang ka ho fokotseha ho potlakileng ha mahlaseli a glucose. Haeba metabolism e tloaelehileng ea motho e laola lefu la tsoekere, menyetla ea ho ba le lefu lena e fokola.
Empa, leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa ho fokotsa mefuta eohle ea mathata a metabolic ho lefu la tsoekere mellitus, ho bohlokoa ho latela litlhahiso tsohle tsa litsebi tse amanang le bobeli ba ho sebelisa litlhare tse nepahetseng le phepo ea letsatsi le letsatsi.
Ha e le lijo, seo ho thoeng ke tafole ea 9 se loketse bakuli ba lefu la tsoekere.
Leha ho le joalo, ha se linako tsohle tsa ho ja tse loketseng mokuli ea itseng, eo hape e lokelang ho ela hloko ngaka e eang. O lokela ho e etsa hore mokuli e mong le e mong a qobe mathata.
Tlhokahalo e ka sehloohong ea ho etsa phepo ea mokuli ea itseng ke ho shebisisa palo ea litlhoko tsa khalori tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Ho bohlokoa haholo ho fokotsa lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata.
Sena ke nnete haholo bakeng sa dintho tse silang habonolo. Tsena li kenyelletsa tsoekere, bohobe, confectionery, chokolete le lino. Ho bohlokoa hape ho se kenye lijo tse halikiloeng le tse mafura a mangata tse tsoang lijong.
Batho ba bangata ha ba tsebe hore ka lefu la tsoekere u ka ja lijo tse kang meroho, nama e tšoeu, tlhapi e mafura a tlase le lihlahisoa tsa lebese.
Livideo tse amanang
Thuto ea mokhethoa oa mahlale a tsa bongaka mabapi le mathata a metabolic ho lefu la tsoekere:
Ka boteng ba lefu le boletsoeng, o hloka ho ela hloko boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba hau le mokhoa oa hau oa bophelo, o ka tsamaisang lefu lena.
Ho qoba mathata leha e le afe a kotsi, o hloka ho bona ngaka ea hau khafetsa e bonang lefu lena le ho thusa ho le thibela kapa ho le thibela.
Litlhahlobo tsa nako le nako, tlhahlobo, khalemelo ea phepo e nepahetseng, ho etela setsebi, hammoho le ho boloka bophelo bo botle ho tla thusa ho emisa lefu lena.
Ka mokhoa o nang le bokhoni, o ka phela bophelo bo tloaelehileng bo felletseng ntle le lithibelo, tse sa fapaneng le bophelo ba motho ea phetseng hantle. Haeba mokuli a e-na le mofuta oa bobeli oa lefu la tsoekere, ha ho na letho leo u ka le etsang ntle le meriana e khethehileng e fokotsang khatello ea tsoekere, insulin le lithethefatsi tse ling tse fokotsang lipid.
Lefu la Tsoekere |
Lefu la tsoekere ke lefu le rarahaneng la sebopuoa sohle, le khetholloang ke mathata a metabolic, haholo-holo a nang le lik'habohaedreite hape le protheine, mafura, metsi le liminerale.
Lefu la tsoekere le hlaha hangata ka lebaka la khaello ea insulin (pancreatic le extrapancreatic) mme hangata le bonahatsoa ke hyperglycemia le glucosuria, hangata polydipsia, polyuria, ka linako tse ling hyperketonemia le ketonuria.
Khafetsa, lefu la tsoekere le thatafatsoa ke lipontšo tse fapaneng tsa methapo ea methapo, tsamaiso ea methapo ea pelo le litho tse ling.
BOTSOALLE BA FAT LE POLOKO EA BOPHELO
Hyperlipemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperketonemia le ketonuria, hyperazotemia le hyperazoturia. Acidosis
Ho fokotseha hoa bongata ba glycogen ho sebete ho tsoekere ho tsamaisana le ho bokella mafura a mangata ho tsoa lithepeng tsa mafura, hammoho le phetoho ea 'ona sebeteng. Hammoho le mafura, k'holeseterole e boetse e khothalletsoa. Phetoho ena ea mafura le lipoids ho tloha depong ea tsona ho ea ho sebete e etsahala ho tsoa maling mme e baka hyperlipidemia (sebakeng sa 1%, 5-10-20% hangata e fumanoa). Ho kenella ha sebete sa mafura hoa bonoa. Kamanong e haufi le eona le ho putlama ha sebete ka glycogen, ho bonoa hyperketonemia (ketosis). Ka mefuta e matla ea lefu la tsoekere maling, sebakeng sa palo e tloaelehileng ea 'mele oa ketone (10 mg%), keketseho ea palo ea bona (acetoacetic le beta-hydroxybutyric acid le acetone) e fihla ho fihlela 20-25 mg% kapa ho feta. Hyperketonemia ena e hlalosoa ke phetoho e eketsehileng ea 'mele oa ketone ho tloha maling ho ea maling, e leng sephetho se tobileng sa ho kenella ha sebete sa mafura le ho putlama ha glycogen.
Hoa tsebahala hore 'mele ea ketone ke sehlahisoa se mahareng sa ts'ebetso ea ho chesa mafura, e ka thehoa nakong ea ho se sebetse hantle ha liprotheine tse ling.
