Li-cholesterol li tsoa ho eng?

1. Li-acid tsa bohlokoa
2. Lihormone tsa Steroid
3. Vitamin D
4. Melemo ea ntho eo
5. Karolo ea lihlahisoa tsa cholesterol tlhahisong ea lisele tsa boko

Ka lilemo tse ngata o sa sebetsane ka katleho le CHOLESTEROL?

Hlooho ea Setsi: “U tla makala hore na ho bonolo hakae ho theola cholesterol ka ho e nka letsatsi le letsatsi.

Bo-rasaense ba kholisehile hore lintho tse tsoang ho k'holeseterole e le 'ngoe li lokela ho tsotelloa ka hloko. Li matlafatsa sesole sa 'mele ea motho' me li sireletsa khahlanong le litlamorao tse mpe tsa likokoana-hloko tse kotsi. Lintho tsena li thibela nts'etsopele ea mafu a mangata a bolaeang. Mehloli ea k'holeseterole e kenyelletsa li-acids tsa bile.

Bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ho tsena ke cholic acid. Ena ke karolo ea mantlha ea bile. Lintho tse ling tse tsoang ho cholesterol ha li ithutoe ka botlalo: thepa ea cholestanos e tsejoa ka botlalo. Ke ea sehlopha sa li-steroid. Cholestanos e bokellana metsong ea adrenal.

Babali ba rona ba sebelisitse Aterol ka katleho ho theola cholesterol. Ha re bona sehlahisoa sena se tsebahala, re nkile qeto ea ho e ela hloko.

Li-acid tsa bohlokoa

Cholesterol e feta le oxidation, ka hona, metsoako ea steroid e thehoa. Mokhoa oa mantlha oa bile o hlaha ho sebete. Lithako tsa cholesterol li kenyelletsa cholic, chenodeoxycholic acid. Tse ling tsa tsona li na le bile ka mokhoa oa letsoai. Ka lebaka la li-acid acid, lipids tsa phepo li entsoe.

Ha duct ea bile e koetsoe, sebopeho sa bile sea senyeha, ka lebaka lena hypovitaminosis e hlaha (ho na le khaello ea livithamini 'meleng). Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore ka li-pathologies tsa bile duct, ho monya livithamini tse sa qhibilihang ha bonolo ho thata.

Lihormone tsa Steroid

Li-hormone tse tsoang ho cholesterol ke life? Mefuta e mehlano ea lihormone tsa steroid e khetholloa. Ba laola lits'ebetso tsa mantlha 'meleng.

Progesterone ea hlokahala bakeng sa mohopolo: ka lebaka la eona, lehe le entsoe. Hoa hlokahala bakeng sa nts'etsopele e lumellanang ea lesea. Glucocorticoids e hatella mekhoa ea ho ruruha 'meleng.
Li-mineralocorticoids li boloka letsoai le lekaneng la metsi 'meleng: ha le haella, khatello ea mali ea motho e theoha haholo.

Lihormone tsa Steroid li leka ho ntlafatsa metabolism. Hona joale, le tsona li ntse li fumanoa ka maiketsetso. Lintho tse tlisoang ke cholesterol maemong a bona a matle ha li tlase ho ba tlatselletsang tlholehong.

E boetse e bua ka tse tsoang ho cholesterol. Ntho ena e thusa ho monya calcium, ho hlokahalang bakeng sa sebopeho sa masapo a motho, ho eketsa ho hanyetsa ha 'mele ho livaerase.

Vithamine le lihlahisoa tsa eona ha li lahleheloe ke thepa ea tsona nakong ea kalafo ea mocheso ea lihlahisoa tse nang le lintho tsena.

Melemo ea ntho eo

E thibela ho hlaha ha mofets'e, e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea boko.

Vitamin D le lintho tse tsoang ho eona li sebelisetsoa ho phekola lefu la tsitsipano ea methapo. Ka lebaka la bona, tsamaiso ea methapo ea motho ea matlafatsoa. Ka lebaka la ho haella ha lintho tsena ho bana, li-rickets lia etsahala. Ho batho ba baholo, ka lebaka la ho hloka vithamine, ho phela hantle ho mpefala, ho tepella hoa eketseha, ho robala hoa khathatseha. Ka hona, phepo e nepahetseng e lokela ho ba e leka-lekaneng.

Karolo ea lihlahisoa tsa cholesterol tlhahisong ea lisele tsa boko

Lingaka tsa Sweden tse sebetsang Setsing sa Carolina li bontšitse hore li-cholesterol tse tsoang ho bohlokoa ho boloka mesebetsi e mengata ea boko. Ba lumela hore lisele tse nang le "dopamine ea hormone" li tlameha ho etsoa ka maiketsetso.

Liphetho tsa cholesterol li thibela kholo e matla ea lisele tsa bakoang, palo ea li-dopamine neurons ho tsona ea eketseha. Ho sibolloa hona e fetohile phetoho. Bakuli ba Parkinson ba fumane tšepo ea ho hlaphoheloa.

Litsebi tsa kelello li na le bonnete ba hore haufinyane o tla khona ho fetisetsa lisampole tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso sebakeng sa lisele tse senyehileng tsa boko. Ena e tla ba mokhoa o mocha oa ho phekola maloetse a boko.

K'holeseterole e tloaelehileng ho basali ka mor'a lilemo tse 40

• Mefuta e fapaneng ea k'holeseterole maling
• K'holeseterole e tloaelehileng bakeng sa basali ba kaholimo ho lilemo tse 40
• Matšoao le lisosa tsa cholesterol e phahameng ho basali kamora 40
• Hypercholesterolemia kalafo

Tloaelo ea cholesterol ho basali kamora 40 ke lipalo tsa mantlha tseo ka tsona liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea mali li bapisoang ho mokuli ofe kapa ofe oa lilemo ke ngaka ea lehae kapa ngaka ea lelapa. Hobane ke ha a le lilemo tse mashome a mane moo premenopause e qalang - tlhahiso ea estrogens, eo pele e neng e hlahisitse "monyetla" o mong oa basali mme e tlatselletsang ho dikahare tsa k'holeseterole e tlase ha li bapisoa le banna, butle-butle lia fokotseha.

