Sistimi ea endocrine ke eng mme mesebetsi ea eona ke efe 'meleng oa motho?

kholo, kholo e akaretsang:
metabolism
tlhahiso ea matla
Mosebetsi o kopanetsoeng oa litho tsohle tse ka hare le litsamaiso,
khalemelo ea mathata a itseng mokhoeng oa 'mele,
molumo oa maikutlo, tsamaiso ea boitšoaro.

Sebopeho sa likhokahano tsena sea hlokahala ho rona ka mokhoa o hlakileng bakeng sa ntho e ngoe le e ngoe. Leha e le ho oela leratong.

Tsamaiso ea endocrine e na le eng?

tšoelesa ea qoqotho le thymus,
pineal gland le gland
adrenal gust
manyeme
testicles ho banna kapa mae a bomme ho basali.

Ho khetholla lipakeng tsa lisele tsa sephiri tse kopaneng le tse hasaneng, sisteme eohle ea endocrine ea motho e arotsoe ka:

glandular (e kenyeletsa le litšoelesa tsa endocrine)
ferekanya (khetlong lena re bua ka lisele ka bomong).

Mesebetsi ea litho le lisele tsa tsamaiso ea endocrine ke eng?

Karabo ea potso ena e tafoleng e ka tlase:

Mokhatlo	Ke eng e ikarabellang
Hypothalamus	Taolo ea tlala, lenyora, boroko. Ho romella litaelo ho ea gland ea pituitary.
Tšoelesa ea tlhaho	E ntsha lihormone tsa kholo. Hammoho le hypothalamus e hokahanya tšebelisano ea endocrine le tsamaiso ea methapo.
Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus	Laola lits'ebetso tsa kholo le kholo ea motho, mosebetsi oa tsamaiso ea hae ea methapo, ea boits'ireletso le ea motor.
Makhopho	Taolo ea tsoekere ea mali.
Adrenal cortex	Laola tšebetso ea pelo, le methapo ea mali e laolang lits'ebetso tsa metabolic.
Litonki (li-testes / ovaries)	Ho hlahisoa lisele tsa thobalano, tse ikarabellang bakeng sa mekhoa ea ho ikatisa.

Mona ho hlalositsoe mona moo ho nang le tšebetso ea "li-glandular" ea secretion ea kahare.
Litho tsa tsamaiso ea enduseine e sebetsanang le tsona li etsa mesebetsi ea tsona, 'me tseleng, lisele tsa endocrine ho tsona li tšoarehile ka tlhahiso ea lihormone. Litho tsena li kenyelletsa sebete, mpa, mokokotlo, mala le liphio. Litsong tsena tsohle, ho thehiloe lihormone tse fapaneng tse laolang mesebetsi ea "beng" ka boeona le ho ba thusa ho sebelisana le 'mele oa motho ka kakaretso.

Endocrine system le lefu la tsoekere

Makhopho a pancreas a etselitsoe ho hlahisa insulin ea hormone. Kantle ho eona, tsoekere e ke ke ea robeha 'meleng. Mofuta oa pele oa lefu lena, tlhahiso ea insulin e nyane haholo, 'me sena se senya mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea metabolic. Mofuta oa bobeli oa lefu la tsoekere o bolela hore litho tsa ka hare li hlile li hana ho amohela insulin.

Ha ho karohano ea glucose e etsahetseng 'meleng.
Ho batla matla, boko bo fana ka letšoao la ho felisoa ha mafura.
Nakong ea ts'ebetso ena, ha ho thehiloe glycogen feela e hlokahalang, empa le likhomphutha tse khethehileng - li-ketones.
'Mele oa Ketone o chefo mali le kelello ea motho. Liphetho tse sa rateheng ke ho ba le lefu la tsoekere le lefu.

Ehlile, ena ke nyeoe e mpe ka ho fetisisa. Empa sena se ka etsahala ka lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II.

Endocrinology le karolo ea eona e ikhethang, lefu la tsoekere, ba tšoarehile thutong ea lefu la tsoekere le ho batla kalafo e sebetsang.

Hona joale meriana ha e e-so tsebe ho etsa makhopho a sebetse, ka hona mofuta oa pele oa lefu la tsoekere o phekoloa feela ka kalafo ea insulin. Empa motho e mong le e mong ea phetseng hantle a ka etsa ho hongata hore a se ke a kula ka lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II. Haeba sena se ntse se etsahala, hona joale motho ea nang le lefu la tsoekere a ka ba le bophelo bo behang litholoana le bo monate ntle le tšitiso ea bophelo bo botle esita le bophelo, joalo ka ha bo ne bo feta lilemo tse lekholo tse fetileng le pejana.

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Selelekela tsamaisong ea endocrine

Thuto ea Biology №40. Molao oa endocrine (humors) oa 'mele. Litšoelesa.

Tšoelesa ea secretion ea kantle, e ka hare le e tsoakiloeng. Sistimi ea Endocrine

Sistimi ea endocrine: litho tsa kahare, sebopeho, tšebetso, phepelo ea mali, bolulo

4.1 Sistimi ea Endocrine - sebopeho (mophato oa borobeli) - biology, litokisetso tsa tlhatlhobo le tlhatlhobo

Ke sekolong sa bongaka sa Stanford le Neil Gesundheit, e mong oa matichere. Lumela. Re na le eng kajeno? Kajeno re tla bua ka endocrinology, saense ea lihormone. Lentsoe "hormone" le tsoa lentsoeng la seGreike le bolelang "ho susumetsa." Li-hormone ke lipontšo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse hlahisoang litho tse ling 'me li sebetsa ho litho tse ling, li susumetsa le ho laola mesebetsi ea tsona. Ka mantsoe a mang, ba buisana lipakeng tsa 'mele. Ee, ehlile. Ena ke mokhoa oa puisano. Mona ke lentsoe le nepahetseng. Ona ke o mong oa mefuta ea puisano 'meleng. Mohlala, methapo e ea mesifa. Ho tiisa mesifa, boko bo fana ka letšoao ho tsoa mokokotlong o eang mesifa, 'me le lona le a tsamaisane. Lihormone li batla li tšoana le Wi-Fi. Ha ho lithapo. Lihormone li hlahisoa 'me li tsamaisoa ke mali a phallang joaloka maqhubu a seea-le-moea. Kahoo li sebetsa ho litho tse haufi, ha li na khokahano e tobileng ea 'mele le tsona. Na liprotheine tsa lihormone kapa ho hong? Lintho tsee ke eng? Ka tlhaho ea bona ea lik'hemik'hale, ba ka aroloa ka mefuta e 'meli. Tsena ke limolek'hule tse nyane, tseo hangata li nkiloeng ho amino acid. Boima ba bona ba limolek'hule bo tsoa ho li-dalton tse 300 ho isa ho tse 500. 'Me ho na le liprotheine tse kholo, tse baloang ka makholo a amino acid. Ke a bona. Ka mantsoe a mang, ana ke limolek'hule tsa matšoao. E, kaofela ke lihormone. Mme li ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro. Ho na le lihormone tsa endocrine tse bolokiloeng maling le ho sebetsa hole. Ke tla fana ka mehlala ka motsotso. Ho boetse ho na le li-hormone tsa paracrine tse nang le litlamorao tsa lehae. Ba sebetsa hole hole le moo ba neng ba entsoe teng. Lihormone tsa karolo ea boraro, e sa tloaelehang - lihormone tsa autocrine. Li hlahisoa ke sele 'me li sebetsa seleng e le' ngoe kapa e haufi, ke hore, li hole haholo. Ke a bona. Ke kopa ho botsa. Mabapi le lihormone tsa endocrine. Kea tseba hore a patiloe kae kae 'meleng mme a tlama ho li-receptors, ebe lia sebetsa. Lihormone tsa paracrine li na le phello ea lehae. Na ketso e fokola? Lihormone tsa paracrine hangata li kena maling, empa li-receptor li haufi haholo le tsona. Ts'ebetso ena ea li-receptors e khetholla mofuta oa lehae oa ketso ea lihormone tsa paracrine. Ka li-hormone tsa autocrine, ntho e tšoanang: li-receptor tsa tsona li behiloe ka kotloloho seleng ena. Ke na le potso e hlokang kelello: ho na le li-endocrinologists, empa li-paracrinologists li hokae? Potso e ntle, empa ha li joalo. Molao oa Paracrine o ile oa fumanoa hamorao mme oa ithutoa ka sebopeho sa endocrinology. Ke a bona. Endocrinology e ithuta lihormone tsohle, eseng tse ling tsa endocrine feela. Hantle. Ho buuoe hantle. Palo ena e bontša litšoelesa tse ka sehloohong tsa endocrine, tseo re tla bua haholo ka tsona. Ea pele e ka hloohong, kapa ho fapana le sebakeng sa bokong. Ena ke tšoelesa ea tlhaho. Ke moo he. Ona ke tšoelesa ea mantlha ea endocrine e laolang tšebetso ea litšoelesa tse setseng. Mohlala, mohlala, e 'ngoe ea lihormone tsa tlhaho ke mofuta oa lihomone tsa qoqotho tse hlasimollang qoqotho. E bolokiloe ke pituitary ka har'a mali 'me e sebetsa molemong oa tšoelesa ea qoqotho. Tsena ke lihomone tsa qoqotho tse ka sehloohong. Ba etsang? Laola metabolism, takatso ea lijo, tlhahiso ea mocheso, esita le mosebetsi oa mesifa. Li na le litlamorao tse ngata tse fapaneng. Na li susumetsa metabolism ka kakaretso? Hantle. Lihormone tsena li potlakisa metabolism. Tekanyo e phahameng ea pelo, metabolism e potlakileng, ho theola boima ba 'mele ke matšoao a ho ata ha lihormone tsena. Haeba ho na le ba 'maloa ba bona, setšoantšo se tla fapana ka ho felletseng. Ona ke mohlala o motle oa taba ea hore lihormone li lokela ho lekana hantle kamoo ho hlokahalang. Empa khutlela ho pituitary gland. Ke eena hlooho, o romela litaelo ho motho e mong le e mong. Hantle. O na le maikutlo bakeng sa ho emisa tlhahiso ea TSH ka nako. Sesebelisoa, se lekola maemo a li-hormone. Ha li na le tse lekaneng, e fokotsa tlhahiso ea TSH. Haeba ho na le tse 'maloa tsa tsona, e eketsa tlhahiso ea TSH, e tsosa tšoelesa ea qoqotho. E khahla.Ke eng hape? Le ha ho le joalo, lipontšo li isa matsatsing a phomolo a morao. Ntle le hormone e susumetsang ea qoqotho, tšoelesa ea qoqotho e senya li-hormone tsa adrenocorticotropic, ACTH, e amang adrenal cortex. Tšoelesa ea adrenal e sebakeng sa lesea. Karolo e ka ntle ea tšoelesa ea adrenal ke cortex e susumetsoang ke ACTH. Ha e sebetse potsong, e fumaneha ka thoko. Ho joalo Ke mali feela a ruileng haholo a a kopanyang le a liphio ka lebaka la ho ba haufi. Letsoalo le ile la fa tšoelesa lebitso. Ho joalo, seo se hlakile. Ho joalo Empa mesebetsi ea liphio le adrenal gland e fapane. Ke a bona. Mosebetsi oa bona ke ofe? Ba hlahisa lihormone tse kang cortisol, e laolang metabolism ea glucose, khatello ea mali le bophelo bo botle. Le mineralocorticoids, joalo ka aldosterone, e laolang tekanyo ea letsoai la metsi. Ho feta moo, e lokolla li-androgens tsa bohlokoa. Tsena ke lihormone tse tharo tse ka sehloohong tsa adrenal cortex. ACTH e laola tlhahiso ea cortisol le androgens. Re tla bua ka mineralocorticoids ka thoko. Le litšoelesa tse ling kaofela? E, ho joalo. Tšoelesa ea pituitary e boetse e etsa hore li-hormone tsa luteinizing le li-follicle tse susumetsang, tse khutsufalitsoeng ke LH le FSH. Ho hlokahala hore u e ngole fatše. Li ama li-testicles ho banna le mae a bomme ka ho tšoanang, li hlohlelletsa tlhahiso ea lisele tsa kokoana-hloko, hammoho le tlhahiso ea lihormone tsa steroid: testosterone ho banna le estradiol ho basali. Ho na le ho hong hape? Ho na le lihormone tse ling tse peli tse tsoang gorong ea anterior pituitary. Ke hormone ea ho hola e laolang kholo ea masapo a malelele. Tšoelesa ea tlhaho ke ea bohlokoa haholo. Ho joalo, haholo. STG e kentsoeng? Ho joalo Hormone e holang, hape ke hormone ea ho hola. Mme hape ho na le prolactin, e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho anyesa lesea le sa tsoa hlaha. Ho thoe'ng ka insulin? Hormone, empa eseng ho tsoa ho pituitary gland, empa boemo bo tlase. Joalo ka tšoelesa ea qoqotho, manyeme a etsa hore li-hormone li sephiri. Ho liseleng tsa tšoelesa, ho na le lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans tse hlahisang lihormone tsa endocrine: insulin le glucagon. Ntle le insulin, lefu la tsoekere lea hlaha. Ntle le insulin, lisele li ke ke tsa fumana tsoekere e maling. Ha ho se na insulin, matšoao a lefu la tsoekere a hlaha. Ka setšoantšo, makhopho a manyeme le adrenal a haufi. Hobaneng? Ke 'nete. Ho na le tšibollo e ntle ea venous, e lumellang li-hormone tsa bohlokoa ho kena maling kapele. E khahla. Ke nahana hore ho lekane ha joale. Ho video e latelang, re tla tsoela pele ka sehlooho sena. Ho lokile. Mme re tla bua ka ho laola maemo a li-hormone le li-pathologies. E ntle. Ke leboha haholo. Kea leboha le uena.