Bakeng sa oxidation ea bona e felletseng ho carbon dioxide le metsi, ho nka karolo ha lik'habohaedreite le palo e kholo ea oksijene hoa hlokahala.
Karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea acid e nang le mafura e fana ka karoloana e le 'ngoe ea acetoacetic acid (eo ho eona li-acetone le beta-hydroxybutyric acid li seng li entsoe).
Litsebi tse ling tsa endocrinologists li arola tsoekere ho "islet" le "whole", e bakiloeng ke tšenyo ea makhopho a mantle kaofela. Ho lefu la tsoekere la islet, ho na le khaello ea insulin feela, 'me hyperglycemia le glucosuria ha li ratoe ke botenya ba sebete le ketosis.
Ho lefu la tsoekere ka botlalo, ha, ntle le insulin e haella, karolo e 'ngoe e sebetsang ea pancreatic, lipocaine (e hlahisoang ke lisele tsa epithelial tsa ducts tse nyane tsa gland) ha e patiloe, ho kenella ha mafura ho hlaha ka har'a sebete, hobane lipocaine e thibela ho bokellana ha mafura ka har'a sebete mme e eketsa lits'ebetso tsa eona tsa oxidation.
Ntle le moo, lipocaine e boetse e kenya ts'ebetsong phello ea lipotropic (i.e., ho liehisa ho bokellana ha mafura ka har'a sebete) tsa lijo tse itseng (chisi ea cottage, oatmeal le lintho tse ling tse nang le casein, choline, methionine, joalo-joalo).
Kahoo, ha ho sa sebelisoe lipocaine, ho kenella ka mafura ho hlaha maling.
Kamora moo, botenya ba sebete, bo fokotsa mesebetsi ea eona ea ho lokisa glycogen, e lebisang ho fufuleloeng ha lik'habohaedreite tse tsoang phepong ka sebete le ho eketsa mafolofolo a mafura a tsoang litepeng tsa mafura.
Ka hona, ketosis le ho fokotseha ha litaba tsa glycogen ho lefu la tsoekere ha li amanang ka ho toba le pathogenetically le khaello ea insulin. Ba hlaha lekhetlo la bobeli ka ts'abo ea sebete, e ka bang teng ka lebaka la khaello ea lipocaque ea manyeme, joalo ka mafu a mang a mangata.
Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, ha ho na 'mele oa ketone ka har'a moroto. Litopo tsena li hlaha ka ho eona ka hyperketonemia, hobane ka ho eketseha ha bongata ba moroto oa nakoana, ha li sa khutlisoa ka botlalo metsong ea tsona.
Ho "mellitus" ea lefu la tsoekere e sa phekoloang, hyperazotemia e boetse e fumanoa hangata, e le lebaka la ho bokellana hoa mali maling a lihlahisoa tse bolokang nitrogenous tse hlahisoang nakong ea ho phatloha ho matla hoa liprotheine, hobane liphatseng tsa lefu la tsoekere, liprotheine tse tsoang mesifaeng li kenella kahare ho sebete 'me li fetoloa ka bongata ho raliferale. Ts'ebetsong ea ho theha lik'habohaedreite tse tsoang liprotheine, ammonia, urea, li-amino acid li thehoa mme li baka hyperazotemia, eo ka lehlakoreng le leng e lebisang ho hyperazoturia, i.e., keketseho ea tlhahiso ea lintho tsa naetrojene ka moriring. Ho fokotseha ha matla a mmele a ho hanela tšoaetso le ho fokotseha hoa matla a 'mele a ho itšireletsa mafung a lefu la tsoekere ho hlalosoa ke' nete ea hore lits'ebetso tsa metabolic ho litho tsohle le lisele li sitisoa 'meleng oa mokuli.
Ho feta moo, 'mele ea ketone e boetse e sitisa ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea reticuloendothelial, ka tsela eo e fokotsa ts'ireletso ea' mele.
Qetellong, ke batla ho u joetsa: haeba u tobane le ts'oaetso e nyarosang joalo ka "lefu la tsoekere", u se ke oa nyahama, hobane kajeno meriana ea setso e se e le ngata haholo ha e bapisoa le lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, ha lefu la tsoekere e ne e le e 'ngoe ea mafu a kotsi.
Mme leha e le taba ea hore esita le kajeno, bo-rasaense ba ile ba sitoa ho fumana moriana o imollang mokuli oa lefu la tsoekere ka botlalo ka ho etsa likeletso tse nepahetseng tsa litsebi tse nang le boiphihlelo. O ka phela le lefu la tsoekere nako e telele, e monate. Ntho ea bohlokoa ke ho tseba melao e 'maloa ea mantlha (mme e bohlokoa haholo!) Ea ho loants'a lefu la tsoekere.
Ho ithuta haholoanyane ka mekhoa ea taolo ea lefu la tsoekere le ho ithuta ho laola lefu lena hantle, ka kopo ingolisetse sekolo sa rona sa lefu la tsoekere. Sekolo sena sa lefu la tsoekere se na mahala ebile se etselitsoe batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba hlokang ho feta puisano e nang le bokhoni ba endocrinologistempa le tšehetso ea kelello.
Nkholoe, hona ho bohlokoa haholo! Tlatsa feela foromo e tlasa sengoloa sena hore u ingolise sekolong sa lefu la tsoekere. Ke le lakaletsa bophelo bo botle!