Ha ba se ba fetile mothating ona oa lilemo, basali ha baa lokela ho makala ha, hammoho le ho fetisetsoa tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea mali, ba tla fumana tumellano ea tlhahlobo ea biochemical ea lipid parameter. Tlhahlobo ena e bitsoa profid ea lipid kapa profid ea lipid (boemo). Haeba, ka lebaka la tlhahlobo, ho kheloha lintlha tse ngata tse sa tloaelehang moelelong, haholo-holo molemong oa keketseho, tlhahlobo ea ngaka ea lefu la pelo le ngaka ea methapo ea kutlo li tlamehile.

Mefuta e fapaneng ea k'holeseterole maling

Mmele oa motho ka boeena o hlahisa 80% ea cholesterol eo e e hlokang ho theha li-membrane tsa sele, metabolism e tloaelehileng, synthetic ea lihormone, li-acid acid le vithamine D. Karolo e setseng ea 20% e lokela ho fumanoa ka lijo. Mafura ana kaofela, le tse hlophisitsoeng sebeteng le tse nkoang lijong, li na le sebopeho se fapaneng 'me li ka ba "hantle" kapa "mpe".

Ha o fumane profid ea lipid matsohong a hau, o ka bona matšoao a latelang:

• LDL (beta-lipoproteins) ke lipoprotein tse fokolang haholo. Ke mohloli bakeng sa sebopeho sa methapo ea methapo ea methapo, ka hona ba amohetse lebitso "hampe".

• HDL (alpha lipoprotein) - lipoprotein tse phahameng haholo. Li nkuoa li "lokile" hobane li thusa ho tlosa cholesterol e ngata liseleng tsa 'mele.
• Triglycerides ke mefuta e ikhethileng ea lik'hemik'hale e fumanoang mefuteng ea phepo kapa e entsoe 'meleng ho tsoa ho lik'habohaedreite. E kentsoe liseleng tsa mafura ebile e sebelisoa ha ho hlokahala matla a mangata. Keketseho e bohale e baka pancreatitis.
• OXS ke cholesterol e felletseng. Ke kakaretso ea HDL le LDL. Ka tloaelo, 60-70% ea cholesterol e felletseng ke LDL.

Ho elelloa. Nakong ea ho hlakoloa ha boemo ba lipid, ntho e mpe le ho feta hase keketseho, empa ho fokotseha (!) Ho HDL. Ka boleng bo phahameng ba triglycerides, boemo ba LDL bohlahlobisong bo fosahetse, 'me boleng ba eona bo nkeloa sebaka ke letšoao le ikhethang "e seng HDL" = OXC - HDL.

K'holeseterole e tloaelehileng ho basali ba ka holimo ho 40

WHO e buella ka molao hore banna le basali, ho qala ba le lilemo li 20, ba etse tlhahlobo ea k'holeseterole hang ka mor'a lilemo tse hlano. Leha ho le joalo, e le ho araba ka nako le ho thibela ho kenella ha li-atherosulinotic likepeng le nts'etsopele ea lefu la pelo, esita le basali ba phetseng hantle ka mor'a lilemo tse 40 ba khothalletsoa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea biochemical ea venous ea mali bakeng sa cholesterol bonyane hang ka selemo.

Ho khetholla ts'oaetso, tlhahlobo e eketsehileng ea mali ea biochemical (li-enzymes, lihormone, protheine e sebetsang) le lithuto tse sebetsang tsa litho tsa ka hare li ka laeloa.

Matšoao le lisosa tsa cholesterol e phahameng ho basali kamora 40

Kantle, cholesterol e phahameng le e tlase ha e bonts'e matšoao a sebopeho. Leha ho le joalo, matšoao a sa tobang a boemo bo phahameng bo neng bo tšoere nako e telele e ka ba bohloko pelong le / kapa boima maotong.

Tloaelo ea k'holeseterole ea mali ho basali kamora lilemo tse 40 e ka ba holimo ka mabaka a latelang:

• boleng bo tsitsitseng ba khatello ea mali kaholimo ho 140/90,
• pathology ea methapo ea mali
• mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa lefu la tsoekere
• ts'ebetso ea qoqotho e fokotsehile,
• lefu la sebete la liphio,
• kholo ea li-hormone,
• gout
• anorexia mothosa
• ho lula u lutse feela, ho ja haholo, ho ja lijo tse sa leka-lekanang, botahoa, ho tsuba.

Ka tsela, ho na le maikutlo a hore joala bo thusa ho boloka boleng bo tloaelehileng ba cholesterol e felletseng. Ehlile, leha e le tlhekefetso ea joala, cholesterol e felletseng e kanna ea lula e le tloaelehileng, empa ho leka-lekana lipakeng tsa likarolo tsa eona ho fetoha hoa 'mele - mmele o khaotsa ho hlahisa "lipid" tse ntle mme ho na le khethollo ho ba "mpe".

Ho elelloa. U sebelisa foromo ea Friedewald: LDL = OXS - HDL - (0,2 x triglycerides) mg / dL, ngaka ea methapo e ka hlahloba tšekamelo ea ho holisa tšenyo ea methapo ea methapo esita le ka boleng bo tloaelehileng ba OXC.

Hypercholesterolemia kalafo

Ho a khonahala ho hlakola mabota a methapo ea mali ho li-cholesterol plaque feela ka tsela e sebetsang, mme meriana e ntse e sa khone ho emisa sebopeho sa eona - ho nka meriana ea sejoale-joale ho tla thusa ho fokotsa kholo ea ts'ebetso ena. Ha ho na thuso 'me u itšetlehe ka mekhoa e meng ea meriana kapa e meng. Ebile ha ba khone ho sebetsana ka katleho le mosebetsi ona.