Ts'ebetso ea endocrine

E nka karolo taolong ea humors (lik'hemik'hale) ea mesebetsi ea 'mele le ho hokahanya mesebetsi ea litho tsohle le litsamaiso.
E fana ka polokeho ea homeostasis ea 'mele tlasa maemo a fetohang a tikoloho.
Hammoho le tsamaiso ea methapo ea mmele le ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, e laola:
- kholo
- kholo ea 'mele
- phapang ea eona ea thobalano le mosebetsi oa ho ikatisa,
- e nka karolo lits'ebetsong tsa thuto, ts'ebeliso le ho boloka matla.
Ka kopanelo le tsamaiso ea methapo, lihormone li ameha ho fana ka:
- maikutlo a maikutlo
- ts'ebetso ea kelello ea motho.

Glandular endocrine system

Ho hypothalamus, hypothalamic e loketseng (vasopressin kapa antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, neurotensin) le lintho tse sebetsang tse sebetsanang le lintho tse thibelang kapa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea sephiri sa gland ea pituitary (somatostatin, thyroliberin kapa thyrotropin-releasedin-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin, lebelin-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin, lebelin-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin, lebelin-ligin-ligin-selin, lebelin-legin-legin-ligin-legin-ligin-ligin, sebin-ligin-ligin. Hormone le somatoliberin kapa somatotropin-releasing hormone. E 'ngoe ea litšoelesa tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa' mele ke tšoelesa ea pituitary, e laolang tšebetso ea boholo ba litšoelesa tsa endocrine. Tšoelesa ea pituitary e nyane, e boima bo ka tlase ho gramu e le 'ngoe, empa e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa bophelo ba tšepe. E fumaneha mokatong o ka tlase oa lehata, e hokahane le sebaka sa "hypothalamic" sa mokokotlo mme e na le li-lobes tse tharo - anterior (glandular, kapa adenohypophysis), bohareng kapa bohareng (bo sa ntlafatsoe ho feta ba bang) le bokapele ba morao (neurohypophysis). Ka bohlokoa ba mesebetsi e etsoang 'meleng, sebopeho se ka bapisoa le karolo ea mokhanni oa sehlopha sa' mino oa liletsa, se bontšang ha sesebelisoa se itseng se lokela ho bapala. Lihormone tsa hypothalamic (vasopressin, oxytocin, neurotensin) li theoha leotong la pituitary le kenella kahara mokokotlo oa pituitary, moo li behoang teng le ho tsoa moo ho kenang maling kapa ho sa hlokahale.Li-hormone tsa pituitary tsa hypothalamus, tse lokolotsoeng tsamaisong ea methapo ea kutlo ea pituitary, li fihla liseleng tsa gala ea anterior pituitary, li ama ka kotloloho ts'ebetso ea tsona ea lekunutu, e thibelang kapa e tsosa sephiri sa li-hormone tsa tropic tsa gown ea pituitary, eo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e tsosetsang ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo e kahare ea sephiri.

Vipoma Syndrome

Sengoloa se ka sehloohong: VIPoma

VIPoma (Werner-Morrison syndrome, k'holera ea k'holeseterole, lets'ollo la metsi-hypokalemia-achlorhydria syndrome) - e tšoauoa ke boteng ba lets'ollo la metsi le hypokalemia ka lebaka la islet cell hyperplasia kapa tumor, hangata e le hampe, e tsoang liseleng tsa "pancreas" (hangata mmele le mohatla). etsa sephiri sa polypeptide (VIP) e holofatsang. Maemong a sa tloaelehang, VIPoma e ka hlaha li-ganglioneuroblastomas, tse fumanehang sebakeng sa retroperitoneal, mapheo, sebete, mala a manyane le litšoelesa tsa adrenal, li fumaneha bongoaneng mme, joalo ka molao, li na le maemo. Boholo ba li-VIP tsa li-pancreatic ke 1 ... cm 6. Ho 60% ea linyeoe tse mpe tsa neoplasms ka nako ea tlhahlobo ea lefutso, ho na le metastases. Kotsi ea VIPoma e nyane haholo (nyeoe e le 'ngoe ka selemo ho batho ba limilione tse 10) kapa 2% ea lihlahala tsohle tsa "endocrine tumor" ea gastrointestinal. Ho halofo ea linyeoe, hlahala e bohloko. Hangata bo-ramatiki ha bo monate.

Glucagon

Glucagonoma ke hlahala, hangata e mpe, e tsoa liseleng tsa alpha tsa li-isanc tsa pancreatic. E tšoauoa ka dermatosis ea mofumahatsana oa ho ferekanya, angapapylylitis, stomatitis, glossitis, hyperglycemia, anemoch e tloaelehileng. E hola butle, 'me e kopana le sebete. Ho na le nyeoe e le 'ngoe ho limilione tse 20 tse nang le lilemo tse 48 ho isa ho tse 70, hangata ho basali.

Carcinoid ke hlahala e mpe e atisang ho hlaha ka mpeng, e hlahisang lintho tse 'maloa tse nang le phello e kang ea li-hormone.

Neurotensinoma

zangolotear ho tsoa lisele tsa pancreatic delta le
ho isa bofelong secreting somatostatin ke hlahala ea duodenal.

Ho hlahlojoa ho thehiloe tliliniking le litekanyo tsa somatostatin maling. Phekolo ea kalafo, chemotherapy le letshwao. Tsoelo-pele e itšetlehile ka nako ea kalafo.

'Mele oa motho o na le lits'ebetso tse' maloa, ntle le liketso tse nepahetseng tseo ho leng thata ho nahana bophelo bo tloaelehileng. E 'ngoe ea tsona ke hobane ke boikarabello ba tlhahiso ea lihormone e tlang ka nako e amang ts'ebetso ea litho tsohle tsa' mele ntle le phoso.

Lisele tsa hae li sebelisa lintho tsena, ebe li tsoa tsamaisong ea mali kapa li kenella ka har'a lisele tse haufi. Haeba u tseba litho le ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea endocrine ea motho le sebopeho sa eona, o ka boloka ts'ebetso ea eona e le maemong a tloaelehileng mme o lokise mathata ohle mekhatlong ea pele ea moloko, hore motho a phele bophelo bo bolelele le bo phetseng ntle le ho tšoenyeha ka letho.

O ikarabella ho eng?

Ntle le ho laola ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea litho, tsamaiso ea endocrine e ikarabella bakeng sa boiketlo ba motho nakong ea ho ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng. Mme hape e amana haufi le boits'ireletso ba mmele, bo e etsang hore e be tiiso ea ho hanela mmele ho mafu a fapaneng.

Motheong oa eona, re ka khetholla mesebetsi ea mantlha:

e fana ka nts'etsopele le kholo,
e ama boitšoaro ba motho mme e hlahisa boemo ba hae ba maikutlo,
ea ikarabellang bakeng sa metabolism e nepahetseng le e nepahetseng 'meleng,
e lokisa likhathatso tse itseng tšebetsong ea 'mele oa motho,
e susumetsa tlhahiso ea matla ka mokhoa o loketseng bophelo.

Bohlokoa ba lihormone 'meleng oa motho bo ke ke ba nyenyefatsoa. Tsoalo ka boeona e laoloa hantle ke lihormone.