Tlohela maikutlo 'me u fumane mpho
Abelana le metsoalle:
Bala haholoanyane ka sehlooho sena:
HO FIHLELA KAMOO MOTSOALLE OA MONTABOLISM LE LIPID METABOLISENG
Ho tsoekere ea lefu la tsoekere, index ea "insulin-glucagon" e fokotsehile. Sena ha se bakoe feela ke ho fokotseha ha secretion ea insulin, empa hape le keketseho ea secretion ea glucagon (insulin inhibits secretion ea glucagon).
Ka lebaka leo, ts'usumetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho boloka thepa e senyeha 'me matla a ho susumetsa pokello ea matla a matlafala, haholo hoo sebete, mesifa, mesifa ea adipose, le kamora ho ja, e sebetsang naheng ea postabsorption (bona sa feiga. 2).
Maemong ana, lihlahisoa tsa tšilo ea lijo, hammoho le li-metabolites tsa tsona, sebakeng sa hore li bolokoe ka mokhoa oa glycogen le mafura, li potoloha maling. Mohlomong, ho isa tekanyong e itseng, lits'ebetso tse theko e phahameng tsa cyclic tse kang glycolysis le gluconeogenesis kapa ho hlophisoa le ho phatloha ha mafura, jj.
Mefuta eohle ea lefu la tsoekere e tšoauoa ka mamello e fokotsehileng ea tsoekere, i.e. hyperglucemia ka mor'a ho ja kapa esita le ka mpeng e se nang letho.
Lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa hyperglucoseemia:
- tšebeliso ea tsoekere ka mesifa le litene tsa adipose e lekantsoe, hobane ha ho na insulin GLUT-4 ha e pepesoe holim'a myocytee le adipocytes.
Ka hona, tsoekere ha e sebelisoe bakeng sa ho boloka mofuta oa glycogen ka har'a mesifa le ka mokhoa oa mafura ho tishu ea adipose,
- ka har'a sebete, tsoekere ha e sebelisoe bakeng sa ho boloka mofuta oa glycogen, kaha ho na le insulin e ngata le "glucagon" glycogen synthase e maemong a sa sebetseng a phosphorylated.
- glucose ha e sebelisoe ka har'a sebete bakeng sa motsoako oa mafura e ka ba: glycolysis le pyruvate dehydrogenase enzymes ha e sebetse, ka hona, phetoho ea glucose ho acetyl CoA, e hlokahalang bakeng sa motsoako oa li-acid tse mafura, e thibetsoe.
- tsela ea gluconeogenesis e kenngoa tšebetsong e ngata ea insulin le tsoekere e phahameng le tlhahiso ea tsoekere e tsoang ho amino acid le glycerol e ka etsahala.
Letšoao le leng le khethollang la lefu la tsoekere ke khatello e eketsehileng maling a lipoprotein (haholo-holo VLDL), mafura acids a mahala, 'me ka holim'a tsohle, ke' mele ea ketone. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore mafura a phepo ha a khelle liseleng tsa adipose, hobane cAMP e itšetlehileng ka adipocyte lipase e ka sebopeho sa phosphorylated (se sebetsang).
Ke ka lebaka leo litaba tsa mafura a mahala li leng maling. Li-acid tse mafura li kenngoa ke sebete, tse ling tsa tsona li fetoloa li-adipocytes hore e be li-triacylglycerols, tse bolokiloeng maling e le karolo ea VLDL.
Karolo e 'ngoe ea acid e mafura e kena tseleng ea β-oxidation ho mitochondria ea sebete,' me ho sebelisoa acetyl-CoA bakeng sa motsoako oa litopo tsa ketone.
LITLHAKU TSE KHOLO (ACUTE COMPLICATIONS) DIABETES JOALOKAHA TSELA YA DITLHAKISO TSA PUSO YA KOTSI
Ho tsoekere ea lefu la tsoekere, ho na le mefuta e meraro ea ho akheha ka ketoacidotic coma e haelloang ke insulin, hyperosmolar coma e haelloang ke insulin, lefu la lactic acidosis le hypoxia e matla, sepsis le pelo. Ntle le moo, ka kalafo ea "insulin", ho ka ba le komello ea hypoglycemic e amanang le tšebeliso e ngata ea insulin. Maemo a mararo a pele a ka hlaha eseng feela ho lefu la tsoekere, empa hape a susumetsoa ke lintho tse ling tse ngata (tse chefo, tse tšoaetsanoang, joalo-joalo).
Mefuta e meraro e kholo ea komisi e batla e le sieo. Ka mehla liponahatso tsa mofuta o fe kapa o fe oa mofuta (hangata hyperosmolar), e fanang ka lebaka la ho totobatsa mefuta e ka sehloohong.
Sesosa se ka sehloohong sa ketoacidosis ke khaello ea insulin: nakong ea komisi, C-peptide le immunoreactive insulin (IRI) maling ha e fumanoe. Hyperglycemia e lula e bonoa (20-30 mmol / l, ka linako tse ling le ho feta).
Acidosis ho tsoekere ea lefu la tsoekere ke sesosa sa ho bokellana ha acid ea 'mele:' mele ea ketone, hammoho le lactate le pyruvate.