Bakeng sa basali bao ho fumanoeng ba na le cholesterol e phahameng, pele ho tsohle, ba tla botsoa hore ba leke ho e theola ntle le moriana - tlohela ho tsuba, ho sebelisa joala hampe, ho robala lihora tse 8 ka letsatsi, ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea letsatsi le leng le le leng, ho eketsa boima ba 'mele le ho latela anti-cholesterol - lijo tse fokotsang lipid. Maemong ana, o lokela ho tseba tekanyo. Ho latela lijo tse thata haholo ho ka ama eseng feela 'meleng empa hape le bophelo ba kelello.

Maemong ha boiteko ba ho fokotsa cholesterol feela ka thuso ea ts'ebetso ea 'mele le ho latela lijo tsa anticholesterol ha boa ka ba tlisa sephetho se lakatsehang, mme hape haeba hypercholesterolemia e bakoa ke maloetse ao boemo ba OXS bo phahameng haholo ho feta 6.22 mmol / l, kalafo e itseng e laetsoeng.

Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa kalafo ea lithethefatsi bakeng sa k'holeseterole e phahameng ke tsamaiso ea bophelo bohle ba li-statins, tse ka eketsoang ka ho hlaka lithethefatsi tse khahlanong le antihypertensive, sequeching bile acid, li-fibroic acid tse tsoang, cholesterol inhibitors. Ka linako tse ling li-statins li ka nkeloa sebaka kapa tsa tlatselletsoa ka Niacin.

Statins e hlile e khona ho emisa ts'ebetso ea ho ruruha e kenang methapong ea mali mme e na le phello e sitisang tlhahiso ea k'holeseterole ke sebete, e fokotsa kotsi ea ho hlaseloa ke pelo 'me ka hona e kenya letsoho ho lelefatsa bophelo.

Hlokomela! Boemo ha bo bake ho lemalla. Kamora ho hlakoloa ha bona, boemo ba cholesterol bo tla khutlela boemong ba eona ba pele, empa bo ke ke ba eketseha ka makhetlo a 2. Litla-morao tse fapaneng tsa li-statins li sa khahlise, 'me melemo ea ho li nka e phahame khafetsa ho feta kotsi ea ho ba le litlamorao tse joalo.

Basali ba latelang kamora 40 ba ke ke ba etsa ntle le kalafo e khethehileng ka libethe:

• nalane ea ho otloa, ho otloa ke pelo, angina pectoris, tlhaselo ea nakoana ea nakoana, lefu la sethoathoa, khatello ea methapo, ho senyeha ha methapo ea methapo,
• lefu la tsoekere le LDL 70-189 mg / dl,

• ka keketseho ea lipoprotein tse tlaase tsa batho> 189 mg / dl,
• haeba liteko tsa protheine ea c-reactive, fibrinogen le / kapa Homocysteine ​​li sa tloaeleha,
• feta
• ba tsubang haholo le ba hanang ho fetohela bophelong bo botle.

Ha re phethela, re kenyelletsa hore ho tšoha pele ho nako ha ho na thuso - ho basali ba fetang mashome a mane, keketseho ea butle-butle ea cholesterol ke ea 'mele mme ha e nkuoe e le lefu la kelello. Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa tlhahlobo li ka bakoa ke boitokisetso bo fosahetseng ba mosali bakeng sa thuto ena, litokisetso tsa laboratori tse se nang boleng kapa liphoso tsa mochini tsa mothusi oa laboratori. O lokela ho pheta thuto mme o iteanye le ngaka ea lefu la pelo.

Potso ea 21 Karolo ea likokoana-hloko ea man messengersosa a bobeli ho fetisetseng matšoao a lihormone

Mochine oa mantlha oa mantlha oo litlamorao tsa tlhaho tsa "mananeo a" a bobeli "li fihlelwang kahare ho sele ke ts'ebetso ea phosphorylation - dephosphorylation ea liprotheine ka ho nka karolo ha liprotheine tse ngata tse fapaneng tsa" protein "tse fanang ka ts'usumetso ea sehlopha sa pheletso ho tloha ho sehlopha sa ATP ho ea ho lihlopha tsa OH tsa" protheine ea lineine "le maemong a mang li-tyrosine tsa protheine ea sepheo. . Ts'ebetso ea phosphorylation ke phetoho ea bohlokoa ea lik'hemik'hale tsa post-translate tsa limolek'hule tsa protheine tse fetolang sebopeho sa tsona le tšebetso ea tsona ka botlalo. Haholo-holo, e baka phetoho meahong ea sebopeho (mokhatlo kapa ho ikopanya ha likarolo tsa "constituent subunits"), ts'ebetso kapa thibelo ea thepa ea bona e thusang, qetellong e bonts'a sekhahla sa karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale le ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea lisele.