Mefuta ea tsamaiso ea endocrine le likarolo tsa sebopeho

Sisteme ea endocrine e arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli. Ts'oaretso e ipapisitse le ho beoa ha lisele tsa eona.

glandular - lisele li behiloe li hokahane, li theha,
ferekanya - lisele li abuoa ho pholletsa le 'mele.

Haeba u tseba lihormone tse hlahisoang 'meleng, u ka tseba hore na ke litšoelesa life tse amanang le tsamaiso ea endocrine.

E ka ba litho le lisele tse ikemetseng tse tsamaisong ea endocrine.

Hypothalamic-pituitary system - litšoelesa tsa mantlha tsa sistimi - hypothalamus le gland
tšoelesa ea qoqotho - lihormone tse hlahisoang ke eona lia boloka ebile li na le iodine,
- ba ikarabella bakeng sa dikahare tse ngata le tlhahiso ea calcium mmeleng e le hore methapo ea methapo le ea motor e sebetse ntle le ho sitoa,
li-adrenal gland - li teng lipalong tse ka holimo tsa liphio 'me li na le karolo e ka ntle ea cortical le medulla e ka hare. Bark e hlahisa mineralocorticoids le glucocorticoids. Mineralocorticoids e laola phapanyetsano ea ion le ho boloka botsitso ba motlakase ka har'a lisele. Glycocorticoids e hlohlelletsa ho phatloha ha protheine le ho kopana ha lik'habohaedreite. Ntho ea boko e hlahisa adrenaline, e ikarabellang bakeng sa molumo oa tsamaiso ea methapo. Hape, litšoelesa tse adrenal ka tekanyo e nyane li hlahisa lihormone tsa banna. Haeba 'mele oa ngoanana o putlama' me tlhahiso ea bona e eketseha, matšoao a banna a eketseha,
manyeme ke o mong oa litšoelesa tse kholo ka ho fetisisa, tse hlahisang lihormone tsa endocrine 'me li khetholloa ke ketso ea tsona: e ntša lero la li-pancreatic le lihormone.
- ts'ebetso ea endocrine ea tšoelesa ena e kenyelletsa secretion ea melatonin le norepinephrine. Ntho ea pele e ama phallo ea mali le tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo, 'me ea bobeli e laola mekhahlelo ea boroko,
gonads ke litšoelesa tsa thobalano tse kenang kahare ho lisebelisoa tsa motho tsa setho, ke tsona tse ikarabellang bakeng sa bosehla le ts'ebetso ea motho ka mong.

Maloetse

Ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, litho tsohle tsa sistimi ea endocrine li lokela ho sebetsa ntle le mefokolo, leha ho le joalo, haeba li etsahala, ebe motho o baka mafu a itseng. Li thehiloe ho hypofunction (ho hlohlona ha litšoelesa tsa endocrine) le khatello ea mali.

Mafu ohle a tsamaea le:

sebopeho sa ho hanyetsa 'mele oa motho linthong tse sebetsang,
tlhahiso e sa lokang ea li-hormone
tlhahiso ea lihormone tse sa tloaelehang,
ho hloleha ha bona ho monya le ho tsamaisa.

Phoso efe kapa efe mokhatlong oa litho tsa "endocrine system" e na le li-pathologies tsa tsona tse hlokang kalafo e hlokahalang.

- secretion e feteletseng ea li-hormone tsa kholo e halefisa haholo, leha ho le joalo, kholo e lekanang ea motho. Ha motho a se a le moholo, ke likarolo tse itseng feela tsa 'mele tse hōlang ka potlako
hypothyroidism - boemo bo tlase ba lihormone bo tsamaisana le ho tepella ho sa foleng le ho theoha butle ha lits'ebetso tsa metabolic,
- parahormone e feteletseng e halefisa ho amoha lintho tse itseng ka mokhoa oa ho batla,
lefu la tsoekere - ka lebaka la ho haella ha insulin, mafu ana a fetoha, a bakang ho monya lintho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa 'mele. Khahlano le semelo sena, tsoekere e senyehile hantle, e lebisang ho hyperglycemia,
hypoparathyroidism - e tšoauoa ka ho ts'oaroa le ho tsitsipana,
Goiter - ka lebaka la khaello ea a iodineine e tsamaea le dysplasia,
autoimmune thyroiditis - sesole sa 'mele se sebetsa ka tsela e fosahetseng, ke ka hona ho nang le phetoho ea methapo liseleng.
Thyrotooticosis ke lihormone tse ngata.

Haeba litho tsa 'mele ea endocrine le lisele li tšoauoa ka ho se sebetse hantle, ho sebelisoa kalafo ea lihormone. Phekolo e joalo e imolla ka botlalo matšoao a amanang le lihormone, 'me e etsa mesebetsi ea eona ka nako e itseng ho fihlela botsitso ba secretion ea li-hormone bo etsahala:

mokhathala
lenyora le sa feleng
bofokoli ba mesifa
khothatso ea khafetsa ea ho ntša senya,
phetoho e matla ho index ea boima ba 'mele,
ho otsela kamehla
tachycardia, bohloko bo ka pelong,
ho se khonehe
Phokotso ea mekhoa ea ho hopola lintho,
ho ruruha ho feteletseng
lets'ollo
keketseho ea mocheso.

Tlhahisoleseling ka kakaretso

Lintho tse ka sehloohong li fumaneha likarolong tse fapaneng tsa 'mele.- Tšoelesa e ikhethang, eo ho eona ho sa hlaheng feela secretion ea hormone, empa le ts'ebelisano pakeng tsa tsamaiso ea endocrine le methapo ea kutlo bakeng sa taolo e sebetsang ea likarolo tsohle tsa 'mele.

Sistimi ea endocrine e fana ka phetiso ea tlhahisoleseling lipakeng tsa lisele le lisele, tsamaiso ea ts'ebetso ea mafapha ka thuso ea lintho tse ikhethileng - lihormone. Litšoelesa li hlahisa li-registra ka nako e itseng ea kemiso, maemong a mangata. Tsela eo li-hormone li sebetsang ka eona e ea fokolisa kapa e thatafala khahlanong le semelo sa tlhaho, mohlala, boimana, ho ruruha, ovulation, ho ilela khoeli, ho nyekeloa kapa ho fetoha hoa methapo ea tlhaho.

Litšoelesa tsa endocrine ke meetso le likarolo tsa boholo bo fapaneng bo hlahisang lekunutu ka kotloloho ho mali, mokelikeli oa mali le mokelikeli oa methapo ea methapo. Ho ba sieo ha likhoto tsa ka ntle, joalo ka litšoelesa tse qalang, ke lets'oao le ikhethileng, leo motheong oa lona, hypothalamus, qoqotho, gland ea pineal e bitsoang li-gland tsa endocrine.

Ts'oaretso ea litšoelesa tsa endocrine:

bohare le bohare. Karohano e etsoa ke khokahano ea lintho le tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Mafapha a potoloha: gonads, tšoelesa ea qoqotho. Litšoelesa tse bohareng: tšoelesa ea phaene, tšoelesa ea tlhaho, hypothalamus - likarolo tsa bokong,
motho ea its'epahallang le maemo a itseng. Ts'oants'o e ipapisitse le tšusumetso ea li-hormone tsa tropic tsa tšoelesa ea pituitary ho ts'ebetsong ea likarolo tsa tsamaiso ea endocrine.

Sebopeho sa tsamaiso ea endocrine

Sebopeho se rarahaneng se fana ka phello e fapaneng ho litho le lisele. Sisteme ena e na le lintho tse 'maloa tse laolang tšebetso ea lefapha le itseng la' mele kapa lits'ebetso tse 'maloa tsa' mele.

Mafapha a sehlooho a tsamaiso ea endocrine:

sistimi e sebelisang - lisele tsa glandular tse hlahisang lintho tse tšoanang le li-hormone tse sebetsang,
tsamaiso ea lehae - Litšoelesa tsa tlhaho tse hlahisang li-hormone,
Sisteme e itseng ea ho ts'oara lintho - tse ka pele tsa li-amine le li-decarboxylation tse latelang. Metsoako - lisele tsa glandular tse hlahisang li-amiogenic amine le li-peptide.

Metso ea tsamaiso ea endocrine (litsoelesa tsa endocrine):

Litho tseo litho tsa 'mele ea endocrine li leng ho tsona:

liteko, mahe,
manyeme.

Organs ka sebopeho sa eona moo ho nang le lisele tsa endocrine:

thymus
liphio
gastrointestinal pampitsana
tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng (karolo e ka sehloohong ke ea hypothalamus),
placenta
mats'oafo
tšoelesa ea senya.

Mmele o laola tšebetso ea litšoelesa tsa endocrine ka litsela tse 'maloa:

ea pele. Tšusumetso e tobileng lithong tsa litšoelesa ka thuso ea motsoako o itseng, eo ho etsoang li-hormone tse itseng. Mohlala, litekanyetso li fokotseha ha secretion e ntlafalitsoeng e etsahala ho arabela karohano ea khatello ea maikutlo. Mohlala o mong ke khatello ea secretion ka calcium e ngata haholo e sebetsanang le lisele tsa parathyroid. Haeba mahloriso a Ca a fokotseha, joale tlhahiso ea li-parathyroid hormone, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ea eketseha,
ea bobeli. Hypothalamus le neurohormones li etsa taolo ea methapo ea mesebetsi ea tsamaiso ea endocrine. Maemong a mangata, likhoele tsa methapo li ama phepelo ea mali, molumo oa methapo ea mali ea hypothalamus.

Hlokomela! Tlas'a tšusumetso ea mabaka a kantle le a ka hare, ho fokotseha ha tšebetso ea endocrine gland (hypofunction) le ho eketseha ha lihormone (hyperfunction) hoa khoneha.

Hormone: thepa le mesebetsi

Ho latela sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa lihormone ke:

steroidal. Setsi sa lipid, lintho li kenella kahare ho li-membrane tsa lisele, ho pepeseha nako e telele, ho baka phetoho lits'ebetsong tsa phetolelo le phetisetso ka motsoako oa likhomphutha tsa protheine. Lihormone tsa thobalano, li-corticosteroids, li-sterols tsa Vitamin D,
li-derivatives tsa amino acid. Lihlopheng tse ka sehloohong le mefuta ea batsamaisi: lihormone tsa qoqotho (le), catecholamines (norepinephrine le adrenaline, eo hangata e bitsoang "lihormone tsa khatello ea maikutlo"), tryptophan derivative -, histidine derivative - histamine,
protein peptide. Motsoako oa lihormone o tsoa ho masala a 5 ho isa ho a 20 a amino acid ho li-peptide le ho feta 20 liphoofolong tsa liprotheine. Glycoproteins (s), polypeptides (vasopressin le glucagon), likhomphutha tse bonolo tsa liprotheine (lihormone tsa kholo, insulin). Lihormone le liprotheine ke sehlopha se seholo sa balaoli. E boetse e kenyelletsa ACTH, STH, LTH, (li-hormone tsa pituitary), thyrocalcitonin (thyroid gland), (pineal gland hormone), parathyroid hormone (parathyroid gland).