Ho bokellana ha 'mele ea ketone ho fihla ho 2 mmol / ml (makhetlo a 200 ho feta se tloaelehileng), ha e eketsehe feela ka lebaka la motsoako sebeteng, empa hape hobane tlhahiso ea' mele ea ketone e fokotseha ka lebaka la oliguria le anuria, hangata e etsahalang ka komello. Ho fokotseha ha mali pH ho isa ho 7 le tlase (tloaelo 7.4) ho lula ho bonoa.
Ho felloa ke metsi 'meleng: Ho haella ha metsi ho ka ba 10% ea boima ba' mele kaofela.Palo ea mokelikeli o potolohang e fokotseha ka 25-30%, ho fella ka ho fokotseha ha khatello ea mali.
Oksijene le tlala ea tlala ea myocardium, ho fokotseha ha molumo oa mali ho lebisa ho hloleha hoa pelo le pelo. Ho eketseha hoa mali ho eketseha ha mali, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho nyekeloa ke lefu la pelo, ho otloa ke lefutso, ho ruruha ha methapo.
Letsoalo la lefu la tsoekere le hlaha butle butle ka matsatsi a 'maloa, ka linako tse ling le ka hlaha ka lihora tse' maloa.
Ho na le ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho hlatsa, litšobotsi tsa sefahleho li hapuoe, mahlo a ntse a thella, ho se tsotelle tikoloho hoa eketseha, ho tepella ho feteletseng, ho fetoha komello e tebileng (ho felloa ke tsebo ka botlalo, ho haelloa ke matla a kelello, molora oa mesifa, jj). Kamoreng eo mokuli a leng ho eona, monko oa acetone o utloahala.
Khatello ea mali e fokotsehile, oliguria kapa anuria e batla e bonoa kamehla.
Ho ba le lefu la tsoekere ho hloka hore ho nkuoe mehato e latelang hang hang: 1) ho felisoa ha insulin ka ho tsamaisa insulin ho litheko tse netefatsang phokotso ea butle-butle mokhoeng oa tsoekere maling maling ho ea boemong bo haufi le bo tloaelehileng, 2) ho khutlisetsoa 'mele' meleng ka ente ea fluid, 3) ho khutlisoa ha motsoako o tloaelehileng oa letsoai mmele ka ho hlahisa tharollo e loketseng ea letsoai; 4) tsosoloso ea mehloli ea "glycogen" 'meleng.
Lipontšo tsa komisi hangata li tlosoa matsatsing a 2-3 ka kalafo e tsoelang pele, mme kalafo ka lihora tsa pele e bohlokoa ho mokuli.
Pele ho nts'etsopele ea kalafo ea insulin ea lefu la tsoekere, bakuli ba ile ba hlokahala nakoana kamora hore lefu le qale ho tsoa ho lefu la lefu la tsoekere. Leha ho le joalo, hajoale, komisi hangata e shejoa.
Haholo-holo, ponahatso ea pele ea lefu lena ho 15-30% ea linyeoe li tsamaea le ketoacidosis le komisi. Ho bolaoa ke lefu la tsoekere ho lula ho le phahameng - ho tloha ho 1 ho isa ho 30%.
Sesosa se ka sehloohong sa lefu ho bakuli ba lefu la tsoekere ke mathata a morao-rao.
PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION KE E 'NGOE EA LITLHAKISO TSA BOPHELO
Mathata a morao-rao a lefu la tsoekere a amahanngoa le ho senyeha ha methapo ea mali (diabetic angiopathies). Mochine o ka sehloohong oa ho senya lithane - glycation (glycosylation) ea liprotheine - ke motsoako o se nang enzymatic oa tsoekere e nang le lihlopha tsa mahala tsa amino ea protheine (Lys, Arg, N-terminal amino acid):
Qalong, mefuta e sa tsitsang ea mohono oa aldimine, e ka fetohang metsoako e meng e mengata e tsitsitseng ("lihlahisoa tsa glycosylation"). Ho utloisisoa hore mesebetsi ea protheine e kanna ea senyeha ka lebaka la liphetoho litheolelo tsa molek'hule ea protheine, conformation ea eona, kapa ho thibela setsi se sebetsang.
Glycosylation ke karabelo e liehang: liprotheine tse fokolang feela tse fumanehang liseleng tsa batho ba phetseng hantle. Ka hyperglycemia, karabelo e potlakisa haholo. Mohlala, ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere boemong ba hyperglycemia, litaba tsa e 'ngoe ea li-hemoglobin tsa glycosylated - HbAlc - li eketseha ka makhetlo a 2-3 nakong ea libeke tse 2-3.
Tekanyo ea glycosylation ea liprotheine tse fapaneng ha e tšoane, haholo-holo ho ipapisitsoe le sekhahla sa ntlafatso ea protheine ena. Ka har'a liprotheine tse fetohang butle, lihlopha tsa amino tse fetotsoeng haholoanyane lia bokellana.