22. Lihormone tsa Steroid. Mechanism le blah blah blah

Ho fapana le peptide, lihormone tsa steroid li kenella habonolo kahara membrane ea plasma ea lisele mme li kenella le li-receptor tsa bona ho cytoplasm le / kapa li-nucleus tsa sele e behiloeng. Li-receptor tse ling tsa li-steroid ke li-oncoproteins (kk. ErbA). Li-receptor tsohle tsa li-steroid li na le sebaka sa marang-rang sa DNA. Ka mantsoe a mang, li-cholesterone tsa li-steroid ke lintlha tse ngotsoeng. Matla a hoqetela a tšebelisano ea lihormone tsa steroid le receptor ea eona ke ho fetola bongata ba mefuta e hatisitsoeng. Kahoo, sephetho sa ketso ea lihormone tsa steroid seleng e lebisitsoeng ke ho kenngoa ha liprotheine tse ikhethang, tse fetolang metabolism ea sele ka bobeli le lisele tse ling tse ngata tsa 'mele. Liprotheine tse entsoeng ka tlas'a tšusumetso ea lihormone tsa steroid ka bobona e ka ba lihormone kapa limolek'hule tse ling tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea sele, mohlala, li-enzyme. Kamora ho lokolloa seleng ea endocrine, lihormone tsa steroid li kena maling, moo li-hormone tse ka bang 95% li tlamellang ho liprotheine tse khethehileng tsa lipalangwang (li-transcortins, liprotheine tse tlamang testosterone, li-albin tse fapaneng le li-globulins). Li-receptor tsa li-Steroid li khetholloa e le sehlopha se pharaletseng sa li-receptor tsa nyutlelie, tse kenyelletsang li-receptor tsa li-retinoids, vithamine D3, triiodothyronine. Kamora hore limolek'hule tsa li-hormone tsa steroid li kene liseleng tse lebisitsoeng, li ka baka karabelo hafeela ho na le li-receptor tse ikhethang tsa li-hormone tsena seleng. Kahoo, li-receptor tsa estrojene li fumanoa liseleng tse fumanehang ho popelo, mammary gland le bokong. Lisele tsa moriri tsa letlalo la sefahleho le lisele tsa erectile tsa botoneng li na le li-androgen receptors. Li-receptor tsa Glucocorticoid li fumanoa hoo e batlang e le liseleng tsohle. Ka seleng e lebisitsoeng, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likarolo tsa mantlha tsa lihormone tsa li-sexid tsa ho kopanela liphate (androgens, estrogens, progestins) e etsa hore ho be le letoto la liketsahalo tse kenyelletsang (I) ho tlangoa ha steroid ho receptor ea eona, (I) liphetoho tsohle tsa tumellano mokhatlong oa li-receptor, ho fetisetsa li-receptor ho tsoa mofuteng o sa sebetseng ho o sebetsang. , (III) ho tlama motsoako oa steroid receptor ho likarolo tsa taolo tsa DNA, (IV) mongolo le liphatlalatso tsa limolek'hule tse ncha tsa m-RNA, (V) phetolelo ea m-RNA le liprotheine tse ncha. Nakong ea sengoloang, RNA polymerase II e hokahana le morekisi, sebaka se ikhethileng sa molek'hule ea DNA, moo tlhahiso ea polymer e qalang teng. RNA polymerase II e tšolla karolo ea DNA habeli helix, e pepesa matrix bakeng sa pairing e tlatselletsang. Ha RNA polymerase e kopana le lets'oao la ho emisa, tlhahiso ea polymer e felisoa. Tsebo e ngata ea pharmacological le ea 'mele ea mohopolo oa tšebetso ea li-hormone tsa steroid e fumanoe motheong oa lithuto tsa li-steroid receptors.Ts'ebetso ea lihormone tsa steroid e ipapisitse le kamano ea li-receptor bakeng sa lihormone kapa analogue ea eona ea meriana, hammoho le ts'ebetsong ea li-tataiso tse matla tsa li-hormone-receptor tsamaisong ea bongaka.

23. Mochine oa ts'ebetso oa li-hormone tsa liprotheine ....

Mehato ea ts'ebetso ea peptide, lihormone tsa protheine le catecholamines. Ligand. Molek'hule ea li-hormone hangata e bitsoa mokena-lipakeng oa karolo ea tsamaiso, kapa ligand. Limolek'hule tsa lihormone tse ngata li ikamahanya le li-receptor tsa tsona ka ho khetheha liseleng tsa plasma tsa lisele tse shebiloeng, li etsa mofuta oa ligand-receptor. Bakeng sa peptide, lihormone tsa protheine le catecholamines, sebopeho sa eona ke sona sehokela sa mantlha ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso 'me se lebisa ho ts'ebetsong ea li-enzyme tsa membrane le ho theoa ha babuelli ba fapaneng ba sekhahla ba matla a ho laola li-hormone, ba lemohang ketso ea bona ho cytoplasm, organoids, and cell nucleus. Har'a li-enzyme tse hlahisitsoeng ke ligand-receptor tata, adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, phospholipases C, D le A2, tyrosine kinases, phosphattyrosine phosphatases, phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase, serine threonine kinase, le synthase li hlalositsoe. e thehiloe tlasa ts'usumetso ea li-enzyme tsena tsa membrane ke: 1) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 2) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 3) inositol-3-phosphate (IPF), 4) diacylglycerol, 5) oligo (A) (2, 5-oligoisoadenylate), 6) Ca2 + <ионизированный кальций),="" 7)="" фосфатидная="" кислота,="" 8)="" циклическая="" аденозиндифосфатрибоза,="" 9)="" n0="" (оксид="" азота).="" многие="" гормоны,="" образуя="" лиганд-рецепторные="" комплексы,="" вызывают="" активацию="" одновременно="" нескольких="" мембранных="" ферментов="" и,="" соответственно,="" вторичных="" посредников.="" значительная="" часть="" гормонов="" и="" биологически="" активных="" веществ="" взаимодействуют="" с="" семейством="" рецепторов,="" связанных="" с="" g-белками="" плазматической="" мембраны="" (андреналин,="" норадреналин,="" аденозин,="" ангиотензин,="" эндотелии="" и="">

Karolo ea biochemical ea li-nucleotide ho metabolism

Li-nyutlelie - li-estos tsa phosphoric tsa li-nucleoside, phosphates ea nucleoside. Li-nucleotide tsa mahala, haholo-holo ATP, cAMP, ADP, li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho li-process tsa matla le tlhahisoleseling, hape ke likarolo tsa likarolo tsa acid tsa acid le li-coenzymes tse ngata. Karolo ea biochemical ea li-nucleotide:

Mohloli oa matla oa Bokahohle (ATP le analogue).

Ke li-activator le bajari ba li-monomers ka seleng (UDP-glucose)

Sebetsa joaloka coenzymes (FAD, FMN, NAD +, NADF +)

Li-cyclic mononucleotides ke li-intermediaries tsa bobeli tšebetsong ea li-hormone le lipontšo tse ling (cAMP, cGMP).

Bareleli bohle ba tšebetso ea enzyme.

Ke li-monomers ka sebopeho sa li-anemic acid tse hokahantsoeng ke litlamo tsa 3'-5'-phosphodiester.