Liphetho tsa li-amino acid le lihormone tsa steroid li bontša phello e ts'oanang, li-peptide le li-registry tsa protheine li na le mofuta o boletsoeng o ikhethang. Har'a li-registrates ho na le li-peptide tsa boroko, ho ithuta le ho hopola, ho noa le ho ja, bo-analgesics, li-neurotransmitters, batsamaisi ba molumo oa mesifa, maikutlo, boitšoaro ba thobalano. Mokha ona o kenyelletsa lintho tse thusang ho itšireletsa mafung, ho pholoha le kholo,

Hangata li-peptide tsa regulator li ama litho ha li ikemele, empa hammoho le lintho tse phelisang, lihormone le babuelli ba tsona, li bonts'a litlamorao tsa lehae. Tšobotsi ke sebopeho likarolong tse fapaneng tsa 'mele: sefuba sa ka mpeng, tsamaiso ea methapo ea pelo, pelo le tsamaiso ea kemolo.

Setho se hlotsoeng se na le li-receptor tsa mofuta o itseng oa lihormone. Mohlala, masapo, mala a manyane le liphio li angoa ke ketso ea batsamaisi ba parathyroid.

Melemo ea mantlha ea lihormone:

ikhethang
ketsahalo e phahameng ea tlhaho
sebaka sa tšusumetso,
lekunutu.

Ho haella ha e 'ngoe ea lihormone ho ke ke ha koaheloa ka thuso ea molaoli e mong. Ha ho se na ntho e itseng, secretion e feteletseng kapa khatello e tlase, ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo e hlaha.

Tlhahlobo ea mafu

Ho lekola ts'ebetso ea litšoelesa tse hlahisang batsamaisi, ho sebelisoa mefuta e 'maloa ea lithuto tsa maemo a fapaneng a rarahaneng. Taba ea pele, ngaka e hlahloba mokuli le sebaka sa bothata, ka mohlala, tšoelesa ea qoqotho e senola matšoao a kantle a ho kheloha le.

Etsa bonnete ba hore o bokella nalane ea hae / ea malapa: mafu a mangata a endocrine a na le lefutso. Se latelang ke sete ea mehato ea ho hlahloba. Ke lihlahlobo feela tsa tlhahlobo tse kopaneng le tlhahlobo ea methapo e re lumellang ho utloisisa hore na mofuta oa pathology o nts'etsopele.

Mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea ho etsa lipatlisiso ea endocrine system:

ho hlwaya matšoao a nang le litšoaetso tsa methapo ea methapo ea mafu a amanang le qoqotho ea mmele le metabolism e sa lokelang,
radioimmunoassay tshekatsheko
ho tsamaisa setho sa mathata,
orchiometry
densitometry
tlhatlhobo ea immunoradiometric,
liteko tsa,
CT le CT
kenyelletso ea likhakanyo tse tsitsitseng tsa litšoelesa tse ling,
boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso
scanning radioisotope, ts'ebeliso ea radioisotope,
qeto ea boemo ba lihormone, lihlahisoa tsa metabolic tsa li-registe ka mefuta e fapaneng ea mokelikeli (mali, urine, fluid fluid),
ho ithuta ka tšebetso ea li-receptor ho litho tsa 'mele le li-tishu tse holeng,
Ntlafatso ea boholo ba bothata, teko ea matla a setho se amehileng.
ho nka hloko lipalo tsa circadian ho hlahisoeng ha li-hormone tse itseng hammoho le lilemo le bong ba mokuli,
liteko ka khatello ea maiketsetso ea setho sa endocrine,
lipapiso tsa methapo ea mali e kenang le ho siea tšoelesa ea liteko

Leqepheng bala litaelo tsa tšebeliso ea marotholi le matlapa a Mastodinon bakeng sa kalafo ea mastopathy ea litšoelesa tsa mammary.

Endocrine pathologies, lisosa le matšoao

Mafu a amang gland, tšoelesa ea qoqotho, hypothalamus, gland, manyeme le lintho tse ling.

khatello ea methapo ea kutlo,
pituitary dwarfism,
seoa le,

Setšoantšo sena se bontša phello ea ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea sistimi ea endocrine ea motho mesebetsing ea litho tse fapaneng

Liphio le litšoelesa tsa adrenal

Sisteme ea endocrine e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa 'meleng oa motho. O ikarabella bakeng sa kholo le kholo ea matla a kelello, a laola ho sebetsa ha litho.Litšoelesa tsa endocrine li hlahisa lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng - lihormone tse bitsoang li-hormone. Lihormone li na le tšusumetso e kholo ntlafatsong ea kelello le 'mele, kholo, liphetoho sebopeho sa' mele le mesebetsi ea sona, li khetholla phapang ea bong.

Litho tsa sehlooho tsa endocrine system ke:

tšoelesa ea qoqotho le thymus,
pineal gland le gland
litšoelesa tsa adrenal, manyeme,
testicles ho banna le mae a bomme ho basali.

Likarolo tsa lilemo tsa tsamaiso ea endocrine

Sisteme ea lihormone ho batho ba baholo le bana ha e sebetse ka tsela e tšoanang. Ho thehoa ha litšoelesa le tšebetso ea tsona ho qala nakong ea nts'etsopele ea intrauterine. Sistimi ea endocrine e ikarabella bakeng sa kholo ea "lehe" le emong le emeng. Ts'ebetsong ea ho theha 'mele, maqhama pakeng tsa sebopeho sa litšoelesa. Kamora ho hlaha ha ngoana, ba ba matla le ho feta.

Ho tloha ha motho a hlaha ho fihlela ha a kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, tšoelesa ea qoqotho, tšoelesa ea tlhaho le litšoelesa tsa adrenal ke tsa bohlokoahali. Nakong ea bocha, karolo ea lihormone tsa thobalano ea eketseha. Nakong ea lilemo tse 10 ho isa ho tse 15 ho ea ho tse 15-17, litšoelesa tse ngata li qalile. Nakong e tlang, mosebetsi oa bona oa tsitsa. Ka ho shebella bophelo bo nepahetseng le ho se be teng hoa mafu tsamaisong ea endocrine, ha ho na liphoso tse kholo. Mokhelo ke li-hormone tsa thobalano feela.

Bohlokoa bo boholo ka ho fetisisa ts'ebetsong ea nts'etsopele ea batho bo fuoa gland. O ikarabella bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea tšebetso ea tšoelesa ea qoqotho, li-gland tsa adrenal le likarolo tse ling tsa tsamaiso.

Ts'ebetso e ka sehloohong ea pituitary e nkoa e le taolo ea kholo ea 'mele. E etsoa ke tlhahiso ea li-hormone tsa kholo (kholo ea kholo ea kholo). Tšoelesa e ama mosebetsi le karolo ea sistimi ea endocrine haholo, kahoo haeba e sa sebetse hantle, tlhahiso ea lihormone ke tšoelesa ea qoqotho e etsoa hantle.

Tšoelesa ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ke tšoelesa e sebetsang haholo ho fihlela lilemong tsa sekolo sa mathomo (lilemo tse 7). Hormone e hlahisoa ka tšoelesa e sitisang kholo ea thobalano. Ka lilemo tse 3-7, ts'ebetso ea tšoelesa ea pineal e fokotseha. Nakong ea bokhachane, palo ea li-hormone tse hlahisoang e fokotsehile haholo.

Thymus gland

Tšoelesa ea thymus kapa thymus e sebetsa ka ho fetisisa nakong ea bokhachane (lilemo tse 13- 13). Boima ba eona bo phethahetseng bo qala ho eketseha ho tloha ha o hlaha, 'me boima ba eona bo ea fokotseha, ho tloha motsotso oa ho emisa khōlo ea tšepe ha e sebetse. Ho bohlokoa kholisong ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Ho fihlela joale ha ho sa tsejoe hore na tšoelesa ea thymus e ka hlahisa homone efe kapa efe. Boholo bo nepahetseng ba tšoelesa ena bo ka fapana ho bana bohle, esita le lithaka. Nakong ea mokhathala le bokuli, boima ba tšoelesa ea thymus bo fokotseha ka potlako. Ka litlhoko tse eketsehileng tsa 'mele le nakong ea secretion e eketsehileng ea lihormone tsa tsoekere ka adrenal cortex, bophahamo ba gland boa fokotseha.

Litlala tsa adrenal

Litlala tsa adrenal. Ho etsoa ha litšoelesa ho etsahala ho fihlela lilemo tse 25-30. Ketsahalo e kholo le kholo ea litšoelesa tsa adrenal li bonoa lilemong tse 1-3, le nakong ea kholo ea thobalano. Ka thuso ea lihormone tse hlahisoang ke tšepe, motho a ka laola khatello ea maikutlo. E boetse e ama ts'ebetso ea ho hlaphoheloa ha lisele, ho laola metabolism, thobalano le mesebetsi e meng.

Sebopeho sa litšoelesa tsa endocrine

Litho tsa tsamaiso ea endocrine li kenyelletsa:

Hypothalamus
Tšoelesa ea qoqotho
Tšoelesa ea tlhaho
Tlhaselo ea parathyroid,
Li-ovaries le testicles
Lihlekehleke tsa pancreatic.

Nakong ea kemaro, placenta, ntle le mesebetsi e meng ea eona, le eona ke tšoelesa ea endocrine.

Hypothalamus e etsa hore li-hormone li ntlafatse tšebetso ea tšoelesa ea tlhaho kapa, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e e hatelle.

Gland ea pituitary ka boeona e bitsoa tšoelesa e ka sehloohong ea secretion ea ka hare. E hlahisa lihormone tse amang li-gland tse ling tsa endocrine, 'me e hokahanya mesebetsi ea bona. Hape, lihormone tse ling tse hlahisoang ke pituitary gland li na le phello e tobileng lits'ebetsong tsa biochemical 'meleng. Sekhahla sa tlhahiso ea li-pituitary se thehiloe ho molao-motheo oa ho fana ka maikutlo.Tekanyo ea li-hormone tse ling maling e fa tšoelesa ea pituitary sesupo sa hore e lokela ho khoehlisa kapa, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e potlakise tlhahiso ea lihormone.