Ntle le moo, liphetoho tse ling tsa masalla a carbohydrate li etsahala liprotheine tse joalo: phetiso ea sebopeho, phetoho ea oxidative, e lebisang ho hlahisoeng ha lihlahisoa tsa "lihlahisoa tsa glycosylation" tsa morao-rao, hangata li le sootho, fluorescent, 'me tse ling tsa tsona li na le ts'ebetso e phahameng le bokhoni ba ho senya. liprotheine, ho kenyelletsa sebopeho sa khokahano pakeng tsa limolek'hule tsa protheine. Li-protein tse fetohang hanyane ka hanyane li kenyelletsa liprotheine tse ngata tsa sebopeho sa lisele tse sebetsanang, matrix a pakeng tsa methapo, likarolo tse ka tlase.Ntle le moo, liprotheine tsa likarolo tsena li ikama ka kotloloho le mokelikeli oa li-interellular, moo khatello ea tsoekere e lekanang le maling (liseleng hangata e tlase haholo ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea glucose lits'ebetsong tsa metabolic). Ka meaho ena, BCPs e bokellana ka lilemo, mme ho bokellana ho potlakile haholo ho lefu la tsoekere mellitus.
Liprotheine tsa BCP li ka tsamaisoa ka matla ke li-macrophages (ka ho nka karolo ha li-receptor tsa BCP) kapa li-systemellular proteinolytic ka ho etsoa ha li-peptide tsa BCP, hangata tse ka bang masala a 30 a amino acid ka bolelele. Liprotheine tsa PPG, haholo-holo tse hlahisoang ke hydrolysis ea bona, li-peptide tsa PPG, li kena maling.
Pherekano ea li-peptide tsa PPG maling e nyoloha haholo ka ho se sebetse hantle ha liphiolo tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsa lefu la tsoekere.
Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore ho felisoa ha li-peptide tsa PPG ho etsahala ka ho nka karolo ha liphio: Li-peptide tsa PPG li tlhotiloe ka glomeruli, e nchafalitsoe ke lisele tsa projuli tse ngata, 'me li kenelletse kahara lysosomes tsa lisele tsena.
Litekong tsa litoeba, ho ile ha bontšoa hore ho hlahisoa ha liprotheine tsa PPG maling ho lebisa ho kopaneng ho kopaneng ha liprotheine tsena ho liprotheine tsa matrix tse amanang le lisele tse ngata le ponahalo ea mathata a sebopeho le tšebetso a ts'oanang le a fumanoang ho lefu la tsoekere la mellitus.
BCPs e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea mefuta-futa ea likokoana-hloko: li eketsa sekhahla sa lisele tsa endothelial, li tlama li-receptors tsa macrophages, lisele tsa endothelial le mesangial, activate macrophages ho secrete cytokines (receptor tseleng), li thibela ho thehoa ha NO le ho thibela ho eketseha ha methapo ea methapo, le ho eketsa oxidation ea LDL. Maling a bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, lithibela-mafu tse thibelang li-peptide tsa PPG li fumanoa.
Lisosa le mochine oa mathata a metabolism ea lipid
Lefu la tsoekere mellitus (DM) ke lefu ha makhopho a sitoa ho amohela, ho sebetsa le ho sebelisa glucose 'meleng, ke hore, taolo ea insulin ea mesebetsi ea sele e senyeha. Ka lebaka la lefu lena, batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba na le mathata a mangata a metabolic, ao, 'me a lebisa ho li-pathologies tse fapaneng le kotsi e eketsehileng ea lefu. E 'ngoe ea mathata a bohlokoahali ke "lipid metabolism" (dyslipidemia), eo ho latela lipalo-palo e fumanoang ho batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere la 50-90%.
Lipids ke mafura a hlahisoang ka har'a sebete hape a kena 'meleng ka lijo. Kaha lipids li qalile mafura, hona ho bolela hore li qhibilihile hampe ka metsing, ka hona, maling.
Ho motho ea phetseng hantle, lisele tsa sebete li nka tsoekere ntle le tšitiso ea letho. Ho senya tlhahiso ea insulin ho baka ho lieha ho hlahiseng hexokinase (enzyme bakeng sa oxidation ea tsoekere), e sitisang ho kenngoa ha limolek'hule tsa tsoekere. Khaello ea insulin, e ts'oaroang ke biosynthesis ea enzymes, e senya metabolism ea protheine, e bakang pherekano lits'ebetsong tsa ho senyeha ha mafura (ho potlakisa mafura).
Hape, ka ho fokotseha ha sekhahla sa tlhahiso ea mafura acid le li-triacylglycerols, boemo ba 'mele oa ketone bo eketseha. Ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere Mofuta oa 1 (Ho itšetleha ka insulin - makhopho a makhopho ha a hlahise kapa ho etsa insulin ka bongata bo sa lekaneng), dyslipidemia ha e tloaelehe ebile ha e hlahisoe ho feta ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekereMofuta oa bobeli (e hananang le insulin - insulin e hlahisoa ka bongata bo lekaneng kapa bo eketsehile, empa lisele tsa 'mele li lula li sa nahanele li-hormone).
Lipids le lipid metabolism, tse hlalositsoeng videong ee:
Kotsi ea khaello ea lipid ho lefu la tsoekere ke eng?
Ho se sebetse hantle ha lipid ho tsoekere ho tsoekere ho bakang maemo a latelang a ts'ebetso:
- ketosis le mafura a mafura,
- keketseho ea bophahamo ba mokokotlo,
- keketseho ea cholesterol ea mali,
- lefu la gallstone
- botenya
- mosebetsi o sa sebetseng oa renal,
- khatello e phahameng ea mali
- ho ba teng ha lesapo la letlalo le tsepameng leieng le bonoheng,
- ho hloka matla a ho hanyetsa mafu a tšoaetsanoang,
- furunculosis,
- atherosulinosis
- atrophy ea methapo ea kutlo,
- ho koaheloa ke marang-rang a makhopho.