Phapang le ho tšoana ho sebopeho sa DNA le RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ke macromolecule (e 'ngoe ea tse tharo tse ka sehloohong, tse ling tse peli ke RNA le liprotheine), e fanang ka polokelo, phetisetso ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong le ts'ebetsong ea lenaneo la liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa nts'etsopele le ts'ebetso ea lintho tse phelang. DNA e na le leseli mabapi le sebopeho sa mefuta e fapaneng ea RNA le liprotheine.

Ho latela pono ea lik'hemik'hale, DNA ke molek'hule e telele ea polymer e nang le li-block tse pheta-phetang - li-nucleotide. Nototide e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le motheo oa naetrojene, tsoekere (deoxyribose) le sehlopha sa phosphate. Litlamo tse pakeng tsa li-nucleotide ka har'a ketane li thehiloe ka lebaka la deoxyribose le sehlopha sa phosphate (litlamo tsa phosphodiester). Boholo ba linyeoe tse ngata (ntle le livaerase tse ling tse nang le DNA e mekato e le 'ngoe, "macromolecule ea" DNA "e entsoe ka liketane tse peli tse tataisitsoeng ke li-nitrogenous bases ho tse ling. Molek'hule ena e nang le mekhahlelo e 'meli e qapiloe. Ka kakaretso, sebopeho sa molek'hule ea DNA se bitsoa "habeli helix".

Mefuta e mene ea metheo ea naetrojene e fumanoa ho DNA (adenine, guanine, thymine le cytosine). Lithako tsa naetrojene tsa e 'ngoe ea liketane li hokahane le metheo ea naetrojene ea ketane e' ngoe ka litlamo tsa hydrogen ho latela molao-motheo oa tlatsetso: adenine e tlama feela le thymine, guanine - feela ho cytosine. Ts'ebetso ea nucleotide e u fa monyetla oa ho "encode" tlhahisoleseling mabapi le mefuta e fapaneng ea RNA, ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e leng tlhahisoleseling kapa matrix (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA) le lipalangoang (tRNA). Mefuta ena kaofela ea RNA e hlophisitsoe ka matrix a DNA ka ho kopitsa tatellano ea DNA ka tatellano ea RNA e hlophisitsoeng nakong ea sengoloang ebe e nka karolo ho protheine biosynthesis (ts'ebetso ea phetolelo). Ntle le tatellano ea ho ngola, CD ea sele e na le tatelano e etsang mesebetsi ea taolo le ea sebopeho.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) ke e 'ngoe ea li-macromolecule tse tharo (tse peli ke DNA le liprotheine) tse fumanoang liseleng tsa lintho tsohle tse phelang.

Joalo ka DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA e na le ketane e telele eo ho eona khokahano ka 'ngoe e bitsoang nucleotide. Nototide e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le motheo oa naetrojene, tsoekere ea ribose le sehlopha sa phosphate. Ts'ebetso ea nucleotide e lumella RNA ho fupere leseli la lefutso. Likokoana-hloko tsohle tsa cellular li sebelisa RNA (mRNA) ho etsa liprotheine.

Li-nucleotide tsa RNA li na le tsoekere - ribose, eo ho eona ho thehoang setulo se le seng sebakeng sa 1 'adenine, guanine, cytosine kapa uracil. Sehlopha sa phosphate se hokahanya likhoele ka ketane, se theha maqhama le athomo ea 3 'ea khase e le ngoe le boemong ba 5' e 'ngoe. Lihlopheng tsa phosphate ho pH ea 'mele e qosoa hampe, kahoo RNA ke polyanion. RNA e ngotsoe e le polymer ea likheo tse 'ne (adenine (A), guanine (G), uracil (U) le cytosine (C), empa ho na le metheo le tsoekere tse ngata tse fetotsoeng ho RNA e "holileng tsebong". Ka kakaretso, ho na le mefuta e ka bang 100 e fapaneng ea li-nucleotide tse fetotsoeng ho RNA.

Metheo ea naetrojene ka sebopeho sa RNA e ka theha litlamo tsa hydrogen lipakeng tsa cytosine le guanine, adenine le uracil, le pakeng tsa guanine le uracil. Leha ho le joalo, litšebelisano tse ling lia khoneha, mohlala, li-adenine tse 'maloa li ka theha loop, kapa loop e nang le li-nucleotide tse' nè, moo ho nang le li-adenine - guanine base.

Karolo ea bohlokoa ea RNA e e khethollang ho DNA ke ho ba teng ha sehlopha sa hydroxyl sebakeng sa 2 'sa ribose, e lumellang molek'hule ea RNA ho ba teng ho A, ho fapana le confform B, e atisang ho shejoa ho DNA. Sebopeho sa A se na le mohala o tebileng le o moqotetsane le groove e nyane le e sephara. Ditlamorao tsa bobeli tsa ho ba teng ha sehlopha sa 2 'hydroxyl ke hore polasetiki e kopaneng, ke hore, ha e nke karolo ho theheng li-helix tse peli, likarolo tsa molek'hule ea RNA li ka hlasela ka mokhoa o mong ka metso litlamo tse ling tsa phosphate le ho li hlakola.

Sebopeho se "sebetsang" sa molek'hule ea RNA e mekalo e le 'ngoe, joalo ka liprotheine, hangata se na sebopeho se phahameng. Sebopeho sa maemo a phahameng a lefatše se thehiloe motheong oa likarolo tsa sebopeho sa bobeli tse thehiloeng ke litlamo tsa haedrojene ka har'a molek'hule e le 'ngoe. Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea likarolo tsa sebopeho sa bobeli - li-loop, li-loops le pseudo-node.

Ho na le liphapang tse tharo tsa mantlha lipakeng tsa DNA le RNA:

DNA e na le tsoekere ea deoxyribose, RNA e na le ribose, e nang le tlatsetso, ha e bapisoa le deoxyribose, sehlopha sa hydroxyl. Sehlopha sena se eketsa menyetla ea hydrolysis ea molek'hule, ke hore, e fokotsa botsitso ba molek'hule ea RNA.

Ninotide e tlatselletsang ho adenine ho RNA ha se thymine, joalo ka ho DNA, empa uracil ke mofuta o sa amaneng le thymine.