Leha ho le joalo, ha se litšoelesa tsohle tsa endocrine tse laoloang ke tšoelesa ea tlhaho. Ba bang ba bona ka tsela e sa tobang kapa ka kotloloho ba mamela lintho tse itseng tse maling. Mohlala, lisele tsa "pancreatic pancreatic" tse hlahisang insulin li arabela khaellong ea mafura le glucose e maling. Litšoelesa tsa parathyroid li arabela khaellong ea phosphates le calcium, mme adrenal medulla e arabela ho tsosa ka kotloloho tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo ea parasympathetic.

Lintho tse tšoanang le lihormone li hlahisoa ke litho tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa le tseo e seng karolo ea sebopeho sa endocrine gland. Kahoo, litho tse ling li hlahisa lintho tse kang lihormone tse sebetsang haufi le pele li lokolloa 'me li sa patele sephiri sa tsona maling. Lintho tse joalo li kenyelletsa lihormone tse ling tse hlahisoang ke boko, tse amang feela tsamaiso ea methapo kapa litho tse peli. Ho na le lihormone tse ling tse sebetsang ho 'mele kaofela. Ka hona, mohlala, tšoelesa ea pituitary e hlahisa lihomone tse susumetsang tsa qoqotho, tse sebetsang hantle feela ho tšoelesa ea qoqotho. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tšoelesa ea qoqotho e hlahisa lihomone tsa qoqotho tse amang ts'ebetso ea setho sohle.

Makhopho a mantle a hlahisa insulin, e amang metabolism ea mafura, liprotheine le lik'habohaedreite 'meleng.

Tšoelesa ea qoqotho

Tšoelesa ea qoqotho e ka mahlakoreng a mabeli a trachea 'me e na le li-lobes tse peli le isthmus. Ho arohana ha setho ka li-partitions ha ho phethe, ka lebaka leo, tšoelesa e rokoa. Ka hare ho eona ke protheine ea thyroglobulin, iodination ea eona e lebisang ho hlahiseng lihormone.

Lihormone tsa 'mele ona li arotsoe ka:

iodine e nang le iodine (triiodothyronine, T3, le thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4))
non-iodinated (calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)).

Homo biosynthesis ea qoqotho

Lihormone tsa Iodinated li matlafatsa sebopeho sa protheine, ho phatloha ha mafura le lik'habohaedreite, ho kenella ha oksijene, matla a tšebetso, ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso ea methapo, ho tsoa ha pelo le mokokotlo, ho phahamisa maikutlo a lisele ho li-catecholamine, ts'ebetso e matla ea lintho, metabolism ea electrolyte, thabo, kholo ea mmele le kelello.

Calcitonin e boloka calcium le phosphorus.

Matla a bate ho sistimi ea endocrine

Mmele wa motho o na le matshwao a sa fetoheng a tikoloho ya kahare, leha a fetoha maemo a kantle. Mesebetsi ea mantlha ea litho le lits'ebetso tsa 'mele li bolokiloe ka lebaka la matla a lits'ebetso tsa metabolic,' me likarolo tse tharo tsa matla ana li fetoloa mocheso, ho hlokahala hore o boloke mocheso o tsitsitseng oa 'mele. Sena se netefatsoa ke phapanyetsano ea mantlha, ho latela bong, lilemo, boima ba 'mele, maemo a tikoloho, boemo ba maikutlo ba motho, mokhoa oa bophelo, ts'ebetso ea endocrine gland, jj.

Mocheso o hlahisoa haholo mesifa le litho tse ling tsa kahare. 'Meleng oa motho, ho lula ho futhumatsoa mocheso o lulang o le kahare oa' mele. Ka nako e ts'oanang, tlhahiso ea mocheso e phahame hanyane ho feta ho hlokahala hore o boloke mocheso o sa feleng oa 'mele. Liphetoho maemong a phahameng a mocheso li ama ts'ebetso ea thermoregulation.

Tlas'a tšusumetso ea ho hlapela, sebopeho sa maro a mang a 'mele a fetoha, palo ea lisele tse khubelu tsa mali maling e eketseha ka mokhoa o hlakileng, palo ea li-leukocytes le tsona lia eketseha, makhopho a mali a eketseha, a amanang le keketseho ea mali a liplatelete. Ho felloa ke metsi ka phapusing ea mouoane ho lebisa keketseho ea letsoai maling le linama. Bakeng sa basali ba lactating, lebese le eketseha kamora ho hlapa.

Tlas'a tšusumetso ea bate, ts'ebetso ea tšoelesa ea qoqotho e fetoha haholo. Bate e na le phello e matla ea anabolic 'meleng: lits'ebetso tsa oxidative ho li-tishu lia ntlafala, motsoako oa protheine oa eketseha.Ho hlapela ho ama phetoho ea tekanyo ea khase le acid-base maling: motsoako oa mali a arohanang a fetohela lehlakoreng la acid.

Ha u ntse u le tseleng, ena ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tse mpe tse ka eketsoang ha u "itlhatsoa" ka ntlong ea ho hlapela kapa hang ka mor'a eona ka lihlahisoa tse tla matlafatsa phetoho ena. Ka hona, pele ho bateng, ka bateng mme hang ka mor'a eona, ho molemo ho sebelisa lihlahisoa tse fanang ka karabelo ea alkaline: litholoana, meroho, lino tse tsoang ho tsona.

Sena ke eng - acid-base balance? Lihlahisoa tseo re li jang 'meleng li tsamaea maemong a fapaneng a metabolism. Ha e ngoe e chesoa, asiti ea thehoa, ka hona e bitsoa acid kapa acid-forming. Ha tse ling li chekoa, alkal e thehoa, 'me e bitsoa alkali-forming. Lihlahisoa tsa Acid tse kenyang lijo li kenyelletsa lijo tse nang le protheine e ngata ebile li na le lik'habohaedreite. Lihlahisoa tse thehang Alkali ke lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho ea semela (litholoana, meroho, salate tse tala).

Nakong ea tšilo ea lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata, ho bokellana acid e ngata ea khabone, e tsamaisang maro a 'mele matšoafong' me e kenelle ka mokhoa oa khabone. Empa asiti e 'ngoe e feteletseng e sala' meleng.

Ka lebaka la tšilo ea lijo tse nang le protheine e ngata 'meleng, haholo-holo urea le uric acid lia theoa. Li nts'oa mmele ho tsoa liphiong 'me li lula' meleng nako e telele (haholo-holo ka ts'ebetso e mpe ea menoana), e bakang phetoho ea tekanyetso ea acid e lebisang acid. Ka tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea lihlahisoa tsa acidic, acidization ea 'mele e ka hlaha, hangata e etsahala ha e sa fepehe haholo ka lijo tse thehang acid. 'Me peroxidation e kotsi: ho eketseha ha khase ea carbon diode maemong a mang ho ka lebisa ho phatloheng ha ntho ea masapo. Ka hona, o hloka ho lekola lijo tsa hau, sebelisa lijo tse hahang haholo tsa alkali, haholo-holo meroho le litholoana. Ka kakaretso, ho tola ho etsa hore ho be le liphetoho tse ngata tikolohong e ka hare ea 'mele, e leng nako e khuts'oane mme e fanoe ka potlako ke mehato ea taolo. Liphetoho tsena ha li bohlokoa, haholo haeba melao ea ho sebelisa ntlo ea ho hlapela e sa tlotsoe.

Sisteme ea endocrine ea motho lebaleng la tsebo ea mokoetlisi oa botho e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa, hobane ke eona e laolang ho lokolloa ha li-hormone tse ngata, ho kenyeletsoa le testosterone, e ikarabellang bakeng sa kholo ea mesifa. Ka sebele ha e fuoe testosterone feela, mme ka hona ha e ame feela kholo ea mesifa, empa le mosebetsi oa litho tse ngata tsa kahare. Mosebetsi oa endocrine ke eng le hore na e hlophisitsoe joang, joale re tla utloisisa.

Sistimi ea endocrine ke mokhoa oa ho laola ts'ebetso ea litho tsa kahare ka thuso ea lihormone tse bolokiloeng ke lisele tsa endocrine ka kotloloho mali, kapa ka ho kenella butle-butle sebakeng se pakeng tsa lisele tse haufi. Mochine ona o laola ts'ebetso ea hoo e batlang e le litho tsohle le lits'ebetso tsa 'mele oa motho, o thusa ho feto-fetoha ha maemo le maemo a feto-fetohang a tikoloho, ha a ntse a boloka maemo a kahare, a hlokahalang ho boloka mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea bophelo. Hajoale, ho thehiloe ka ho hlaka hore ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso tsena li ka etsahala feela ka ho sebelisana kamehla le sesole sa 'mele.

Sistimi ea endocrine e arotsoe ka glandular (glandular) le li senya. Litšoelesa tsa endocrine li hlahisa lihormone tsa "glandular", tse kenyeletsang lihormone tsohle tsa steroid, hammoho le lihormone tsa qoqotho le lihormone tse ling tsa peptide. Sisteme e sa sebetseng ea endocrine e emeloa ke lisele tsa endocrine tse hasaneng hohle 'meleng tse hlahisang lihormone tse bitsoang aglandular peptides. Hoo e ka bang lisele tsohle tsa 'mele li na le lisele tsa endocrine.

Sekhahla tsamaiso ea endocrine

Ts'ebetsong ena, lisele tsa endocrine ha li bokelloe sebakeng se le seng, empa li hasantsoe. Mesebetsi e mengata ea endocrine e etsoa ke sebete (tlhahiso ea somatomedin, lintlha tsa kholo tse amanang le insulin eseng joalo feela), liphio (tlhahiso ea erythropoietin, medullins eseng feela), mpa (tlhahiso ea gastrin), mala, (tlhahiso ea peptide e se nang menyetla) hape eseng feela le lesapo (tlhahiso ea splenins) . Lisele tsa endocrine li teng hohle 'meleng oa motho.

Mahlale a tseba lihormone tse fetang 30 tse ntšoa maling ke lisele kapa lihlopha tsa lisele tse fumanehang liseleng tsa gastrointestinal. Lisele tsena le lihlopha tsa tsona li qaqisa gastrin, peptide e tlamang gastrin, sephiri, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, polypeptide e hlahang ka mpeng, ntho e bitsoang P, motilin, galanin, glucagon gene peptides (glycine tin, oxyntomodulin, glucagon-like peptideideine neuroteptinine, neuropagleineine , neuropeptide Y, chromogranins (chromogranin A, peptide e amanang le GAWK le secretogranin II).