Mefuta ea mathata a metabolism ea lipid
Mefuta e latelang ea mathata a metabolism ea lipid e khetholloa:
- ea mantlha (e hlahileng) - bofokoli ba lefutso bo hlahileng ka lebaka la phetoho kapa phetiso ea lefa e tsoang ho e mong oa batsoali,
- bobeli - e hlaha ka lebaka la mafu a mang,
- alimentary - e hlaha ka bophelo bo sa lokang (mathata a ho nona haholo, ho ja mafura a mangata, ho haelloa ke phepo e nepahetseng, tšebeliso e mpe ea joala, ho tsuba, ho se sebetse hantle).
Ts'oaetso
Kaha dyslipidemia e tšoauoa ka taba e eketsehang ea triglycerides le cholesterol maling, endocrinologist e fana ka liteko tse khethehileng tsa laboratori tse bonts'ang setšoantšo sa ho fufuleloa le ho se sebetse hantle ha mafura.
E 'ngoe ea mefuta ea tlhatlhobo e hlokahalang ke boemo ba lipid, bo kenyang matšoao a 4 a bohlokoa ao lingaka li itšetlehileng ho ona bakeng sa kalafo e eketsehileng (cholesterol e felletseng), "good" cholesterol (HDL), "mpe" cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides).
Ho hlahlojoa ha lipids tsa mali ho bakuli ba lefu la tsoekere ba baholo ho etsoa hang ka selemo. Ho kenyelletsa nts'etsopele ea methapo ea methapo ea pelo, ho kgothaletswa ho buisana le setsebi sa pelo le, haeba ho hlokahala, ho etsa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng.
Hopola hore ho leka-lekana ha lipid ho tlasa leihlo le lecha.
Phekolo le thibelo
Ho fokotsa mathata a metabolism ea lipid ho lefu la tsoekere, ho bohlokoa ho latela litlhahiso tsohle tsa lingaka tsa endocrinologist. Mehato ena hape ke tšireletso e ntle ea mathata a lipid a lefu la tsoekere.
Ka lefu lena, metabolism ea lipid e ka khalemeloa hanghang. Tšusumetso e etselitsoe:
- Phetoho Mokhoa oa bophelo oa mokuli,
- kalafo ya ho ja
- ho nwa meriana.
Mokhoa oa bophelo le phepo e nepahetseng
Liphetoho tsa mokhoa oa bophelo li kenyelletsa:
- Lijo tse lokelang ho kenyelletsa lijo tse lenngoeng habonolo (litsebi tsa endocrinologists li eletsa ho boloka bukana ea lijo moo mokuli a tlalehang lijo tse jeoang le tse tahiloeng ka letsatsi),
- ho tlohela joala le ho tsuba,
- ho fokotsa boima ba mokuli,
- Ho ikoetlisa
- tloaelehileng boemo ba kelello psychoemotional.
Lijo ke boemo ba pele le ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa kalafong ea mofuta leha e le ofe oa lefu la tsoekere.
Pele ho tsohle, lik'habohaedreite li lekanyelitsoe ho 50-60% ea lihlahisoa tsohle tsa khalori tsa lihlahisoa tsohle tsa lijo. Lihlahisoa tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse tlotsitsoeng li felisoa lijong. Li nkeloa sebaka ke meroho, lijo-thollo, bohobe bo bosootho, litapole le tse ling, tseo boholo ba tsona bo khethiloeng ke ngaka.
Ha ho amohelehe ho kenyelletsa mafura ka botlalo lijong, empa ha ea lokela ho feta 25% ea khalori eohle ea lijo. U lokela ho khetha lihlahisoa tse kenyeletsang mafura a sa koahelang: peo ea folaxe le soneblomo, sesame, linaoa, linate, avocados, salmon, salmon, shrimp. Nakong ea lefu lena le mpefatsa, ho khothalletsoa ho tlohela botoro ka ho felletseng.
Liprotheine li nka karolo ea 20 lekholong ea likhalase tsa lijo. Sebakeng ka seng, litšobotsi tsa ketsahalo ea lefu, boima ba 'mele ba mokuli, ho ba teng kapa ho se be teng ha botenya, mofuta oa ts'ebetso (litšenyehelo tsa matla) li nkuoa hloko.
Ho hlokahala li-vithamine tse lekaneng tsa lijo, haholo li-vithamine tsa sehlopha sa B le vithamine C. Lijo tse jang lijo tsa hoseng bakeng sa 25% ea likhalori tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, bakeng sa lijo tsa hoseng tsa bobeli - 10%, bakeng sa lijo tsa mots'eare - 35%, bakeng sa tee ea mantsiboea - 10%, le lijong tsa mantsiboea - 20%. Bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere mellitus, indasteri ea lijo e hlahisa lihlahisoa tse khethehileng tse se nang lik'habohaedreite tse bonolo tse tsoang habonolo: liswiki tsa tsoekere, bohobe, likuku, lisoseji, jj.
Ka tlhahiso ea ngaka, ho bohlokoa ho phekola libakeng tsa phomolo, hammoho le kalafo ea 'mele, ho kenyelletsa boikoetliso ba hoseng, ho tsamaea, ho ikoetlisa ka matsoho, yoga, ho sesa, le khatello ea maikutlo butle-butle.