DNA e teng ka sebopeho sa helix e habeli e nang le limolek'hule tse peli tse arohaneng. Limolek'hule tsa RNA ka kakaretso li mokhuts'oane ebile li na le likhoele tse ngata.

Tlhahlobo ea sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa RNA tse sebetsanang le tlhaho, ho kenyeletsoa li-tRNA, rRNA, snRNA le limolek'hule tse ling tse sa sebetseng liprotheine, li bonts'itse hore ha li na helix e le ngoe, empa tsa li-helmet tse khutšoane tse haufi tse haufi le tse ling mme li etsa ntho e ts'oanang le eona. sebopeho sa protheine. Ka lebaka la sena, RNA e ka baka tšusumetso ea lik'hemik'hale, mohlala, setsi sa phetoho ea peptidyl ea ribosome e amehang ho thehoeng ha peptide bond ea protheine e felletse ka RNA.

Lits'ebetso tsa cholesterol - ke eng

Cholesterol ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea membrane ea sele. E hlophisa lik'hemik'hale tse 'maloa' meleng ea rona. Lintho tse sebetsang tsa bioloji, tlhahiso ea eona e itšetlehileng ka cholesterol, e thathamisitsoe ka tlase:

• Li-Steroids: lihormone cortisol, aldosterone,
• Lihormone tsa basali le tsa banna tse amanang le thobalano: li-estrogener, progesterone, testosterone,
• Vitamin D
• Synthesis ea bile acid.

Cholesterol ke derivative ea mevalonic acid. Sebopeho sa mevalonate se etsoa ho tsoa ho acetate e sebetsang. Ebe squalene e thehoa, 'me k'holeseterole e se e ntse e potoloha ho eona. Ka tloaelo, haeba ha ho na bofokoli ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, limolek'hule tsa DNA tsa motho li hlophisitsoe esale pele bakeng sa ho laola tlhahiso ea palo e lekaneng ea cholesterol ea endo native.

Sesebelisoa sena ke eng mme mesebetsi ea sona ke eng?

Cholesterol kapa k'holeseterole e tsoa mefuteng e kang ea joala. E fumaneha ka lipalo tse phahameng haholo liseleng tsa methapo le mafura a mangata. Empa ho feta sehleng.

Cholesterol e etsa mesebetsi e mengata ea bohlokoa ea bioloji:

• Ho etsoa ha membrane ea hepatocytes. Limolek'hule tsa Cholesterol li kenelletse ka matla ka har'a marako a sele ea sebete.
• Tšilo ea lijo. Karolong ea li-acid acid, cholesterol e kenella ka matla ho keneng lijo tsa tlhaho eo liphoofolo li tsoang ho eona. Hammoho le bile, e kena ka mala, moo e emisang mafura.
• Ho tsamaisoa ka bongata ba mali e le karolo ea lipoprotein, tse nang le phello e ntle kapa e mpe likepeng. Haeba k'holeseterole e kenelletse lipoprotein tse tlaase kapa tse fokolang haholo, e khona ho bokellana ka bongata ba methapo ea mali le bona, e kenya letsoho ho mpeng ha atherosselotic.
• Li-biosynthesis tsa lihormone tsa steroid. E ipapisitse le k'holeseterole, ho hlahisoa lintho tse sebetsang ka li-glucocorticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, li-steroid tsa banna le basali.
• Biotransformation ea cholecalciferol. Vitamin e nka karolo e sebetsang ho aheng tsamaiso ea musculoskeletal.

Li-acid tse tsoang

Cholesterol e kenella ka ho toba ho synthesis ea bile. Tlhahiso e ka sehloohong e etsahala ka har'a sebete, ebe bile e bolokoa ka lereng la nyooko. Motsoako oa bile o 'meleng o phetseng hantle o qala feela nakong ea lijo. Mesebetsi ea mantlha ea li-acids tsa 'mele e kenyeletsa:

• Ho kenella k'holeseterole ea kahare
• Ho amoheloa hoa livithamini 'meleng ho tsoa lijong
• Ho kenella hoa li-steroid tsa semela,
• Ho matha leqhubu la mala.

Ka mantsoe a mang, bile e kenella ho kenngoeng ha lintho tse sa keneleng metsi. Ha o sebetsana le enzymes ea pancreatic, bile e boloka acidity e tloaelehileng ka mpeng e nyane.

Mehloli ea Limolek'hule tsa Cholesterol

Ho tsoa linthong tsena, lihormone tsa botona le botšehali tsa basali, adrenal mineralocorticoids le glucocorticosteroids li etsahala. Cholesterol e boetse e kenyellelitsoe ho li-enzyme tsa ho ja tse amehang ho cheng liprotheine le mafura. Pele ho tsohle, tsena ke mafura acid le bile ka boeona. Cholesterol ke karolo ea sebopeho sa lintho tse sebetsang tse sebetsang tse hlokahalang bakeng sa phetiso ea lipontšo ho tloha mohahong o mong oa sele ho ea ho o mong. Limolek'hule tsa cholesterol li kena ka har'a motsoako oa cholecalciferol - vithamine D.

Cholic acid

Asiti ena ea monocarboxylic trioxy e thehoa liseleng tsa sebete nakong ea ts'ebetso ea cholesterol oxidation. Ke ea mofuta oa li-acid tse mantlha. Ho fihlela ho 300 mg ho hlahisoa 'meleng oa motho ka letsatsi. Letlalong la nyooko, e kopantsoe le taurine, hammoho le glycine. Ka sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tse joalo tsa lik'hemik'hale, bile ha e angoe habonolo ke ho qaptjoa ha li-depositi tsa letsoai ka har'a pampitšana ea mala le mala.

Ka lebaka la khaello ea ntho ena 'meleng, ho khothalletsoa tšebeliso ea litokisetso tsa pharmacological ka har'a likhase.

Deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic le lithocholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic e boetse e bua ka ea mantlha 'me e tsoa ho oxidation ea cholesterol liseleng tsa sebete. Hoo e ka bang 30% ea palo eohle ea li-acid acid e oela holodeoxycholic.