Gland ea hypothalamus-pituitary gland

E 'ngoe ea litšoelesa tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa' meleng ke tšoelesa ea pituitary. E laola mosebetsi oa litšoelesa tse ngata tsa endocrine. Boholo ba eona bo nyane haholo, bo boima bo ka tlase ho gram, empa boleng ba eona ba ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea 'mele bo kholo haholo. Letšoele lena le botlaaseng ba lehata, le hokahantsoe ke leoto ho ea sebakeng sa hypothalamic bokong 'me ho na le li-lobes tse tharo - anterior (adenohypophysis), bohareng (underdeveloped) le posterior (neurohypophysis). Lihormone tsa hypothalamic (oxytocin, neurotensin) li phallela leotong la pituitary ho ea mokokotlong oa pituitary ea morao-rao, moo li behoang teng le ho tloha moo li kenang maling ho ea ka moo ho hlokahalang.

Letšoele la hypothalamus-pituitary gland: 1- Lintho tse hlahisang li-Hormone, 2- Anterior lobe, 3- Hypothalamic connection, 4- Neches (motsamao oa lihormone ho tloha ho hypothalamus ho ea sebakeng sa morao-rao), methapo ea methapo ea bohlano (secretion ea lihormone ho tsoa ho hypothalamus), 6- Posterior lobe, 7- Celi ea mali ( ho kenngoa ha lihormone le phetiso ea tsona 'meleng), I-Hypothalamus, II-Pituitary gland.

Tšoelesa ea senya ke eona setho sa bohlokoahali bakeng sa ho laola mesebetsi ea mantlha ea 'mele. Lihormone tsohle tse ka sehloohong tse laolang tšebetso ea maiketsetso ea maqhutsu a pheritine endocrine li hlahisoa mona: hormone ea thyrotropic (TSH), hormone ea adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), hormone ea somatotropic (STH), lactotropic hormone (Prolactin) le lihormone tse peli tsa gonadotropic: luteinizing (LH) le Follicum. )

Tšoelesa ea morao ea pituitary ha e hlahise lihormone tsa eona. Karolo ea eona 'meleng e kenyelletsa feela ho bokelleng le ho boloka li-hormone tse peli tsa bohlokoa tse hlahisoang ke lisele tsa methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea kutlo: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), e amehang taolong ea tekanyetso ea metsi a' mele, e eketsa boemo ba ho khutlisetsa metsi mokhoeng le lipeng tsa oxytocin. .

Hypothalamus

Ke karolo ea boko, e kaholimo le bokapele ba boko, e tlase ho thalamus. E etsa mesebetsi e mengata e fapaneng tsamaisong ea methapo, hape e ikarabella bakeng sa taolo e tobileng ea tsamaiso ea endocrine ka gland ea pituitary. Hypothalamus e na le lisele tse ikhethang tse bitsoang li-neurosecretory neuron cell tse bolokang lihormone tsa endocrine: hormone ea thyrotropin e lokollang (TRH), hormone ea ho hola e hlahisang hormone (GRH), hormone ea inhibitory ea kholo (GRIG), gonadotropin e lokollang hormone (GRH), corticotropin e lokollang , oxytocin, antidiuretic (ADH).

Li-hormone tsohle tse lokollang le tse thibelang li ama ts'ebetso ea tšoelesa ea "anterior pituitary gland". TRH e hlohlelletsa tšoelesa e ka ntle ea pituitary ho lokolla li-hormone tsa qoqotho tse thusang ho qojoa. GRHR le GRIG e laola tokollo ea lihormone tsa kholo, HRHG e susumetsa tokollo ea li-hormone tsa kholo, GRIG e thibela ho lokolloa ha eona.GRH e khothaletsa tokollo ea li-hormone tse matlafatsang tsa follicle le luteinizing, ha KRH e hlohlelletsa tokollo ea lihormone tsa adrenocorticotropic. Lihormone tse peli tsa ho qetela tsa endocrine - oxytocin, hammoho le antidiuretic li hlahisoa ke hypothalamus, ebe e fetisetsoa gland ea pituitary, moo e leng teng ebe e ea lokolloa.

Tšoelesa ea pituitary ke karoloana e bokhutšoaane ba boka bo ikopantseng le karolo e tlase ea hypothalamus ea bokong. Meroallo e mengata ea mali e pota-pota tšoelesa ea pituitary, e jala lihormone hohle 'meleng. E fumaneha ka har'a khatello e nyane ea lesapo la sphenoid, sesepa sa Turkey, gland ea pituitary ha e le hantle e na le likarolo tse 2 tse fapaneng ka ho fetesisa: li-gust tsa ka morao le tsa ka ntle tsa litšoelesa tsa pituitary.

Tšoelesa ea ka morao ea pituitary.
The posterior pituitary ha e hlile ha e lisele tsa botenya, empa lisele tse ngata tsa methapo. Poster pituitary ke katoloso e nyane ea hypothalamus, eo ka eona li-axon tsa lisele tse ling tsa methapo ea kutlo li fetisang. Lisele tsena li theha mefuta e 'meli ea lihormone tsa endocrine tsa hypothalamus, tse bolokiloeng ebe li bolokoa ke gland ea morao-rao: oxytocin, antidiuritic.
Oxetocin e kenya ts'ebetso ea popelo nakong ea pelehi mme e matlafatsa ho lokolloa ha lebese nakong ea matsoele.
Antidiuretic (ADH) tsamaisong ea endocrine e thibela tahlehelo ea metsi a 'mele ka ho eketsa ho nkeloa metsi ke liphio le ho fokotsa phallo ea mali ho litšoelesa tsa mofufutso.

Adenohypophysis.
Gland ea ka ntle ke karolo ea 'nete ea glandular ea gituular ea pituitary. Ts'ebetso ea gland ea anterior pituitary e laola mesebetsi e lopollang le e thibelang kelello ea hypothalamus. Gland ea anterior pituitary e hlahisa lihormone tse 6 tsa bohlokoa tsa tsamaiso ea endocrine: thyrotropic (TSH), e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho tsosa tšoelesa ea qoqotho, adrenocorticotropic - e tsosa karolo e ka ntle ea gland ea adrenal - cortex ea adrenal. Follicle-susumetsang (FSH) - e hlohlelletsa bulb ea sele ea gonad ho hlahisa li-gametes ho tse tšehali, peō ea botona ho banna. Luteinizing (LH) - e matlafatsa li-gonads ho hlahisa lihormone tsa thobalano - estrogen ho basali le testosterone ho banna. Hormone ea kholo ea motho (STH) e ama lisele tse ngata tse lebisitsoeng ho pholletsa le 'mele, e li thusa ho hola, ho li lokisa le ho li hlahisa. Prolactin (PRL) - e na le litlamorao tse ngata 'meleng, eo e ka sehloohong e leng hore e susumetsa litšoelesa tsa mammary ho hlahisa lebese.

Makhopho

Setsi se seholo sa lekunutu sa ketso e habeli (se hlahisa lero la pancreatic ho lumen ea duodenum le lihormone ka kotloloho mali. E lutse kahara mpa ea ka mpeng, pakeng tsa mokokotlo le duodenum. Li-pancreas tsa endocrine li emeloa ke lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans, tse leng mohatleng oa manyeme. Ho batho, lihlekehleke tsena li emeloa ke mefuta e fapaneng ea lisele tse hlahisang lihormone tse 'maloa tsa polypeptide: lisele tsa alpha li hlahisa glucagon (e laola carbohydrate metabolism), lisele tsa beta li hlahisa insulin (lowers glucose), lisele tsa delta li hlahisa somatostatin (inhibits secretion litsoelesa tse ngata), lisele tsa PP - li hlahisa pancreatic polypeptide (e tsosa secretion ea lero la gastric, e thibela sephiri sa manyeme), lisele tsa epsilon - e hlahisa ghrelin (lihormone tsena tsa tlala li eketsa takatso ea lijo).

Sebopeho sa manyeme: 1- Motsoako o eketsehileng oa manyeme, 2- Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa manyeme, 3- Mohatla oa manyeme, 4- 'Mele oa manyeme, 5- Molala oa manyeme, 6- Mokhoa o ts'oeroeng, 7- Vater papilla, 8- papilla e nyane, 9- General bile duct.

Qeto

Sistimi ea endocrine ea motho e etselitsoe tlhahiso ea lihormone, tseo ka tsona li laolang le ho laola liketso tse ngata tse etselitsoeng tsela e tloaelehileng ea lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa 'mele.E laola mosebetsi oa hoo e batlang e le litho tsohle tsa ka hare, e ikarabellang bakeng sa karabelo e feto-fetohang ea 'mele ho litlamorao tsa tikoloho e kantle, hape e boloka boemo ba kahare. Lihormone tse hlahisoang ke tsamaiso ea endocrine li ikarabella bakeng sa metabolism 'meleng, hematopoiesis, kholo ea lisele tsa mesifa le tse ling. Boemo bo akaretsang ba 'mele le kelello ba motho bo itšetlehile ka ts'ebetso ea bona e tloaelehileng.

Sistimi ea Endocrine - Sisteme ea ho laola tšebetso ea litho tsa ka hare ka lihormone tse patiloeng ke lisele tsa endocrine ka kotloloho maling, kapa e arolang sebaka se pakeng tsa lisele tse haufi.

Sisteme ea endocrine e arotsoe ka mokhoa oa "glandular endocrine system", moo lisele tsa endocrine li bokaneng hammoho, 'me li theha endocrine gland, le sistimi ea endocrine. Gland ea endocrine e hlahisa li-hormone tsa glandular, tse kenyelletsang lihormone tsohle tsa steroid, lihormone tsa qoqotho le lihormone tse ngata tsa peptide. Sistimi ea endocrine e hlahisoang ke lisele tsa endocrine e hasantsoeng le 'mele kaofela e hlahisa lihormone tse bitsoang aglandular peptides (ntle le calcitriol). Hoo e batlang e le lisele tse ling tsa 'mele, ho na le lisele tsa endocrine.