Nako e ntle ea thuto ea 'mele ke lihora tse 1-2 ka mor'a lijo, ha tsoekere e maling e nyoloha.
Ho fihlela phello ea kalafo, ho ikoetlisa ho lokela ho ba letsatsi le letsatsi, eseng ho khathala mme ho lokela ho rereloa ka lihora tse itseng.
Ka ho se sebetse hantle hoa kalafo ea ho ja le ho lokisa mekhoa ea bophelo, phekolo ea lithethefatsi e hokahane. Ngaka e eang teng e fana ka litlhare tse hlokahalang ho theola cholesterol 'meleng. Phekolo ea mantlha e ka tlatselletsoa ka litlatsetso tse nang le bioloji tsa taurine, tse amang hantle ho tloaelehileng ha lipid le metabolism ea metabolic le kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere ka kakaretso.
Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse fokotsang lipid ha ho na maemo ha e bolele ho tloheloa ha kalafo e seng ea lithethefatsi. Ho fapana le hoo, phekolo leha e le efe e tla sebetsa haeba e ka lateloa. Kaha litsebi li re lefu la tsoekere, haholo-holo mofuta oa 2, ke bokuli.
Kajeno, ho na le lihlopha tse 'maloa tse ka sehloohong tsa lithethefatsi: satin (Atorvastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, jj), li-antioxidants, nicotinic acid le li-derivatives tsa eona, li-latrate. Li fapana ka mekhoa ea ts'ebetso, katleho, litla-morao, li-contraindication bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea dyslipidemia.
Lihlopheng tse ka sehloohong tsa lithethefatsi tse sebelisetsoang ho phekola mathata a metabolism ea lipid:
Sehlopha sa litlhare | LDL | Khaled | HDL | Maikutlo |
Maemo | Theoha ho 20-55% | Phokotso ho 15-35% | Keketseho ho 3-15% | Thibelo ea nts'etsopele ea atherosulinosis. Phello e netefalitsoeng ea lithibelo tsa mantlha. |
Fibrate | Phokotso ho 5-20% | Phokotso ho 20-50% | Keketseho ho 5-20% | Ngoliso e ntlafalitsoeng ea li-apoprotein tsa HDL le lintlha tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho khutlisa khoholeho ea cholesterol. Lintho tse khahlano le ho ruruha. Tsamaiso e ts'oanang ea gemfibrozil e amahanngoa le boemo bo eketsehileng ba myopathy ha u sebelisa li-statins. |
Li -ququitors tsa bile acid | Phokotso ho isa ho 10-15% | Theoha ho 0-10% | Keketseho ho 35% | Keketseho ea li-triglycerites. Ts'ebeliso ea sehlopha sena sa lithethefatsi hangata e fokotsoa ke ho se mamelle kemiso ea lijo. |
Niacin | Phokotso ho 15-20% | Phokotso ho 20-50% | Keketseho ho 15-35% | Ke setlhare se sebetsang sa ho eketsa lipoprotein (a), se na le phello e ntle setšoantšong sa kliniki le thibelo ea atherosulinosis. |
Ezetimibe | Phokotso ho 15-20% | Theoha ho 0-10% | Keketseho ho 0-5% | Cholesterol absorption inhibitor. |
Oli ea tlhapi | Phokotso ho 3-5% | Phokotso ho 30-40% | Ha ho na phetoho | E sebelisoa haholo ho bakuli ba nang le hypertriglyceridemia. |
Motsoako oa batho
Ntle le moo, kalafo e nang le litlhare tsa batho e lumelloa, empa ke feela ka mor'a ho buisana pele le ngaka e tlang.
Litokisetso tsa litlama li ka jeoa nako e telele haholo. Ho lemalla bona ha e le hantle ha ho etsahale. Leha ho le joalo, nako ea kalafo ha ea lokela ho feta matsatsi a 20-25, ka nako eo o lokela ho phomola. Hape, kopanya litlhare tse fapaneng tsa litlama. Phekolo e lokela ho qala ka litekanyetso tse nyane.
Har'a lisebelisoa tse sebetsang ka ho fetisisa le tse tummeng ke tse latelang:
- Stevia - monate oa tlhaho oa tlhaho eo e seng nama ea nama ea kolobe. E kenyelletsa li-glycosides, vithamini A, C, E, lihlopha tsa anti, li-antioxidants, liminerale (phosphorous, potasiamo, magnesium, zinki, koporo, chromium, selenium, jj.) Lithuto tsa kliniki li bontša hore stevia e tloaelehileng maemo a tsoekere ea mali hantle. . Ka lebaka lena, e na le thuso mathateng a metabolic ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere. Le ha e sebelisoa ka nako e telele, stevia e monate. Boithuto ba morao-rao bo bonts'a hore ha u ntse u nka stevia, ho na le phokotseho ea khatello ea tsoekere maling, mabota a likepe a a matlafala.
Chaena, ho World Symposium, moo ho neng ho buisanoa ka mathata a nako e telele le lefu la tsoekere, ho ile ha phatlalatsoa hore Stevia e nkuoa e le e 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tsa bohlokoahali.
Ela hloko - semela sena se chefo.Bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea kahare, e nkuoa ekaba karolo ea tee ea meriana, kapa matlapeng.