Ho batho, ntho ena e kenella ho metabolism le ho phatloha ha cholesterol. Litokisetso tsa pharmacological tse thehiloeng ho asiti ena li sebelisetsoa ho phekola lefu la gallstone. Matla a sethethefatsi a ka sebetsa hantle ha feela lejoe le hula cholesterol, ntle le khokahano.

Deoxycholic le lithocholic ke acid ea bobeli. Ke litlamorao tse ka sehloohong tse pepesitsoeng ho likokoana-hloko tsa colon. Likarolo tsena tse peli li boetse li kenya letsoho taolong ea metabolism ea lipid le ho hlohlelletsa excretion ea cholesterol ho hepatocytes.

Li-hormone kapa li-steroid tse tsoang ho eona

Lintho tsa Hormonal tse nang le cholesterol, boholo ba tsona ke litšoelesa tsa thobalano le adrenal. Har'a tsona ke:

• Testosterone ea monna le androgen. Li ikarabella bakeng sa ponahalo ea litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa botona le botšehali - ho thehoa ha spermatozoa ho ka emolisang lehe. Testosterone le cholesterol li na le kamano e hlakileng, haeba u ela hloko tekanyo ea bona maling a motho.
• Lihormone tsa basali tsa botšehali. Cholesterol e kenelletse ho estrogen.
• Mineralocorticoids ea litsoelesa tsa adrenal.
• Adrenal Glucocorticosteroids.

Cholesterol Acids

Li bitsoa bile. Lintho tsena tse tsoang ho cholesterol li entsoe ka ho toba ho hepatocytes. E le likarolo tsa bile, li thusa ho fetola mafura a liphoofolo hore e be limolek'hule tse bonolo ho li monya. Ts'ebetso ena ea hydrolysis e etsahala ka mpeng ea mala a manyane. Li-acid tsa bile li arotsoe ka subtypes tse latelang:

• Cholevaya. E bohlokoa. Ntho ena e khona ho ba teng tlasa ts'usumetso ea li-enzyme tsa hydroxylase. Ho tsoa ho eona ho na le li-acid tsa glycocholic le taurocholic tse kopantsoeng. Li na le li-radicals tsa hydrophilic le hydrophobic steroid nuclei.
• Deoxycholic. Ntho ena ke sehlahisoa sa bobeli sa cholic acid. E thusa ho matlafatsa mafura.
• Chenodeoxycholic. Ke eona motsoako oa mantlha oa bile. Ho thehoa ha limolek'hule ho etsahala tlasa ts'usumetso ea nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
• Litocholeic. Likokoana-hloko ke tsa bobeli. Khokahano e tlase haholo ha e bapisoa le asiti tse kaholimo.

Vitamin Cholecalciferol

E boetse e bitsoa Vitamin D. Ntho ena e thehiloe ka ho qhibiliha ha selikalikoe sa cyclopentanperhydrophenan Brotherse. Ka mor'a sena, hydroxylation ea limolek'hule tse entsoeng ka ho nka karolo ea oksijene lia etsahala. Liphetho tsa lits'ebetso tsena tsa biochemical ke popo ea calcitriol, eo ho eona sebopeho sa ho qetela sa vithamine D se qapiloeng.

Ho ke ke ha khonahala ho fumana vithamine D ntle le fereko ena

Mesebetsi le melemo ea lihlahisoa tsa cholesterol

Li-acid tsa bile ka boinotšing le karolo ea bile li kenella ka matla ho fektheri ea lintho tse rarahaneng tsa tlhaho ea liphoofolo. Kahoo, e hlohlelletsa tšilo ea nama ka mpeng e nyane. Cholesterol le lihormone li na le kamano e hlakileng. Kantle ho li-hormone tsa botona le botšehali tsa banna kapa tsa basali, batho ba bong bo fapaneng ba ne ba sa bonts'e matšoao a bobeli, a neng a hlile a mpefatsa boemo ba ho beleha. 'Me li-steroid tsa adrenal li na le phello e tobileng ho litho tsohle le litsamaiso tsohle, ho netefatsa kholo ea tsona le ts'ebetso ea tsona. Ntle le kofuto e 'ngoe ea cholesterol, cholecalciferol, masapo a batho a ne a tla fetoha le maemo' me e be brittle. Ho bana ba nang le bothata ba Vitamin D bo sa foleng kapa khaello ea cholesterol, ho thehwa lefu le matla - li-rickets. Hape, ka bofokoli, ho ruruha ha autoimmune ho hlaha ebile ho tsoela pele.

Li-progestins

Li-progestin ke lihormone tsa botona ba botšehali, li-cholesterol tse hlahisoang kahara mae a bomme le litšoelesa tsa adrenal. Lihormone tsena li kenyelletsa tšehetso ea boimana le ho lokiseng uterine endometrium bakeng sa ho lokisa lehe le emolisitsoeng. Ka tlhahiso e tloaelehileng ea li-progestin, menyetla ea ho ba le li-fibrous neoplasms sefubeng le li-cysts tse ka mae a bomong e ea fokotseha.

Glucocorticoids

Li-glucocorticosteroids ke li-cholesterol tsa bohlokoa tse tsoang 'meleng tse hlahisoang ka cortex ea adrenal. Mesebetsi ea mantlha ea lihormone tsena tsa steroid e kenyelletsa tse latelang:

• Anti-makala le anti-khatello ea maikutlo,
• Ho nka karolo ho matla a metabolism, ho eketseha ha glycogen,
• Ho thibela ho hlaha ha hypoglycemia,
• Kenya letsoho morerong oa ho itšireletsa mafung,
• Fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo
• Li na le anti-allergenic effect.

Ka ho khetheha, cortisol, e tsoang ho cholesterol, e ikarabella ho metabolism ea lik'habohaedreite, hape e ntlafatsa lisebelisoa tsa matla.

Mineralocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids e laola metabolism ea metsi a letsoai. Aldosterone, e tsoang ho cholesterol, ke eona e ka sehloohong ho subclass ena mme e hlahisoa ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal. Steroid ena e kenella taolong ea khatello ea mali. Ka nako e ts'oanang, e thusa lithane ho boloka metsi a hlokahalang. Ka hona, turgor le elasticity ea letlalo lia bolokoa.