Sistimi ea Endocrine. Litšoelesa tse ka sehloohong tsa secretion ea ka hare. (ka letsohong le letšehali - e motona, le letšehali - basali): 1. Tšoelesa ea 'mele (e tsejoang e le sebopeho sa enduseine). 2. Tšoelesa ea senya 3. Letšoele la qoqotho. 4 Thymus

Ts'ebetso ea endocrine

E nka karolo taolong ea humors (lik'hemik'hale) ea mesebetsi ea 'mele le ho hokahanya mesebetsi ea litho tsohle le litsamaiso.
E fana ka polokeho ea homeostasis ea 'mele tlasa maemo a fetohang a tikoloho.
Hammoho le tsamaiso ea methapo le ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, e ea laola
- kholo
- kholo ea 'mele
- phapang ea eona ea thobalano le mosebetsi oa ho ikatisa,
- e nka karolo lits'ebetsong tsa thuto, ts'ebeliso le ho boloka matla.
Ka kopanelo le tsamaiso ea methapo, lihormone li ameha ho faneng
- maikutlo
- ts'ebetso ea kelello ea motho.

Glandular endocrine system

Sisteme ea glandular endocrine e emeloa ke litšoelesa tse ikemetseng tse nang le lisele tsa endocrine tse tebileng. Litšoelesa tsa endocrine (li-gland tsa endocrine) ke litho tse hlahisang lintho tse ikhethileng 'me li li pata ka ho toba maling kapa lisele. Lintho tsena ke lihormone - batsamaisi ba lik'hemik'hale ba hlokahalang bakeng sa bophelo. Litšoelesa tsa endocrine e ka ba litho tse ikemetseng le litokollo tsa lisele tsa epithelial (moeli). Litšoele tse latelang ke tsa litšoelesa tsa endocrine:

Tšoelesa ea qoqotho e boima ba eona e tloha ho 20 ho isa ho 30 g, e ka pele ho molala 'me e na le li-lobes tse peli le isthmus - e sebakeng sa ΙΙ-ΙV lefufuru la' metso oa phefumoloho 'me le lona le hokahanya mamati ka bobeli. Litšoelesa tse 'ne tsa parathyroid li fumaneha ka bobeli mokokotlong oa matloana a mabeli. Ka ntle, tšoelesa ea qoqotho e koahetsoe ke mesifa ea molala e ka tlase ho lesapo la hyoid, mokotla oa eona oa tšepe o hokahane le "trachea" le "larynx", ka hona, e tsamaea kamora ho sisinyeha ha litho tsena. Tšoelesa ena e na le lipompo tse tšehali kapa tse chitja, tse tlatsitsoeng ke ntho e nang le iodine ea protheine e kang colloid, lipakeng tsa lipapatso ke lithane tse sebetsanang le litaba tse ling. Bubble colloid e hlahisoa ke epithelium mme e na le lihormone tse hlahisoang ke tšoelesa ea qoqotho - thyroxine (T4) le triiodothyronine (T3). Lihormone tsena li laola sekhahla sa metabolic, li khothalletsa ho monya ha tsoekere ke lisele tsa 'mele le ho bebofatsa ho phatloha ha mafura ho li-acid le glycerin. Hormone e 'ngoe e hlahisoang ke tšoelesa ea qoqotho, e leng calcitonin (polypeptide ka tlhaho ea eona ea lik'hemik'hale) e laola se ka har'a calcium le phosphates' meleng.Ketso ea Hormone ena e khahlano ka kotloloho le parathyroidin, e hlahisoang ke tšoelesa ea parathyroid mme e phahamisa boemo ba calcium maling, e ntlafatsa matla a eona a tsoang masapong le mala. Ho tloha ntlheng ena, ketso ea parathyroidin e tšoana le vithamine D.

Gland ea parathyroid e laola boemo ba calcium 'meleng ka har'a sebopeho se tšesaane, e le hore methapo ea methapo le ea motor e sebetse hantle. Ha tekanyo ea khalsiamo maling e theohela ka tlase ho boemo bo itseng, litšoelesa tsa parathyroid, tse amehang calcium, lia sebetsa 'me li etsa hore hormone e tsoe maling. Hormone ea parathyroid e khothalletsa li-osteoclasts ho nts'a khalsiamo liseleng tsa masapo ho kena maling.

Thymus e hlahisa lihomone tsa qoqotho tse ("thymic") - "thymopoietins", tse laolang kholo, phapang le phapang ea lisele tsa T le ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea lisele tse kholo. Ha lilemo li ntse li tsofala, thymus ea senyeha, 'me e nkeloa sebaka ke mofuta o itseng oa tishu.

Manyeme ke sephiri se seholo sa sephiri se bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 12-30 (secrete pancreatic lero ho lumen ea duodenum le Igormona ka kotloloho molomong oa mali), se kahara mokokotlong oa mpa ea mpa, lipakeng tsa mokokotlo le duodenum.

Li-pancreas tsa endocrine li emeloa ke lihlekehleke tsa Langerhans tse mohatleng oa manyeme. Ho batho, lihlekehleke li emeloa ke mefuta e fapaneng ea lisele tse hlahisang lihormone tse ngata tsa polypeptide:

lisele tsa alpha - secrete glucagon (carbohydrate metabolism registe, antagonist e tobileng),
lisele tsa beta - secrete insulin (molaoli oa metabolism ea carbohydrate, e fokotsa tsoekere ea mali),
Lisele tsa delta - secrete somatostatin (e thibela sephiri sa litšoelesa tse ngata),
Lisele tsa PP - secrete pancreatic polypeptide (e thibela sephiri sa manyeme hape e tsosa secretion ea lero la gastric),
Lisele tsa Epsilon - secrete ghrelin ("hormone ea tlala" - e tsosa takatso ea lijo).

Ka lipalo tse kaholimo tsa liphio ka bobeli ke litšoelesa tse nyane tsa sebopeho se chitja - litsoelesa tsa adrenal. Li na le sebopeho se ka ntle sa cortical (80-90% ea boholo ba mofets'e ka botlalo) le medulla e ka hare, e leng lisele tsa eona tse tsamaeang ka lihlopha mme li susumetsoa ke litlolo tse mpe tse pharalletseng. Ts'ebetso ea li-hormonal ea likarolo tsohle tsa adrenal gland e fapane. Cortex ea adrenal e hlahisa mineralocorticoids le glycocorticoids e nang le sebopeho sa steroid. Mineralocorticoids (ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e leng amide ooh) e laola phapanyetsano ea ion ka liseleng le ho boloka botsitso ba tsona ba elektrone, glycocorticoids (mohlala, cortisol) e hlohlelletsa ho phatloha hoa protheine le motsoako oa nama ea nama ea nama. Ntho ea boko e hlahisa adrenaline - hormone e tsoang sehlopheng sa catecholamine, e tšehetsang molumo oa kutloelo-bohloko. Adrenaline hangata e bitsoa hormone ea ntoa kapa sefofane, kaha ho tsoa ha eona ho eketseha haholo ka metsotso e kotsi feela. Keketseho ea boemo ba adrenaline maling e kenyelletsa liphetoho tse lumellanang tsa 'mele - sekhahla sa pelo sea potlaka, methapo ea mali e moqotetsane, mesifa ea thatafala, lipopae lia fokotseha. Ntho e 'ngoe ea cortical ka tekanyo e nyane e hlahisa li-hormone tsa botona ba botona (androgens). Haeba ho senyeha ho etsahala mmeleng mme androgens e qala ho phalla ka bongata bo bongata, matšoao a bong bo fapaneng a eketseha ho banana. Cortex le medulla ea tšoelesa ea adrenal ha e tšoane feela ka lihormone tse fapaneng. Mosebetsi oa adrenal cortex o hlahisoa ke bohareng, le medulla - ke tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo.

DANIEL le liketso tsa thobalano tsa batho li ka be li sa khoneha ntle le tšebetso ea likobo, kapa litšoelesa tsa botšehali, tse kenyeletsang liteko tsa banna le mae a bomme. Ho bana ba banyenyane, lihormone tsa thobalano li hlahisoa ka bongata bo fokolang, empa ha 'mele o ntse o hola ka nako e itseng, keketseho e potlakileng ea lihormone tsa thobalano e ba teng, ebe lihormone tsa banna (androgens) le lihormone tsa basali (estrogens) li baka ponahalo ea litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano ho batho.

Sistimi ea Endocrine - Sisteme e laolang tšebetso ea litho tsohle ka thuso ea eona e bolokiloeng ke lisele tsa endocrine tsamaisong ea potoloha kapa ea kenella liseleng tse haufi sebaka se kopaneng . Ntle le taolo ea lits'ebetso, sistimi ena e netefatsa hore maemo a 'mele a fetoha le maemo a feto-fetohang a tikoloho ea ka hare le kantle, e leng se tiisang hore tsamaiso ea kahare e teng, mme hona ho hlokahala haholo ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea motho ea itseng. Ho na le tumelo e atileng ea hore mosebetsi oa endocrine system o amana haufi haholo.

Sisteme ea endocrine e ka ba glandular; ho eona, lisele tsa endocrine li kopane, e leng mefuta endocrine ea litsoelesa . Litšoele tsena li hlahisa lihormone, tse kenyeletsang tsohle li-steroid , lihormone tsa qoqotho tse ngata li-hormone tsa peptide . Tsamaiso ea endocrine le eona e ka ba joalo nyahlatsa , e emeloa ke lisele tse hlahisang li-hormone tse atileng hohle 'meleng. Li bitsoa aglandular. Lisele tse joalo li fumanoa hoo e batlang e le linthong life kapa life tsa tsamaiso ea endocrine.

Mesebetsi ea endocrine system:

Ho fana ka 'mele sebakeng se fetohang,
Khokahano ea litsamaiso tsohle
Ho nka karolo taolong ea 'mele ea lik'hemik'hale (humors)
Hammoho le tsamaiso ea methapo ea mmele le boits'ireletso ba mmele, e laola kholo ea 'mele, kholo ea eona, ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa, phapang ea thobalano
E nka karolo lits'ebetsong tsa ts'ebeliso, thuto le paballo ea matla,
Hammoho le tsamaiso ea methapo, lihormone li fana ka boemo ba kelello ba motho, maikutlo a maikutlo.

Granular endocrine system

Tsamaiso ea endocrine ea motho e emeloa ke litšoelesa tse bokellanang, tse bokellanang le tse lokollang lintho tse fapaneng tse kenang maling. li-neurotransmitters , lihormone le tse ling: Tšoelesa ea khale ea mofuta ona e kenyelletsa le mae a bomme, liteko, bokong le gortex ea grenab gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary, ginine gland, ke tsa tsamaiso ea granular endocrine. Kahoo, lisele tsa mofuta ona tsa sistimi li bokellana ka har'a tšoelesa e le 'ngoe. Tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng e nka karolo e sebetsang ho fetofatseng lekunutu la lihomone tsa methapo eohle e kaholimo, mme ka mochine oa ho arabela, lihormone li ama ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo, ho netefatsa boemo ba eona le ts'ebetso. Taolo ea ts'ebetso ea endocrine ea 'mele ha e netefatsoe eseng ka lebaka la litlamorao tsa lihormone, empa hape le ts'usumetso ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo, kapa ea boits'oaro. Ts'ebetsong ea methapo e bohareng ho na le secretion ea lintho tse sebetsang, 'me boholo ba tsona bo bopiloe ka lisele tsa endocrine tsa seterata sa ka mpeng.