Mehlala e meng ea litefiso tse sebelisitsoeng kalafong bakeng sa ho holofala ha methapo ea lipid ho lefu la tsoekere:
Sebopeho | Ho pheha | Sesebelisoa le litekanyetso |
1 thispone ea makhasi a blueberry, herb galega officinalis, dioica nettle. | Tšela lilithara tse 0,3 tsa metsi a belang mme u belise metsotso e 15. Kamora ho tsitlella metsotso e 5, sefa khatello. | Li-tablespoon tse 3 tsa infusion makhetlo a 3-4 ka letsatsi metsotso e 25. pele o ja. |
1 tbsp. l makhasi a blueberry, dandelion, herb galega officinalis. | Tšela 300 ml ea metsi a belang mme u belise metsotso e ka bang 5. Fokotsa tharollo. | Noa 100 g makhetlo a 2-3 ka letsatsi metsotso e 20. pele ho lijo. |
Thispone e le 1 ea makhasi a maholo a limela, makhasi a blueberry, makhasi a dioica nettle, le makhasi a dandelion. | 1 tbsp. l pokello tšela kopi e 1 ea a phehile metsi, pheha bakeng sa metsotso e 2-3., tsitlella metsotso e 10-15., khatello. | Noa senoelo sa 1/2 ka metsotso e 20. Makhetlo a 3-4 ka letsatsi pele ho lijo. |
Khaba e 1 ea lijalo tsa pere, joang ba nonyana ea thaba, makhasi a fragola e hlaha. | 1 thispone ea pokello tšela kopi e 1 ea a phehile metsi, pheha bakeng sa metsotso e 3-5, tsitlella metsotso e 10-15, strain. | Ho latela 1 tbsp. l ka metsotso e 20-30 Makhetlo a 3-4 ka letsatsi pele ho lijo. |
Ho latela 2 tbsp. l lingonberry makhasi, makhasi a blueberry, herb galega officinalis, 1 tbsp. l makhapetla a makhapetla a makhapetla a makhasi a birch. | Grola makhapetla a sefate sa makhapetla ebe u pheha metsotso e 20. ka 200 ml ea metsi, 'me u tšollele likarolo tse setseng tsa pokello le 300 ml ea metsi a belang, pheha metsotso e 3, ebe u kopanya. | Noa kopi e le 1/3 letsatsi le letsatsi pele ho lijo. |
Ho latela 1 tbsp. l makhasi a walnut, makhasi a peppermint, mohloa oa nonyana ea limela, herb galega officinalis. | 1 thispone ea pokello tšela kopi e 1 ea a phehile metsi, pheha bakeng sa metsotso e 2-3., Mathata. | 1/3 senoelo makhetlo a 3 ka letsatsi pele ho lijo bakeng sa metsotso e 15-20. |
Kopi e 1 ea stigmas ea poone, sehla se khotsoeng, khaba e le 'ngoe ea lipalesa tse sa tsitsang, 2 tbsp. l makhasi a blueberry. | 1 tbsp. l pokello tšela 300 di ml ea metsi a belang, pheha bakeng sa metsotso e 3-5., Tsitlella bakeng sa hora e le 1, khatello. | 1/3 senoelo makhetlo a 3 ka letsatsi ka mor'a lijo. |
Khaba e le 1 ea makhasi a mamawort, khaba e 1 ea sessert ea makhasi a fragola e hlaha, thispone e le 'ngoe ea makhasi a amora. | 1 tbsp. l bokella tšela kopi e 1 ea a phehile metsi, pheha bakeng sa metsotso e 3-5., Tsitlella bakeng sa hora e le 1, khatello. | Tablespoons tse 2 makhetlo a 3 ka letsatsi ka mor'a lijo. |
Bakeng sa khaba ea makhasi a birch a tšoeu, litholoana tse khubelu tsa hawthorn, makhasi a tee ea meno, sinamone rose lethe, makhasi a peppermint, Veronica officinalis herb, 6 tbsp. l joang bo bohareng ba lekholo, 2 tbsp. l Motsoako oa “burdock”, joang, mamawort-bladed a mahlano, khaba e 1 ea sessert ea li-rhizomes e nang le metso ea licorice e se nang letho, motso oa chicory. | Mantsiboea a mang le a mang, tšela likhaba tse 2 tsa pokello ka har'a thermos (1 / litha e le ngoe), tšela metsi a belang a "pholile". | Letsatsing le hlahlamang nka infusion ka foromo e futhumetseng ho litekanyetso tse 3 tse arotsoeng metsotso e 20. pele ho lijo. |
Ho latela 4 tbsp. l makhasi a blueberry, makhasi a peppermint, likhaba tse 2 tsa makhapetla a linaoa, lilitha tse 3 tsa setlama sa lipalesa tsa limela. | Li-tablespoons tse peli tsa pokello ea tšela litha e le nngwe tsa metsi a belang, tlohela metsotso e 30. | Noa lino-mapholi tse 3-4. |
Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea metabolism ea lipid ho lefu la tsoekere e etsoa ha feela phekolo ea phepo le khalemelo ea bophelo e sa tlise litholoana tse nepahetseng. Leha ho le joalo, e tlatselletsoa ka tlatsetso ea bioloji e sebetsang ka litaba tse phahameng tsa taurine, e amang hantle matla a kalafo ea lefu la tsoekere.