Androgens le estrogens

Androgens, tse tsoang ho cholesterol, li kenyelletsa lihormone tsa bong ba banna. Androgens e eketsa tlhahiso ea liprotheine, ha e ntse e thibela ho bola ha tsona. Ho potlakisa metabolism ea tsoekere le ho thibela hyperglycemia. Androgens e thusa ho eketsa mesifa le matla, ho fokotsa bongata ba mafura a tlotsitsoeng. Testosterone, e tsoang ho cholesterol, e ikarabella ho nts'etsopele ea litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano ho banna.

Estrogens ke lihormone tsa botona tsa botšehali tse hlahisoang ke litšoelesa tsa adrenal, ka mahe a basali le litekong tsa banna. Estrogen, e tsoang ho cholesterol, e kenella khoeling mme e ikarabella bakeng sa kemolo ho basali. Estrogens e thusa ho fokotsa "lipid" tse kotsi "le cholesterol maling, ha li ntse li eketsa li-triglycerides. Sena se tsosa motsoako oa lipids tsa ho ja, kapa lipoprotein tse phahameng. Li boetse li kenya letsoho ho eketseng ha palo ea tšepe lithong le maling a mangata.

Vitamin D le li-cholestanos

Vitamin D, e tsoang ho k'holeseterole e hlahisoa ke ho kopana le letlalo la mahlaseli a letsatsi, e leng se tsosang mochine oa tlhaho. Vithamine ena e thusa 'mele ho monya magnesium, calcium, ka hona e nka karolo molemong oa ho hola le ho holisa masapo, meno. Vitamin D e boetse e laola tlhahiso ea insulin mme e kenella ho metabolism ea phosphorus.

Chelete ea k'holeseterole ea k'holeseterole, e tsoang ho cholesterol, e ntse e sa tsejoe. E bokellana ka har'a litšoelesa tsa adrenal. Lintlha tsa litšobotsi tsa eona tsa ts'ebetso li tlas'a thuto.

Thepa ea bohlokoa ea Vitamin D e kenyelletsa phello e ntle tsamaisong ea methapo le thibelo ea lefu la tsitsipano ea methapo. Ho etsa tlhahiso ea vithamine D e lekaneng ho sebetsana le ho fokola ha masapo le nts'etsopele ea masapo.

Cholesterol ke eona karolo ea mantlha ea mantlha ea lik'hemik'hale tsa bohlokoahali 'meleng oa rona. Ka teka-tekano, lijo tsa tlhaho ea liphoofolo lia hlokahala ho khotsofatsa tlhoko ea k'holeseterole. Ho bohlokoa ho boloka boemo ba lipid ka har'a meeli e tloaelehileng, hobane hypocholesterolemia e kotsi joalo ka hyperlipidemia.

Li-steroids le li-anabolics ke eng

Ka mantsoe a mang, li-steroid ha se lipilisi tsa li-bodybuilders tsa novice, empa ke sehlopha sa li-hormone.

E kenyelletsa corticoids, e hlahisoang ke adrenal cortex, le metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale e sebetsang e hlahisoang ke litšoelesa tsa thobalano.

Hormone ea banna ea bohlokoahali ke testosterone. E na le mesebetsi e 'meli e meholo:

• androgenic - nts'etsopele le ho lokisa litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa botona kapa botšehali tse tsebahalang haholo ho banna (tlhophiso e ikhethang ea li-amana tsa mafura, lentsoe le tlase, kholo ea moriri sefahlehong le sefubeng, jj.),
• anabolic - ho thehwa le ho bolokoa ha mesifa e nang le bongata haholo.

Ho ithuta ka karolo ea ntho ena bohareng ba mashome a mararo a lilemo, bo-rasaense ba ile ba leka ho e sebelisa ha ba etsa lithethefatsi bakeng sa batho ba nang le tahlehelo ea mesifa.

Testosterone ea tlhaho e ile ea pepesetsoa kapele haholo 'me e ne e sa lokela ho sebelisoa. Ebe lihlahisoa tsa eona tse nang le thepa e loketseng li ile tsa ntlafatsoa - 17 - alpha - alkylate, 17 - beta - ether le 1 - methyl.

Ho ipapisitsoe le metsoako ena, hoo e batlang e le lithethefatsi tsohle tse seng li tsejoa e le li-anabolic steroid, kapa li-anabolics.

Ba ile ba iponahatsa e le lisosa tsa kholo ea mesifa, empa karolo e 'ngoe e bolokile phello e' ngoe ea lihormone tsa pele - androgen.

Hobaneng re hloka lihlahisoa tse thehiloeng ho testosterone: lintlha tse sa bonahaleng

Hangata, li-anabolics, li sebelisoa molemong oa "ho pompa". Lilemong tsa 70-80 tsa lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo, ba-Olimpiki ba ile ba lula holim'a bona haholo. Nakong ena, ho haha ​​'mele ho ile ha qala ho kena fesheneng. Li-Steroid li ne li bile li rata bashanyana ba neng ba tlole sekolo.

• seke oa eketsa molumo oa mesifa feela, empa le matla,
• ho thusa ho itlhokofatsa ho ikoetlisa le ho fola kapele ka mor'a hore (likarolo tsa bona li eketse phumaneho ea phumine ea phofoine, e leng karoloana ea matla methapong ea mesifa.

Ho sireletsa li-steroid, ho lokela ho eketsoa hore li ntse li sebelisoa ka mokhoa o sa atleheng maemong a bona a mantlha - joalo ka meriana. Li ngoletsoe mefuta e matla ea colitis le enteritis, ha motho a le boima bo lekaneng ka lebaka la ho monya protheine e ngata. Liphetho tsa testosterone li ngoahisoa banna kamora ho hlongoa mahlo (ho tlosa li-testicles, hangata tlhokeho ea ts'ebetso e joalo e kholo e hlaha mofets'e).