Litšoelesa tsa endocrine, kapa litšoelesa tsa endocrine, ke litho tse hlahisang lintho tse itseng hape li li pata kapa. Lintho tse joalo tse ikhethang ke li-registry tsa lik'hemik'hale - lihormone, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea 'mele. Litšoelesa tsa endocrine li ka emeloa ka bobeli ka tsela ea litho le lisele tse ikemetseng. Tšoelesa ea secretion ea ka hare e kenyelletsa tse latelang:

'Me li na le lisele tsa sephiri, athe hypolamus ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea tsamaiso tsamaisong ena. Ke ka hona ho hlahisoang lintho tse sebelisang bioloji le hypothalamic tse ntlafatsang kapa tse thibelang tšebetso e ntle ea boteng ba pituitary. Joale tšoelesa ea pituitary e laola litšoelesa tse ngata tsa endocrine. Tšoelesa ea pituitary e emeloa ke tšoelesa e nyane eo boima ba eona bo seng tlase ho gramo e le 'ngoe. E fumaneha botlaaseng ba lehata, ka ho phomola.

Tšoelesa ea qoqotho ke tšoelesa ea tsamaiso ea endocrine e hlahisang lihormone tse nang le iodine hape e bolokang iodine. Lihormone tsa qoqotho li ameha kholong ea lisele ka bomong, laola metabolism. Tšoelesa ea qoqotho e ka pele ho molala, e na le sethmus le li-lobes tse peli, boima ba tšoelesa e tsoa ho ligrama tse 20 ho isa ho tse 30.

Letšoele lena le na le boikarabello ba ho laola calcium le 'mele ka har'a sebopeho se lekanyelitsoeng, e le hore methapo ea methapo le methapo e sebetse hantle.Ha boemo ba khalsiamo maling bo theoha, li-receptor tsa parathyroid, tse amehang calcium, li qala ho kenella le ho kenngoa maling. Kahoo, hormone ea parathyroid e hlohlelletsoa ka osteoclasts e lokollang khalsiamo maling ho tsoa lithong tsa lesapo.

Litšoelesa tsa adrenal li lipalong tse holimo tsa liphio. Li na le medulla e ka hare le mokokotlo o ka ntle oa cortical. Bakeng sa likarolo ka bobeli tsa lefu la adrenal, ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea lihormone ke tšobotsi. Adrenal cortex ea hlahisa glycocorticoids le mineralocorticoids tse nang le sebopeho sa steroid. Mofuta oa pele oa lihormone tsena o tsosa motsoako oa lik'habohaedreite le ho phatloha ha liprotheine, oa bobeli - o boloka botsitso ba electrolytic ka liseleng, o laola phapanyetsano ea ion. Tšoelesa ea adrenal e hlahisa ntho ea boko e tšehetsang molumo oa tsamaiso ea methapo. Cortical ntho e boetse e hlahisa li-hormone tsa botona ba botšehali ka tekanyo e nyane. Maemong moo ho nang le mathata 'meleng, lihormone tsa banna li kena' meleng ka bongata bo bongata, 'me matšoao a banna a qala ho eketseha ho banana. Empa medulla le adrenal cortex ha e fapane feela ka lebaka la lihormone tse hlahisitsoeng, empa hape le ts'ebetsong ea tsamaiso - medulla e hlahisoa ke tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo, 'me cortex e bohareng.

Makhopho ke karolo e kholo ea sistimi ea endocrine e sebetsang habeli: ka nako e ts'oanang e boloka li-hormone le lero la pancreatic.

Pineal gland ke setho se lokollang lihormone, norepinephrine le. Melatonin e laola mekhahlelo ea boroko, norepinephrine e na le phello tsamaisong ea methapo ea mali le phallo ea mali. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso ea pineal gland ha e e-so hlakisoe.

Li-gonads ke lits'oants'o ntle le ts'ebetso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea setho sa botona tsa botona e neng e ke ke ea khonahala. Tsena li kenyelletsa mae a bomme le litaki tsa banna. Ho hlahisoa ha lihormone tsa thobalano bongoaneng ho etsahala ka tekanyo e nyane, e ntseng e eketseha butle butle nakong ea ho ba motho e moholo. Ka nako e itseng, li-hormone tsa thobalano tsa banna kapa tsa basali, ho ea ka thobalano ea ngoana, li lebisa ho hlahisoeng ha litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano.

Sekhahla tsamaiso ea endocrine

Mokhoa ona oa endocrine o tšoauoa ka tokisetso e hasantsoeng ea lisele tsa endocrine.

Mesebetsi e meng ea endocrine e etsoa ke mokokotlo, mala, mpa, liphi, sebete, ka holimo, lisele tse joalo li fumaneha hohle mmeleng.

Ho fihla joale, ho se ho fumanoe lihormone tse fetang 30, tse bolokiloeng maling ke lihlopha tsa lisele le lisele tse fumanehang liseleng tsa tšilo ea lijo. Har'a tsena, motho a ka khetholla ,, le ba bang ba bangata.

Taolo ea tsamaiso ea endocrine e tjena:

Tšebelisano hangata e etsahala ho sebelisoa molaomotheo : ha hormone e sebetsa seleng e reriloeng, e amang mohloli oa secretion ea li-hormone, karabelo ea tsona e baka khatello ea secretion. Maikutlo a matle ha ho eketseha ha sephiri ho etsahala hangata.

Sesole sa 'mele se laoloa ke tsamaiso ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung le ea methapo.

Taolo ea Endocrine e shebahala joalo ka letoto la litlamorao tsa taolo, litlamorao tsa ketso ea lihormone tseo ka tsela e sa tobang kapa ka kotloloho li amang element e khethollang litaba tsa lihormone.

Maloetse a endocrine a emeloa ke sehlopha sa mafu a hlahang ka lebaka la boteng ba litšoelesa tse 'maloa kapa e le' ngoe ea endocrine. Sehlopha sena sa maloetse se ipapisitse le ho hlohlona ha litšoelesa tsa endocrine, hypofunction, hyperfunction. Apudomas Ke li-tumor tse tsoang lisele tse hlahisang lihormone tsa polypeptide. Mafu ana a kenyelletsa gastrinoma, VIPoma, glucagonoma, somatostatinoma.

Setšoantšo sena se bontša phello ea ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea sistimi ea endocrine ea motho mesebetsing ea litho tse fapaneng

Liphio le litšoelesa tsa adrenal

Sisteme ea endocrine e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa 'meleng oa motho.O ikarabella bakeng sa kholo le kholo ea matla a kelello, a laola ho sebetsa ha litho. Litšoelesa tsa endocrine li hlahisa lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng - lihormone tse bitsoang li-hormone. Lihormone li na le tšusumetso e kholo ntlafatsong ea kelello le 'mele, kholo, liphetoho sebopeho sa' mele le mesebetsi ea sona, li khetholla phapang ea bong.

Kaholimo ho membrane e ka tlase, e lekanyang vesicle e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, e sebakeng sa epithelium. Ha e le hantle e na le karolo e le 'ngoe ea li-cubic cell, e lekantsoeng e le koalo e tloaelehileng ea "vesicle cavity". E bokella sehlahisoa sa secretion ka hara mothapo ona, kapa bonyane, joalo ka mofuta oa tšoelesa ea qoqotho, eo e leng mohlala o tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa oa gland e koetsoeng e leng e 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tsa secretion. Colloid e tlatsang mesifa ea tšoelesa ea tšoelesa ea qoqotho ha e hlahisoe ke motho ea sebetsang ka ho khetheha, e leng, thyroxine, empa phepelo ea thepa, eo, ho ea ka ba bang, e tsoang liseleng tse tšoanang tsa qoqotho e sebelisang ho phekola thyroxine.

Litho tsa sehlooho tsa endocrine system ke:

tšoelesa ea qoqotho le thymus,
pineal gland le gland
litšoelesa tsa adrenal, manyeme,
testicles ho banna le mae a bomme ho basali.

Li-gonads tsa basali le tsa banna

Litšoelesa tsa botona le botšehali tsa basali le tsa banna li ba teng nakong ea kholo ea fetus. Leha ho le joalo, kamora ho tsoaloa ha ngoana, ts'ebetso ea bona e emisoa ho fihlela lilemo tse 10-12, ke hore, pele ho qaleho ea koluoa ea ho kena bohlankaneng.

Tšoelesa ea ho ikatisa ea banna - li-testicles. Ho tloha lilemong tse 12 ho isa ho tse 13, tšepe e qala ho sebetsa ka mafolofolo tlasa ts'usumetso ea gonadoliberin. Ho bashanyana, kholo ea eketseha, ho hlaha litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano. Ho 15, spermatogenesis e butsoa. Ka lilemo tse 16-17, ts'ebetso ea nts'etsopele ea litšoelesa tsa bong ba banna e felile, 'me ba qala ho sebetsa hantle joalo ka ho ba motho e moholo.

Li-gonads tsa basali ke mahe. Nts'etsopele ea li-gonads e etsahala ka mekhahlelo e 3. Ho tloha ho tsoalo ho isa ho lilemo tse 6,7, sethala sa ho se nke lehlakore se bonoa.

Nakong ena, hypothalamus ea basali e thehoa. Ho tloha ho lilemo tse 8 ho isa qalong ea bocha, nako ea pelehi e ea fela. Ho tloha ho ea matsatsing a pele, ho kena bohlankaneng ho bonoa. Boemong bona, ho na le kholo e sebetsang, nts'etsopele ea likarolo tsa bobeli tsa thobalano, sebopeho sa kemaro.

Sistimi ea endocrine ho bana e sebetsa haholoanyane ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Liphetoho tse ka sehloohong litšoelesa li etsahala a sa le monyane, a le monyane lilemong le sekolong.

Litlala tsa parathyroid

Litšoelesa tsa parathyroid li qala ho ba teng nakong ea likhoeli tse peli tsa boimana (libeke tse 5-6). Ketsahalo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea gathy ea parathyroid e bonoa lilemong tse peli tsa pele tsa bophelo. Ebe ho fihlela lilemo tse 7, e lula e le maemong a phahameng haholo.